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77-468: A generation is all of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively. Generation or generations may also refer to: Generation A generation is all of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively. It also is "the average period, generally considered to be about 20–⁠30 years, during which children are born and grow up, become adults, and begin to have children." In kinship , generation

154-811: A "subject race" in order to more effectively dominate them. Said references Arthur Balfour , the British Prime Minister from 1902 to 1905, who regarded the rise of nationalism in Egypt in the late 19th century as counterproductive to a "benevolent" system of occupational rule. Balfour frames his argument in favor of continued rule over the Egyptian people by appealing to England's great "understanding" of Egypt's civilization and purporting that England's cultural strengths complemented and made them natural superiors to Egypt's racial deficiencies. Regarding this claim, Said says, "Knowledge to Balfour means surveying

231-435: A civilization from its origins to its prime to its decline – and of course, it means being able to...The object of such knowledge is inherently vulnerable to scrutiny; this object is a 'fact' which, if it develops, changes, or otherwise transforms itself...[the civilization] nevertheless is fundamentally, even ontologically stable. To have such knowledge of such a thing is to dominate it." The act of claiming coherent knowledge of

308-526: A cohesive character. He also believed that a number of distinct sub-generations could exist. According to Gilleard and Higgs, Mannheim identified three commonalities that a generation shares: Mannheim elaborated on the meaning of a generation's "location" (Lagerung), understood in a historical, economic and sociocultural sense. In 1928 he wrote: The fact that people are born at the same time, or that their youth, adulthood, and old age coincide, does not in itself involve similarity of location; what does create

385-433: A community becomes acculturated to Western customs and characteristics – in other words, Westernized. The phenomenon of Westernization does not follow any one specific pattern across societies as the degree of adaption and fusion with Western customs will occur at varying magnitudes within different communities . Specifically, the extent to which domination, destruction, resistance, survival, adaptation, or modification affect

462-459: A construction in the similar way as does "the Orient" – it is a created notion to justify a particular set of power relations, in this case, the colonization and rule of a foreign country. From the 1400s onward, Europeanization and colonialism spread gradually over much of the world and controlled different regions during this five centuries long period, colonizing or subjecting the majority of

539-427: A culture of strict social hierarchy and limited individualization. India's independence movement took inspiration from Western ideas about democracy and human rights. India's ruling class after independence in 1947 remained somewhat Westernized; India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru , had such a substantial Britishness that he once described himself as "the last Englishman to rule India." In 2014, however,

616-421: A cycle of Westernization. On top of largely Western government systems such as democracy and constitution , many Western technologies and customs like music, clothing, and cars have been introduced across various parts of the world and copied and created in traditionally non-Western countries. Westernization has been reversed in some countries following war or regime change. For example: Russia in aftermath of

693-434: A few exceptions, the same goes for the partial pulse-rate theories. Since they generally gather data without any knowledge of statistical principles, the authors are often least likely to notice to what extent the jungle of names and numbers which they present lacks any convincing organization according to generations." Social scientists follow the "imprint hypothesis" of generations (i.e., that major historical events—such as

770-420: A generation as there are between generations. But we believe this reality does not diminish the value of generational analysis; it merely adds to its richness and complexity. Another element of generational theory is recognizing how youth experience their generation, and how that changes based on where they reside in the world. "Analyzing young people's experiences in place contributes to a deeper understanding of

847-410: A generation; only those who share a unique social and biographical experience of an important historical moment will become part of a "generation as an actuality." When following the imprint hypothesis, social scientists face a number of challenges. They cannot accept the labels and chronological boundaries of generations that come from the pulse-rate hypothesis (like Generation X or Millennial); instead,

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924-403: A long and distinguished place in social science, and we cast our lot with those scholars who believe it is not only possible, but often highly illuminating, to search for the unique and distinctive characteristics of any given age group of Americans. But we also know this is not an exact science. We are mindful that there are as many differences in attitudes, values, behaviors, and lifestyles within

