British and allies victory
38-586: The General Service Enlistment Act was a general order issued by the Government of India on 25 July 1856. It required every soldier enlisting in the Bengal army from that point forward to go overseas for deployment if required. The order was brought just before the Anglo-Persian War . The British were reluctant to send a force overland to Herat , reminiscent of
76-544: A buffer state against Russian expansion towards India . They opposed an extension of Persian influence in Afghanistan because of the perception that Persia was unduly influenced by Russia. The Persian influence on Central Asia had caused the creation of Greater Iran ; although they knew of the influence, the British had never attacked Persia. Persia had over 12 foreign provinces under its imperial control. It made
114-604: A banner of the enemy before Ghazni . In 1839, he was promoted to major and appointed political agent in Lower Sindh, later being moved to Upper Sindh (at this time, Gujarat and Sindh were both under the Bombay Presidency ). While in Sindh, he strongly opposed the policy of his superior, Sir Charles Napier , which led to the annexation of Sindh into British India. However, when war broke out, he heroically defended
152-410: A force and captured the island of Kharag on 4 December and landed on 9 December on the coast a few miles south of Persia's primary port of Bushire . The first division of the expedition disembarked in the neighbourhood of the major port city of Bushehr on 5 December 1856. They stormed the old fort at Reshire (also called Rishahr or Rashir ) and after a short naval bombardment went on to capture
190-526: A force overland to relieve Herat directly, and so decided instead to attack the Persian Gulf coast. They ordered the government in India to launch a maritime expeditionary force to attack the general area of Bushehr, the primary port of entry into Persia at the time. Initially a division, under Major General Foster Stalker , was organised comprising 2,300 British soldiers and 3,400 Indian sepoys of
228-459: A fresh attempt in 1856 and succeeded in taking Herat on 25 October, in violation of an existing Anglo-Persian Treaty . In response, the British governor-general in India , acting on orders from London , declared war on 1 November. Separate from and preceding the dispute over Herat, was an incident concerning Mirza Hashem Khan , whom the British ambassador had hoped to appoint as a secretary to
266-478: A movement resulted in the presentation of a public testimonial, and the erection of statues in London (by sculptor Matthew Noble ) and Calcutta. He died at Pau in the south of France on 11 March 1863, and was buried on 25 March in the nave of Westminster Abbey , where the marble slab on his grave bears the poignant epitaph The Bayard of India . He was married to Margaret Clementine Anderson (1813-1911). She
304-622: A strong constitution and "nerves of steel, shoulders and muscles worthy of a six-foot Highlander ." In 1835 he was sent to Gujarat to make a report on the Mahi Kantha district, and for some time he remained there as political agent. On the outbreak of the First Afghan War in 1838 he was appointed extra aide-de-camp on the staff of Sir John Keane , and went to Afghanistan , where he conducted various raids against Afghan tribes and performed an extraordinary exploit in capturing
342-697: Is buried in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh . The grave is also to the memory of Sir James. Their son Sir Francis Boyd Outram lies with her. A memorial to Outram was erected in Westminster Abbey in 1863 to the designs of Matthew Noble . General James Outrum appears as a character in Flashman in the Great Game by George MacDonald Fraser . Outram is played by Richard Attenborough in
380-655: The Bombay Presidency army which landed in Persia in early December 1856. This included two companies of the Bombay Sappers & Miners . These were: The two companies were accompanied by the headquarters of the Corps of Bombay Sappers and Miners, under Captain W. R. Dickinson, (Bombay Engineers). Major J. Hill, the erstwhile Commandant of the Bombay Sappers and Miners, who had handed the Corps over to Dickinson,
418-640: The Kala pani taboo. It was thus one of the main causes for the Great Uprising of 1857. References [ edit ] ^ Malleson, George Bruce ; Kaye, John William , eds. (1897). Kaye and Melleson's History of the Indian Mutiny of 1857-8 . London: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 343. So, on the 25th July 1858 [ sic ], a General Order was issued by the Government of India, declaring that thenceforth, they would not accept
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#1732772155826456-526: The Victoria Cross , but he refused the choice on the grounds that he was ineligible as the general under whom they served. Resuming supreme command, he then held the town until the arrival of Sir Colin Campbell , after which he conducted the evacuation of the residency so as completely to deceive the enemy. In the second capture of Lucknow, on the commander-in-chief's return, Outram was entrusted with
494-665: The southern coast of Persia near Bushehr and in southern Mesopotamia . The war resulted in the Persians withdrawing from Herat and signing a new treaty to surrender its claims on the city and the British withdrawing from southern Iran . In the context of The Great Game , the Anglo–Russian contest for influence in Central Asia , the British wished Afghanistan to remain an independent country with friendly relation as
532-795: The British Empire Anglo-Persian War British Expeditionary Force: Fars Division: Khanlar Mirza 's Army: The Anglo-Persian War , also known as the Anglo-Iranian War ( Persian : جنگ ایران و انگلستان , romanized : Jange Irân o Engelestan ), was a war fought between the United Kingdom and Iran , which was ruled by the Qajar dynasty . The war had the British oppose an attempt by Iran to press its claim on
