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99-570: The organization began in February 1949 as a committee of property-owning refugees in Ramallah , primarily focused at first on organizing humanitarian relief for refugees of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight . In the lead-up to the 1949 Lausanne conference , the group's activities intensified in a more political direction. A larger General Refugee Congress was held on March 17, attended by 500 delegates. (Another different source suggests that

198-524: A mosque in the town dedicated to Umar ibn al-Khattab adjacent to the church ruins. Potsherds from the Crusader / Ayyubid era have been found. Al-Bireh, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596, the village, called Bira al-Kubra, was a part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Al-Quds which was under the administration of

297-728: A "collusion" between the Palestinian Authority and Israel to turn Ramallah into the political as well as the financial capital of the Palestinians. He is particularly worried by the construction of a large new governmental complex by the PA. Hatem Abdel Kader , a Jerusalem resident, Fatah legislator and former Minister for Jerusalem Affairs, complained that "If they are building a new government compound here, that means they have no plans to be based in Jerusalem... Unfortunately,

396-589: A Friends Meeting House for worship in the city center in 1910. According to the school's official website, most high school students choose to take the International Baccalaureate exams (IBE) instead of the traditional "Tawjihi" university exams. The activity of foreign churches in Palestine in the late 19th century increased awareness of prosperity in the West. In Ramallah and Bethlehem ,

495-696: A campus in al-Bireh. The 7,000-seat Majed Ass'ad or Al Bireh International Stadium was completed in 2010; originally constructed in 1996, it was upgraded to international standards from 2006 to 2010 at a cost of €3 million. The work was funded by France, the German Development Bank, the UN Development Agency, and FIFA. Construction was halted by the Israeli Supreme Planning Council on November 1, 2009, but resumed in late December. In November 2009,

594-608: A city council headed by mayor Eid Musa in 1928 under the British Mandate. Eight other mayors took office either through elections or government appointments. The city had some well known mayors, including Abudul Jawad Saleh who was mayor in the 1970s until exiled by the Israelis. He later went on to become a member of the PLO executive committee and then minister of agriculture in the Palestinian Authority. In 1982, Israel instated

693-601: A civil administration, but later appointed an Arab mayor, Hassan al-Tawil. In 1988, after two years in office, he was stabbed and critically wounded outside his office. In 1996, a 12-member municipal council was established by the Palestinian National Authority with Sheikh Jamal al-Tawil as mayor. In the Palestinian municipal elections in 2005 , the Hamas -backed Reform and Change List won 9 of

792-632: A few miles south, local residents began to seek economic opportunity overseas. In 1901, merchants from Ramallah emigrated to the United States and established import-export businesses, selling handmade rugs and other exotic wares across the Atlantic. Increased trade dramatically improved living standards for Ramallah's inhabitants. American cars, mechanized farming equipment, radios, and later televisions became attainable luxuries for upper-class families. As residents of Jaffa and Lydda moved to Ramallah,

891-412: A full resolution of the problem." Ramallah Ramallah ( UK : / r ə ˈ m æ l ə / rə- MAL -ə , US : / r ə ˈ m ɑː l ə / rə- MAH -lə ; Arabic : رام الله , romanized :  Rām Allāh , lit.   'God's Height' ) is a Palestinian city in the central West Bank , that serves as the de facto administrative capital of

990-516: A large village. The Ayyubids under Saladin drove away the Crusaders from Birra when they reconquered interior Palestine after the Battle of Hattin in 1187, and completely demolished the town. Yaqut al-Hamawi mentions seeing the ruins a few times during his travels in the area. Nearing the end of Ayyubid rule, in 1280, the modern town of al-Bireh was an inhabited village. The Ayyubids built

1089-651: A lively nightlife, with many restaurants including the Stars and Bucks Cafe, a branch of the Tche Tche Cafe and the Orjuwan Lounge , described in 2010 as two among the "dozens of fancy restaurants, bars and discotheques that have cropped up in Ramallah in the last three years". One hallmark of Ramallah is Rukab's Ice Cream, which is based on the resin of chewing gum and thus has a distinctive taste. Another

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1188-480: A mile from the village. On the east there is a well. There are rock-cut tombs to the north-east with well-cut entrances, but completely blocked with rubbish. In the village is a Greek church, and on the east a Latin convent and a Protestant schoolhouse, all modern buildings. The village lands are Wakuf , or ecclesiastical property, belonging to the Haram of Jerusalem. About a quarter of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics,

1287-630: A mob, enraged in particular by the Muhammad al-Durrah incident in Gaza. A frenzied crowd killed the two IDF reservists, mutilated their bodies, and dragged them through the streets. Later that afternoon, the Israeli army carried out an air strike on Ramallah, demolishing the police station. Israel later succeeded in capturing and prosecuting some of those involved in the deaths of the reservists. The IDF has occasionally operated inside Ramallah, in breach of

1386-501: A population of 399 Muslims in 142 houses, and 20 "Greeks" in 5 houses, though that population count included only men. It was further noted that the name meant "The cistern ". Hartmann found that Al-Bireh had 142 houses. In 1883, the PEF 's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Bireh as a good-sized village, with "fairly well built" houses. In 1896, the population of Bireh was estimated to be about 1,080 persons. Until 1917,

1485-530: A population of 635, though the population count included men only. The village was described as being in the Bire area,"north of Mikhmas , on a rocky hill." In 1896, the population of Ramallah was estimated to be about 2,061 persons. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities , Ramallah had a population of 3,104 (2,972 Christians , 125 Muslims , and seven Jews ),

1584-536: A population of 71 Christian households and 9 Muslim households. It paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on wheat, barley, olives, vines or fruit trees, and goats or beehives; a total of 9,400 akçe . All of the revenue went to a waqf . In 1838, American biblical scholar Edward Robinson visited the area, noting that the inhabitants were Christian "of the Greek rite". There were 200 taxable men, which gives an estimated total population of 800–900 people. The village "belonged" to

1683-601: A stake in Rawabi , a completely new town being constructed in the hills outside Ramallah at a cost of $ 1 billion. Ramallah has highest concentration of high-tech companies. ASAL technologies, an information technology company in Ramallah, has 120 employees and is looking forward to "exponential growth". In collaboration with the Republic of India , a new tech park named, the India Palestine Techno Park

1782-489: Is 1,591 mm (63 in). The Köppen climate classification places Ramallah in the Csa category. Climates of this class generally occur on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 30° and 45°. These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather. Summers are hot and dry, due to the domination of the subtropical high pressure systems, except in

1881-615: Is a popular venue for such events. The Al-Kasaba Theatre is a venue for plays and movies. In 2004, the state-of-the art Ramallah Cultural Palace opened in the city. The only cultural center of its kind in the Palestinian-governed areas, it houses a 736-seat auditorium, as well as conference rooms, exhibit halls, and movie-screening rooms. It was a joint venture of the Palestinian Authority, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and

1980-488: Is also a Melkite Greek Catholic Church in Ramallah, built in 1895. The Roman Catholic Church also established its presence in Ramallah the 19th century and constitutes today the second-largest Christian denomination in the city. The Roman Catholic Church established the St. Joseph's Girls' School run by St. Joseph sisters, as well as the co-educational Al-Ahliyyah College high school run by Rosary sisters. In 1913, construction of

2079-464: Is attributed to fighting and unrest among clans in that area. Haddadin was attracted to the mountainous site of Ramallah because it was similar to the mountainous areas he came from. In addition, the heavily forested area could supply him with plenty of fuel for his forges. In 1596, Ramallah was listed in the tax registers as being in the nahiya of Quds (Jerusalem), part of the Liwa of Quds . It had

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2178-496: Is ignited in Jerusalem's Church of the Holy Sepulchre and is passed on through candles and lanterns to regional churches. A variety of mosques and churches of different denominations dot the landscape. Ramallah is generally considered the most affluent and cultural, as well as the most liberal, of all Palestinian cities, and is home to a number of popular Palestinian activists, poets, artists, and musicians . It boasts

2277-506: Is located in Birzeit . Apple Inc operates a research & development center in Rawabi with ASAL Technologies. A large number multinational companies operates facilities in Ramallah, which outsource Palestinians. By 2010, Ramallah had become the leading center of economic and political activity in the territories under the control of the Palestinian Authority. During a building boom in

2376-415: Is one of the city's largest mosques . The Orthodox Church of Ramallah , an Orthodox Christian convent , Melkite Catholic Church , Evangelical Lutheran Church, Arab Episcopal ( Anglican ) Church, Ramallah Local Church ( Evangelical \ Born Again ) and Ramallah Baptist Church all operate schools in the city. A large new church has been built on top of one of the highest hills of Ramallah, belonging to

2475-494: Is the First Ramallah Group, a boy- and girl-scout club that also holds a number of traditional dance ( Dabka ) performances and is also home to men's and women's basketball teams that compete regionally. International music and dance troupes occasionally make a stop in Ramallah, and the renowned Argentinian-Israeli pianist Daniel Barenboim performs there often. The Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center , founded in 1996,