570-640: The British cabinet concerning the expeditionary force's conduct: Two courses of action were available to the British: an overland expedition into the Persian Empire via Afghanistan , or an attack via the Persian Gulf , the aim being both punitive, and to force the Shah to ask for terms. In the aftermath of the disastrous First Anglo-Afghan War , the British Government were reluctant to send
608-636: The Fars Army, which he held for four years. When the British invasion force landed in Iran, Shoja ol-Molk was temporarily promoted to commander-in-chief of the entire southern Persian army. Shoja ol-Molk was a grandson of Minister of the General Staff ( Vazir-e Lashkar ) Mirza Assadollah Khan and a nephew of the Chancellor ( Sadr-e Azam ) Mirza Nasrollah Khan Nuri E’temad ol-Dowleh . He was among
646-505: The Persian artillery ( Toop Khaneh ) was the only one well-versed in long-range guns. Out 120 guns in total, six were composed of 12-pounder guns , while the remainder were of lower quality. The army train relied on mules, horses and camels for transportation, with carriages being limited in availability. With the exception of several Imperial Guard regiments, the Persian army's morale was extremely low. The annual salary of an average soldier
684-640: The attack on the side of the Gomti , and afterwards, having recrossed the river, he advanced through the Chattar Manzil to take the residency, thus, in the words of Colin Campbell, putting the finishing stroke on the enemy. After the capture of Lucknow he was gazetted lieutenant-general. In February 1858, he received the special thanks of both houses of Parliament , and in the same year the dignity of baronet with an annuity of £1000. When, on account of shattered health, he returned finally to England in 1860,
722-496: The brilliant deeds of General Havelock, conceded to him the glory of relieving Lucknow, and, waiving his rank, tendered his services to him as a volunteer. During the advance he commanded a troop of volunteer cavalry, and performed exploits of great brilliancy at Mangalwar , and in the attack at the Alambagh ; and in the final conflict he led the way, charging through a very tempest of fire. The volunteer cavalry unanimously voted him
760-733: The campaign with such rapid decision that peace was concluded by the Treaty of Paris in March 1857, his services being rewarded by the grand cross of the Bath. Later that year, the Governor-General's wife, Lady Canning was unimpressed with him when he stayed at Government House in August 1857: she recorded that ‘he is a very common looking little dark Jewish bearded man, with a desponding slow hesitating manner, very unlike descriptions — or rather
798-515: The city of Herat . Though Herat had been part of Iran under the Qajar dynasty when the war broke out, it had declared itself independent under its own rebellious emir and placed itself under the protection of the British in India and in alliance with the Emirate of Kabul , the predecessor of the modern state of Afghanistan . The British campaign was successfully conducted under the leadership of Major General Sir James Outram in two theatres: on
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#1732772155826836-1120: The city on 10 December, ably assisted by the two companies of Bombay Sappers & Miners. There was then a delay as the British waited for reinforcements. Reconnaissance inland revealed a Persian force of 4,000 troops at Shiraz and the first division was considered too weak to venture inland away from its maritime base of operations. This led to the formation and induction of a second division from India, which landed in Persia in late January 2nd Division - (Brigadier General Havelock) Cavalry Brigade - (Brigadier Tarol) HM 13th Light Dragoons (89) Scinde Horse (303) 1st Brigade - (Brigadier Hamilton) HM 78th Regiment of Foot (830) 23rd Regiment of Native Infantry (749) 2nd Brigade - (Brigadier Hale) 26th Regiment of Native Infantry (716) Composite Native Light Infantry Battalion of 10 coys (920) Artillery and Engineers 4th Troop Horse Artillery Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet Anglo-Persian War Indian Rebellion of 1857 Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet GCB , KCSI (29 January 1803 – 11 March 1863)
874-791: The declaration of war, on a squadron or flotilla of seven steamships under Commodore Young, towing thirty sailing vessels. 1st Division - (Major-General Stalker) Cavalry Brigade - (Brigadier Tapp) 3rd Bombay Light Cavalry (243) Poona Irregular Horse (176) 1st Brigade - (Brigadier Stopford) HM 64th Regiment of Foot (780) 20th Regiment of Native Infantry (749) 2nd Brigade - (Brigadier Honner) 2nd Bombay European Light Infantry (693) 4th Regiment of Native Infantry (523) 2nd Baluch Battalion (460) Artillery and Engineers 3rd Troop Horse Artillery 3rd Light Field Battery 1st coy/1st Battalion 5th Light Field Battey 4th Company/1st Battalion Reserve Company Field Artillery Bombay Sappers and Miners (109) The British landed
912-526: The densely forested hills of that region. He gained over them a marvellous personal influence, and employed them with great success in checking outrages and plunder. Their loyalty to him had its principal source in their admiration of his hunting achievements, which in cool daring and hairbreadth escapes have perhaps never been equalled. Originally a puny lad, and for many years after his arrival in India subject to constant attacks of sickness, Outram seemed to gain strength by every new illness, eventually acquiring
950-480: The disasters of the first Anglo Afghan War . So instead, the Government in India decided to launch a maritime expeditionary force to attack the general area of Bushehr , the primary port of entry into Persia at the time. For this reason Lord Canning , the Governor-General of India, decided to pass the act that forced deployment literally overseas, as he was aware of the resistance he would face because of