2574-422: The liwa ("district") of Al-Quds. It had a population of 45 households, all Muslim , and paid taxes on wheat, barley, olive trees, fruit trees, occasional revenues, beehives and/or goats; a total of 4,570 akçe . Half of the revenue went to a waqf . In the spring of 1697, Henry Maundrell noted at Al Bireh, which he called Beer , the remains of a church, which he wrote was built by Empress Helena . After

2673-578: The 1834 Arab revolt in Palestine , the Ottoman authorities conscripted many men from Al-Bireh as soldiers. In 1838, when Robinson visited, 60 had been taken away to be soldiers, out of a total population of 700. Robinson noted it as a Muslim village, el-Bireh , located in the area immediately north of Jerusalem. When French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village in 1863, he found it to have 800 inhabitants. Socin , citing an official Ottoman village list compiled around 1870, noted that Al-Bireh had

2772-417: The 1945 statistics , the town's residents numbered 2,920; of which 280 were Christians and 2,640 Muslims, while urban Bireh had 967 dunams of land, and rural Bireh 22,045 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 5,162 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 11,226 used for cereals, while 759 dunams were built-up (urban) land. In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and

2871-591: The 1949 Armistice Agreements , Al-Bireh came under Jordanian rule . In 1961, the population of Bira was 14,510. During the Six-Day War , on June 6, 1967, Israeli troops occupied the city, and Al-Bireh has been under Israeli occupation since. Israel confiscated 346 dunams of land from Al-Bireh in order to build the Israeli settlement of Beit El (established in 1977) in addition to 780 dunams in order to build Pesagot (established in 1981). In 1994,

2970-666: The British Army captured and occupied Ramallah in December 1917. The city remained occupied until the designation of the Palestine Mandate in 1920, resulting in Ramallah falling under British Mandatory control until 1948. In the 1920s, the economy of Ramallah started to improve, resulting in the local Arab upper class (consisting primarily of landowners and merchants) ordering the construction of several multi-storied villas, many of which still stand today. In 1939,

3069-553: The Coptic Orthodox Church. A small group of Jehovah Witnesses are present in the area as well and others. During the annual "Saturday of Light" religious festival, which occurs on the Saturday between Good Friday and Easter Sunday to celebrate the light that tradition holds shines forth from the tomb of Jesus , the scouts hold a parade through the city streets to receive the flame from Jerusalem. The flame

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3168-483: The Haram al-Sharif , Jerusalem, to which it paid an annual tax of 350 Mids of grain. In 1883, the PEF 's Survey of Western Palestine described Ramallah as A large Christian village, of well-built stone houses, standing on a high ridge, with a view on the west extending to the sea. It stands amongst gardens and olive-yards, and has three springs to the south and one on the west; on the north there are three more, within

3267-557: The Intifada erupted, protesting against the continued Israeli occupation . Ramallah residents were among the early joiners of the First Intifada . The Intifada Unified Leadership, an umbrella organization of various Palestinian factions, distributed weekly bulletins on the streets of Ramallah with a schedule of the daily protests, strikes and action against Israeli patrols in the city. At the demonstrations, tires were burned in

3366-660: The Jerusalem Electric Company introduced electricity to Ramallah, and a majority of the city's homes became wired shortly thereafter. On the same year, the British Mandatory authorities inaugurated the state-owned Palestine Broadcasting Service in Ramallah, with BBC members training local radio staff to deliver daily broadcasts in Arabic , Hebrew , and English . The station was later renamed Jerusalem Calling . In 1936, an Arab revolt against

3465-558: The Mukataa and withdrew to the city outskirts. The newly established Palestinian Authority assumed civilian and security responsibility for the city, which was designated "Area A" under the accords. The years between 1993 and 2000 (known locally as the "Oslo Years") brought relative prosperity to Ramallah. Ramallah and its immediate environs were classified as Area A in the Oslo Accords , under full civil and security control of

3564-534: The Palestinian Authority (PA) administration in September 1995. Many expatriates returned to establish businesses there, and the atmosphere was one of optimism. In 2000, unemployment began to rise and the economy of Ramallah declined. The Israel Defense Forces remained in control of the territories and its government did not restore the freedom of movement enjoyed by Ramallah residents prior to

3663-672: The Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate of the State of Palestine . It is situated on the central ridge running through the West Bank and is 860 meters (2,820 ft) above sea level, covering an area of 22.4 square kilometers (8.6 sq mi). Al-Bireh is under the administration of the Palestinian National Authority (as part of Area A ). Bireh has been associated with several ancient sites. Because of its location Al-Bireh served as an economic crossroad between

3762-500: The Six-Day War in 1967, when it was occupied by Israel. Since the Oslo Accords , Bireh has been governed by the Palestinian Authority and now serves as a significant administrative center, hosting various governmental and non-governmental organizations. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the city had a population of approximately 45,975 in the 2017 census. Edward Robinson in

3861-574: The State of Palestine . It is situated on the Judaean Mountains , 10 km (6 miles) north of Jerusalem , at an average elevation of 872 meters (2,861 ft) above sea level, adjacent to al-Bireh . Ramallah has buildings containing masonry from the period of Herod the Great , but no complete building predates the Crusades of the 11th century.  The modern city was founded during

3960-519: The creation of the State of Israel and the ensuing conflict , Jordan seized the part of Palestine they named the West Bank. This included Ramallah. The West Bank was relatively peaceful during the years of Jordanian rule between 1948 and 1967, with its residents enjoying freedom of movement between the West Bank , Jordan, Lebanon , and Syria. Jordan annexed the West Bank, applying its national law to

4059-673: The de facto capital of the Palestinian Authority, now officially known as the State of Palestine. It hosts almost all governmental headquarters. In December 2001, Arafat held meetings at the Mukataa, but lived with his wife and daughter in Gaza City . After suicide bombings in Haifa , Arafat was confined to the Ramallah compound. In 2002, the compound was partly demolished by the Israeli Defense Forces and Arafat's building

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4158-616: The 15 seats, while independent lists won the remaining 6. The current mayor is Azzam Esmail . In 2010, a public square in al-Bireh was dedicated to the memory of Dalal Mughrabi , leader of an attack that killed 38 Israeli civilians, including 13 children, in 1978. In 2010, the Jerusalem Fund, National Arab American Medical Association Foundation and Physicians for Peace dedicated the Palestine Diabetes Institute in al-Bireh. Al-Quds University maintains

4257-405: The 15-seat municipal council for a four-year term. The council elected Janet Mikhail as mayor, the first woman to hold the post. Munir Hamdan, a member of Fatah and a Ramallah businessman, discussed the concentration of government offices with a journalist. He said, "The president and prime minister have their offices here. So do the parliament and all the government ministries", representing

4356-525: The 16th century by the Hadadeens, an Arab Christian clan descended from Ghassanids . In 1517, the city was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire , and in 1920, it became part of British Mandatory Palestine after it was captured by the United Kingdom during World War I . The 1948 Arab–Israeli War saw the entire West Bank, including Ramallah, occupied and annexed by Transjordan . Ramallah

4455-745: The 1947 Partition Plan) and resolution 194 regarding the rights of refugees. In spring 1949, GRC leadership met with officials of the UN Palestine Conciliation Commission . The Congress had a complicated political relationship with the Jordanian state . It was perceived as a threat and challenge to the Jordanian government's interests at the Lausanne Conference . In the words of scholar Marte Heian-Engdal: "Jordan, for its part, wanted to retain for itself

4554-452: The 1995 Oslo Accords. The first and largest incursion was the 2002 Operation Defensive Shield , with a more recent intervention coming in March 2017 while attempting to arrest a suspected terrorist. In 2002, the army imposed curfews, electricity cuts, school closures and disruptions of commercial life. Many Ramallah institutions, including government ministries, were vandalized, and equipment

4653-428: The British Mandate broke out in Palestine, and Ramallah soon became a center of insurgent activity. The rebels subsequently established a court near Ramallah, in order to provide legal alternatives to the courts of the British Mandate. One British schoolteacher noted that the Ramallah court judge began to produce "news sheets on typewriters and duplicators, aimed at publicizing the alternative rebel regime." Following

4752-742: The Catholic Holy Family Church was started. As of 2022 , Ramallah also has a Coptic Orthodox Church , an Evangelical Lutheran Church and an Episcopalian (Anglican) Church . In the 19th century, the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) established a presence in Ramallah and built the Ramallah Friends Schools , one for girls and later a boys' school, to alleviate the dearth of education for women and girls. Eli and Sybil Jones opened "The Girls Training Home of Ramallah" in 1869. A medical clinic

4851-476: The Christians consisting of 2,162 Orthodox, 1 Syriac Orthodox (Jacobite), 332 Roman Catholics , 144 Greek Catholic ( Melkite Catholic ), 211 Church of England , and 122 "other". The population increased at the time of the 1931 census to 4,286 (3,766 Christians, 519 Muslims and one Jew) in a total of 1,014 houses. In the 1938 village statistics, the population is listed as 4,900. In the 1945 statistics ,

4950-532: The Holy Sepulchre , and a further 50 names were added in the next three decades. Hence, it has been estimated that the total Frankish population at this time was 500–700. The Crusaders built a castle, church and hospice there. The latter two buildings were built by the Knights Templar in 1146 and belonged to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Benjamin of Tudela and Isthori Haparchi described it as