988-693: The entire expedition placed under command of Major General Sir James Outram . This force inducted in January 1857. During the hostilities, 'B' Company of the Madras Sappers & Miners under Brevet-Major A. M. Boileau, Madras Engineers, embarked at Coconada on 19 January and reached the force just in time to participate in operations in Southern Mesopotamia. The first division under Stalker set sail from Bombay in November after
1026-561: The idea raised in one’s mind by the old Bombay name the "Bayard of the East" . . . He is not the least my idea of a hero.’ From Persia he was summoned in June to India, with the brief explanation "We want all our best men here". It was said of him at this time that a fox is a fool and a lion a coward by the side of Sir J. Outram. Immediately on his arrival in Calcutta he was appointed to command
1064-435: The incident although it is unlikely that the British would have gone beyond the occupation of one or two islands in the Persian Gulf if the issue of Herat had not arisen. The Qajar military listed a total of 86,700 personnel on paper. However, Tehran was unable to mobilise more than 20,000 of those soldiers for battle. A sizeable portion of the Persian army was composed of regular regiments from Azerbaijan . That division of
1102-595: The mission in Tehran . The Persians objected and created a dispute that escalated after rumours appeared that the British ambassador had improper relations with the man's wife, who was the sister of the Shah 's main wife. The dispute escalated further when the Persians arrested the woman; the British ambassador broke relations when they refused to release her. Indeed, the initial mobilization of British forces began in response to
1140-534: The most revered Persian officers of the Qajar military at the time, and was known among the British rank and file. The British government found itself in peculiar circumstances in the case of the war with Iran. This was a unique war in which the ultimate objective was to defeat the enemy but to ensure that its government and military would remain strong enough so as to remain stable and deter prospective advances by Russia. As such, several restrictions had been placed by
1178-557: The residency at Hyderabad against 8000 Baluchis , causing Sir Charles Napier to describe him as the " Bayard of India." On his return from a short visit to England in 1843, he was, with the rank of brevet lieutenant-colonel, appointed to a command in the Mahratta country, and in 1847 he was transferred from Satara to Baroda , where he incurred the resentment of the Bombay government by his fearless exposure of corruption. In 1854 he
General Service Enlistment Act - Misplaced Pages Continue
1216-821: The service of any Native recruit who would not, ' at the time of his enlistment, distinctly undertake to serve beyond the sea, whether within the territories of the Company or beyond them. ' ^ "Which Governor General brought the General Service Enlistment Act, 1856?" . toppr.com . ^ Sandes, E. W. C. (1948). The Indian Sappers & Miners . p. 128. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Service_Enlistment_Act&oldid=1240078501 " Categories : Military of British India 1856 in India Resistance to
1254-445: The two divisions of the Bengal army occupying the country from Calcutta to Cawnpore ; and to the military control was also joined the commissionership of Oudh. Already hostilities had assumed such proportions as to compel Henry Havelock to fall back on Cawnpore, which he held only with difficulty, although a speedy advance was necessary to save the garrison at Lucknow. On arriving at Cawnpore with reinforcements, Outram, in admiration of
1292-653: Was a British general who fought in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . James Outram was the son of Benjamin Outram of Butterley Hall , Butterley , Derbyshire , a civil engineer, and Margaret Anderson, a daughter of James Anderson of Hermiston , a Scottish writer on agriculture. His father died in 1805, and his mother moved to Aberdeenshire in 1810. From Udny school the boy went in 1818 to the Marischal College , Aberdeen , and in 1819 an Indian cadetship
1330-476: Was appointed as the Commanding Engineer for this expedition. After the expedition he resumed the post of Commandant of the Bombay Sappers once again. Artillery commanded by Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Sinclair Trevelyan, Bombay Artillery Soon after the induction of the force, it was considered to be inadequate for the task and a second division under Brigadier General Henry Havelock was formed and
1368-494: Was appointed resident at Lucknow , in which capacity two years later he carried out the annexation of Oudh and became the first chief commissioner of that province. Appointed in 1857, with the rank of lieutenant-general, to command an expedition against Persia during the Anglo-Persian War , he defeated the Persian forces in February 1857 after an attempted ambush by their commander Khanlar Mirza at Khushab . Outram conducted
1406-518: Was given to him. Soon after his arrival at Bombay his remarkable energy attracted notice, and in July 1820 he became acting adjutant to the first battalion of the 12th regiment on its embodiment at Poona , an experience which he found to be of immense advantage to him later in his career. In 1825, he was sent to Khandesh , where he trained a light infantry corps, formed of the Bhils , a tribe native to
1444-459: Was seven tomans , with a daily subsidy of one shahi for rations. However, soldiers were considered lucky if they were paid two out of the seven tomans due for their service. The Persian army that fought against the British expeditionary force at the Battle of Khoshab was commanded by General ( Amir-Nuyan ) Mehr Ali Khan Nuri Shoja ol-Molk . In 1855, Mehr Ali Khan was promoted to the command of
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