5049-534: The Intifada wound down and the peace process moved forward, normal life in Ramallah resumed. On September 13, 1993, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestinian Leader Yasser Arafat shook hands at a meeting at the White House . Schoolchildren in Ramallah handed out olive branches to Israeli soldiers patrolling the streets. In December 1995, in keeping with the Oslo Accords , the Israeli army abandoned

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5148-578: The Israeli Human Rights activists, the development of Jewish settlements in the Ramallah area, such as Beit El and Psagot , prevented the expansion of the city and cut it off from the surrounding Arab villages. As resistance increased, Ramallah residents who were members of the Palestine Liberation Organization were jailed or deported to neighboring countries. In December 1987, the popular uprising known as

5247-503: The Japanese government. Ramallah hosted its first annual international film festival in 2004. Ramallah, like most Palestinian areas, has a rich folklore of song and dance. Songs accompanied people in every occasion, whether it was the harvest season, roofing a house, traveling, coming back from travel, engagement, wedding, or even death. Most of the songs were sung by the women with the exception of Zaffeh and Mal'ab , which are sung by

5346-571: The Palestine Broadcasting Corporation and the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. Due to its proximity with Ramallah, the cities form a single constituency for elections to the Palestinian National Authority. After the 1995 accords , 39.8% of village land was classified as Area A , 5% as Area B , while the remaining 55.2% was classified as Area C . The 1997 census carried out by

5445-405: The Palestinian Authority. The PIF have begun work on a $ 400 million commercial center comprising 13 towers which will be some of the tallest in Ramallah. The Ersal Commercial Center has drawn investment from a Saudi Arabian firm, The Land Holding, which has a 10% stake. It is not the only Gulf Arab firm investing in Ramallah and its outskirts. The Qatari Diar Real Estate Investment Company has

5544-407: The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics counted 27,856 residents, exactly half male and half female. The majority of the inhabitants were Palestinian refugees who made up 55.4% of the total population. In the 2007 PCBS census, there were 38,202 people living in the city. Al-Bireh is inhabited by 5 major clans : Qur'an, Hamayel, 'Abed, Qaraqra, At Taweel and Ar Rafidi. Al-Bireh established

5643-414: The Palestinian National Authority , the Palestinian Legislative Council , and the headquarters of the Palestinian Security Services . It is also home to several museums and cultural centers, and has a notable nightlife scene. While historically a predominantly Christian town, Muslims constituted a majority of Ramallah's 38,998 residents by 2017, with Christians making up a significant minority. Ramallah

5742-447: The Palestinian government of Salam Fayyad has abandoned Jerusalem in favor of Ramallah." In November 2011, King Abdullah II of Jordan visited Ramallah for the first time since 2000. This area enjoys a Mediterranean climate of a dry summer and mild, rainy winter with occasional snowfall. The recorded average of Ramallah's rainfall is about 615 mm (24 in) and minimum rainfall is 307 mm (12 in) and maximum rainfall

5841-529: The Palestinian leadership to move the provisional capital back to Gaza, where it had been when the Palestinian Authority was first established in 1994. President Abbas, however, refrained from doing so, arguing that at this point, it was important to keep the administrative center in the West Bank in order to remind the international community that the West Bank was still awaiting a territorial solution. In December 2005, local elections were held in Ramallah in which candidates from three different factions competed for

5940-411: The Samaritan chronicles. The Crusaders captured and named the town Birra . It was also called Castrum Mahomeria , Magna Mahomeria or Mahomeria Major . It was one of 21 villages given by King Godfrey as a fief to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . In 1114, the gift was re-confirmed by Baldwin I of Jerusalem . In 1156, 92 people from Mahomeria pledged their allegiance to the Church of

6039-423: The balance of Muslims and Christians began to change. In the 21st century, a large community of people with direct descent from the Haddadins who founded Ramallah live in the United States. The town is now predominately Muslim, but still contains a Christian minority. The change in demographics is due mostly to new migration of Muslims to the area, and emigration of Christians from the area. During World War I ,

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6138-558: The census lost their residency rights. For residents of Ramallah, the situation had now been reversed. For the first time in 19 years, residents could freely visit Israel and the Gaza Strip and engage in commerce there. Unlike the Jordanians, Israel did not offer citizenship to the residents. Ramallah residents were issued permits to work in Israel, but did not gain the rights associated with Israeli citizenship. The city remained under Israeli military rule for more than four decades. The Israeli Civil Administration (CA), established in 1981,

6237-431: The city served as a political and administrative center for the Ottoman Empire . In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities , Al-Bireh had a population of 1,479; 1,407 Muslims , and 72 Christians , where the Christians were 61 Orthodox, 3 Roman Catholics and 8 "other". The population had increased in the 1931 census to 2,292; 2,044 Muslim and 248 Christians, in 541 houses. In

6336-447: The civil administration of the city was turned over to the Palestinian National Authority under the Oslo Accords . Al-Bireh is the second largest center of Palestinian administration after Gaza. Besides the governor's headquarters, it also hosts a considerable number of governmental, non-governmental, and private organizations, including the Ministries of Transportation, Supply, Information , Public Works and Higher Education, as well as

6435-491: The conquered territory. However, many Palestinians were jailed for being members of "illegal political parties", which included the Palestine Communist Party and other socialist and pro-independence groups. By 1953, Ramallah's population had doubled, but the economy and infrastructure could not accommodate the influx of poor villagers. Natives of Ramallah began to emigrate, primarily to the United States. By 1956, about one fourth of Ramallah's 6,000 natives had left, with Arabs from

6534-409: The depictions in art and descriptions in literature of costumes produced during these times. Al-Bireh Al-Bireh , al-Birah , or el-Bira ( Arabic : البيرة ; also known historically as Castrum Mahomeria , Magna Mahomeria , Mahomeria Major , Birra , or Beirothah ) is a Palestinian city in the central West Bank , 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) north of Jerusalem . It is the capital of

6633-414: The early 19th century thought Al-Bireh was the biblical Be'eroth , but modern scholars believe Be'eroth was located at Kh. el-Burj near Beit Iksa . In the Hellenistic period , it was also known as Berea or Beroth , and Seleucid general Bacchides camped there in 161 BCE before attacking Judas Maccabaeus 's forces at Elasa . Claude Reignier Conder and others identified it with Beirothah of

6732-430: The early years of the 21st century, apartment buildings and "five-star" hotels were erected, particularly in the Al-Masyoun neighborhood. In 2010, "more than one hundred" Palestinian businesses were reported to have moved to Ramallah from East Jerusalem , because "Here they pay less taxes and have more customers." One local boasted to a journalist that "Ramallah is becoming the de facto capital of Palestine." This boast

6831-402: The few symbols of civil disobedience. The Intifada leadership organized "tree plantings" and resorted to the tactics used in pre-1948 Palestine, such as ordering general strikes in which no commercial businesses were allowed to open and no cars were allowed on the streets. In 1991, the Palestinian delegation to the Madrid International Peace Conference included many notables from Ramallah. As

6930-411: The field trace the origins of Palestinian costumes to ancient times, there are no surviving clothing artifacts from this early period against which the modern items might be definitively compared. Influences from the various empires to have ruled Palestine , such as Ancient Egypt , Ancient Rome , the Byzantine Empire , and Ayyubids , among others , have been documented by scholars largely based on

7029-500: The first Intifada. Travel to Jerusalem required special permits. The number and size of Israeli settlements around Ramallah increased dramatically. A network of bypass roads for use of Israeli citizens only was built around Ramallah, and Israel expropriated land for settlements. Many official documents previously handled by the Israeli Civil Administration were now handled by the Palestinian Authority but still required Israeli approval. A Palestinian passport issued to Ramallah residents

7128-588: The group's contacts within Israel, and growing perception of its prioritization of property protection over other issues. According to Plascov, "the Congress's main activity consisted of sending petitions and speaking on behalf of a particular group of property-owners." Marte Heian-Engdal argues that the Congress can be understood as having taken "a more pragmatic line" than other Arab delegations, promoting "several initiatives that were to be taken as stepping stones to

7227-628: The headquarters for most international NGOs and embassies. Hundreds of millions of dollars in aid flowing into the city have boosted Ramallah's economy greatly since the end of the Second Intifada . Ramallah's buoyant economy continues to draw Palestinians from other West Bank towns where jobs are fewer. The built-up area has grown fivefold since 2002. Construction boom is one of the most obvious signs of West Bank economic growth, estimated at an annual rate of 8 percent. This has been attributed to relative stability and Western donor support to

7326-422: The immediate coastal areas, where summers are milder due to the nearby presence of cold ocean currents that may bring fog but prevent rain. Ramallah is chief financial and commercial center for the Palestinian Authority, home to the country's numerous financial institutions. Currently Ramallah is seat of power of the Palestinian Authority , whose most of the offices are located within the city. The city serves as

7425-449: The late 20th century from 24,722 inhabitants in 1987 to 17,851 in 1997. In the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) census in 1997, Palestinian refugees accounted for 60.3% of the population, which was 17,851. There were 8,622 males and 9,229 females. People younger than 20 years of age made up 45.9% of the population, while those aged between 20 and 64 were 45.4%, and residents aged over 64 constituted 4.7%. Only in 2005 did

7524-485: The marches were replaced by sporadic use of live ammunition against Israeli soldiers; and various attacks targeting Jewish settlers, particularly on the Israeli-only bypass roads. Army checkpoints were established to restrict movement in and out of Ramallah. On October 12, 2000, two Israeli army reservists, Vadim Norzhich and Yosef Avrahami were lynched in Ramallah . They had taken a wrong turn, and were set upon by

7623-602: The men at wedding celebrations. Palestinian educator Bahia Khalil's book "Ramallah Folklore Songs and Traditions" documents to a great extent this oral tradition inherited from one generation to another. The second edition of the book was published in 2002 by the American Federation of Ramallah, Palestine, an organization for Palestinian-Americans from the Ramallah region living in the US. Foreign travelers to Palestine in late-19th and early-20th centuries often commented on

7722-623: The north and south, along the caravan route between Jerusalem and Nablus . Under Crusader rule, it was one of the fief villages of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . It was captured and destroyed by Saladin , but it was rebuilt during the Ayyubid period. Throughout the Ottoman era, it was a predominantly Muslim village. Following the British Mandate , its population grew. After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , it came under Jordanian occupation until

7821-612: The population reach more than 24,000. In a PCBS projection in 2006, Ramallah had a population of 25,467 inhabitants. In the 2007 PCBS census, there were 27,460 people living in the city. Sources vary about the current Christian population in the city, ranging around 25%. In the aftermath of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt, the Ramallah Hospital Foundation was established and registered as a tax exempt organization in New York in 1944. It bought large pieces of land in

7920-420: The population stood at 5,080, with Christians forming the majority of the population (4,440 Christians and 640 Muslims). However, the demographic makeup of the town changed drastically between 1948 and 1967, when considerable emigration of Christians took place. Slightly more than half of the city's 12,134 inhabitants were Christian by 1967, the other half Muslim. Ramallah's population drastically decreased in

8019-432: The property rights of Palestinian refugees concerning properties which had fallen under Israeli control. These included both orange groves and bank accounts. By September 1949, the organization underwent an official name change, then becoming the "Arab Refugee Congress." According to the writer Avi Plascov, the Congress was ultimately weakened by several factors. These included Hawari's "desertion," knowledge spreading of

8118-702: The region. In 1700, Yacoub Elias was the first Ramallah native to be ordained by the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem, the Christian denomination that prevailed in the Holy Land at the time. In the early 19th century, the first Jerusalemite Greek Orthodox Christian church was built. Later, in 1852, the Greek Orthodox Church of the Transfiguration , was built to replace it; it is the sole Eastern Orthodox Church in Ramallah today. There

8217-459: The reign of Herod the Great (37–4 BCE). Potsherds from the Crusader / Ayyubid and early Ottoman period have also been found there. Ramallah has been identified with the Crusader place called Ramalie . Remains of a building with an arched doorway from the Crusader era, called al-Burj , have been identified, but the original use of the building is undetermined. The area of Ramallah

8316-414: The rest Orthodox Greeks. Ramallah was declared a modern city in 1908. It had an elected municipality as well as partnership projects with the adjacent town of al-Bireh . The Friends Boys School became a temporary hospital during World War I. Ramallah grew dramatically throughout the 17th and 18th centuries as an agricultural village, attracting more (predominantly Christian) inhabitants from all around

8415-527: The rich variety of costumes among the Palestinian people, and particularly among the fellaheen or village women. Until the 1940s, a woman's economic status, whether married or single, and the town or area they were from could be deciphered by most Palestinian women by the type of cloth, colors, cut, and embroidery motifs, or lack thereof, used for the robe-like dress or "thoub" in Arabic. Though experts in

8514-546: The right to negotiate on behalf of the refugees, and consequently felt it had much to lose if the GRC, or any other distinctly Palestinian group outside its sphere of influence, made a claim to the role. The Hashemite kingdom’s dislike of the GRC was manifested by its refusal to allow the GRC to hold meetings in Jordan and its confiscation of the group’s funds." The Congress became heavily involved in international legal efforts to secure

8613-641: The south-eastern fringes of the city dedicated for the future hospital. In 1963, a hospital was opened. The present Ramallah Government Hospital and the Palestine Medical Centered are located on the land purchased by the Foundation. In January 1987, the first open-heart surgery was performed at the Hospital under the direction of Dr. Shehadeh (Shawki) Harb, a Palestinian surgeon trained in the United States. The Jamal Abdel Nasser Mosque

8712-498: The street, and the crowds threw stones and Molotov cocktails . The IDF responded with tear gas and rubber bullets. Schools in Ramallah were forcibly shut down, and opened gradually for a few hours a day. The Israelis conducted house arrests, imposing curfews that restricted travel and exports in what Palestinians regarded as collective punishment. In response to the closure of schools, residents organized home schooling sessions to help students make up missed material; this became one of

8811-413: The surrounding towns and villages (particularly Hebron ) buying the homes and land the émigrés left behind. During the Six-Day War in 1967, Israel captured Ramallah from Jordan, imposing a military closure and conducting a census a few weeks later. Every person registered in the census was given an Israeli identity card which allowed the bearer to continue to reside there. Those who were abroad during

8910-582: The total in attandance was 800.) At the March assembly, Muhammad Nimr al-Hawari was elected president. Yahya Hamudah and Aziz Shihadeh were key members of the Congress' executive committee. The GRC sought to represent the interests of Palestinian refugees. However, competing political groups also existed at this time. The GRC "called for the incorporation of refugee representatives from all other Arab Countries" (e.g. Jordan ). However, it excepted refugees in Gaza from its remit. It included within its platform acceptance of UNGA resolution 181 (commonly known as

9009-618: Was cut off from the rest of the compound. On November 11, 2004, Arafat died at the Percy training hospital of the Armies near Paris. He was buried in the courtyard of the Mukataa on November 12, 2004. The site still serves as the Ramallah headquarters of the Palestinian Authority, as well the official West Bank office of Mahmoud Abbas . Throughout 2005, while the Disengagement Plan was underway, some US government officials suggested to

9108-543: Was destroyed or stolen. The IDF took over local Ramallah television stations, and social and economic conditions deteriorated. Many expatriates left, as did many other Palestinians who complained that the living conditions had become intolerable. Construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier has added to Ramallah's isolation. Yasser Arafat established his West Bank headquarters, the Mukataa , in Ramallah. Although considered an interim solution, Ramallah became

9207-521: Was established in 1883, with Dr. George Hassenauer serving as the first doctor in Ramallah. In 1889, the girls academy became the Friends Girls School (FGS). As the FGS was also a boarding school, it attracted a number of girls from surrounding communities, including Jerusalem, Lydda , Jaffa , and Beirut . The Friends Boys School (FBS) was founded in 1901 and opened in 1918. The Quakers opened

9306-528: Was founded in the 16th century by the Hadadeens , an Arab Christian clan. The city boasts archaeological remnants from earlier epochs. Ancient rock-cut tombs have been found near Ramallah. Located just south of the built-up area is Tell en-Nasbeh , an archeological site where biblical Mizpah in Benjamin is likely to have been located. Several Ramallah buildings incorporate masonry dating back to

9405-420: Was in charge of civilian and day-to-day services such as issuing permission to travel, build, export or import, and host relatives from abroad. The CA reprinted Jordanian textbooks for distribution in schools but did not update them. The CA was in charge of tax collection and land expropriation, which sometimes included Israeli seizure of olive groves that Arab villagers had tended for generations. According to

9504-553: Was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine . Modern Ramallah was founded in the mid-1500s by the Haddadins (also: Haddad ee n), a clan of brothers descended from Ghassanid Christians . The Haddadins (ancestors of the present-day Jadallah family, among others), and their leader Rashid el-Haddadin, arrived from east of the Jordan River from the areas of Karak and Shoubak . The Haddadin migration

9603-517: Was later captured by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War . Since the 1995 Oslo Accords , Ramallah has been governed by the PNA ( Palestinian National Authority ) as part of Area A of the West Bank . In recent years, Ramallah has emerged as a key political, cultural, and economic center. It houses various Palestinian governmental bodies, including the Mukataa , the official residence of the President of

9702-513: Was not valid unless the serial number was registered with the Israeli authorities, who controlled border crossings. The failure of the Camp David summit in July 2000 led to the outbreak of the Second Intifada (al-Aqsa Intifada) in September 2000. Young Ramallah residents demonstrated daily against the Israeli army, with marches to the Israeli checkpoints at the outskirts of the city. Over time,

9801-523: Was seconded by The New York Times which, in 2010, called Ramallah the "de facto capital of the West Bank. According to Sani Meo , the publisher of This Week in Palestine , "Capital or no capital, Ramallah has done well and Palestine is proud of its achievements." Some Palestinians allege that Ramallah's prosperity is part of an Israeli "conspiracy" to make Ramallah the capital of a Palestinian state , instead of Jerusalem . An Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed that Ramallah had 249 houses and

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