1001-410: A more successful country. The Russian term was зáпадничество ( západnichestvo , "westernism"), and its adherents were known as the за́падники ( západniki , "westernists"). Westernization is often regarded as a part of the ongoing process of globalization . This theory proposes that Western thought has led to globalisation, and that globalisation propagates Western culture, leading to

1078-419: A much greater extent than had traditionally been possible. Additionally, the skills and wisdom of fathers were often less valuable than they had been due to technological and social change. During this time, the period between childhood and adulthood , usually spent at university or in military service, was also increased for many white-collar workers . This category of people was very influential in spreading

1155-693: A native culture may differ following inter-ethnic contact. The West was originally defined as the Western world . A thousand years later, the East-West Schism separated the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church from each other. The definition of Western changed as the West was influenced by and spread to other nations. Islamic and Byzantine scholars added to the Western canon when their stores of Greek and Roman literature jump-started

1232-516: A new Sphere of Influence 2.0", published by Jura Gentium ( University of Florence ), the increasing role of Westernization is characterized by social media . The comparison with Eastern societies, who decided to ban American social media platforms (such as Iran and China with Facebook and Twitter), marks a political desire to avoid the Westernization process of their own populations and ways to communicate. Due to colonization and immigration,

1309-428: A new idea of generations, as the 19th century wore on, of a society divided into different categories of people based on age. These trends were all related to the processes of modernisation , industrialisation , or westernisation , which had been changing the face of Europe since the mid-18th century. One was a change in mentality about time and social change. The increasing prevalence of enlightenment ideas encouraged

1386-498: A position to participate as an integrated group in certain common experiences can we rightly speak of community of location of a generation. From Mannheim's perspective, then, the chronological boundaries often attributed to different generations ("Generation X", "Millennials" etc.) seem to have little global validity since these boundaries are mostly based on shared Western, especially American, historical and sociocultural 'locations'. Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe developed

1463-443: A result of contact between cultural groups and their individual members". After contact, changes in cultural patterns are evident within one or both cultures. Specific to Westernization and the non-Western culture, foreign societies tend to adopt changes in their social systems relative to Western ideology, lifestyle, and physical appearance, along with numerous other aspects, and shifts in culture patterns can be seen to take root as

1540-540: A similar historical background, the Western world is not a monolithic bloc, as many cultural, linguistic, religious, political, and economic differences exist between Western countries and populations. The following countries or regions experienced a significant influence by the process of Westernization: Kishore Mahbubani 's book entitled The Great Convergence: Asia, the West, and the Logic of One World (Public Affairs),

1617-480: A similar location is that they are in a position to experience the same events and data, etc., and especially that these experiences impinge upon a similarly 'stratified' consciousness. It is not difficult to see why mere chronological contemporaneity cannot of itself produce a common generation location. No one, for example, would assert that there was community of location between the young people of China and Germany about 1800. Only where contemporaries definitely are in

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1694-402: A single step in the line of descent from an ancestor. In developed nations the average familial generation length is in the high 20s and has even reached 30 years in some nations. Factors such as greater industrialisation and demand for cheap labour, urbanisation , delayed first pregnancy and a greater uncertainty in both employment income and relationship stability have all contributed to

1771-499: A social generation has a long history and can be found in ancient literature, but did not gain currency in the sense that it is used today until the 19th century. Prior to that, the concept "generation" had generally referred to family relationships and not broader social groupings. In 1863, the French lexicographer Emile Littré had defined a generation as "all people coexisting in society at any given time." Several trends promoted

1848-518: A society in effect objectifies and others it into marginalization, making people who are classified into that race as "almost everywhere nearly the same." Said also argues that this relationship to the "inferior" races, in fact, works to also fortify and make coherent what is meant by "the West"; if "The Oriental is irrational, depraved (fallen), childlike, "different..." then "...the European is rational, virtuous, mature, normal." Thus, "the West" acts as

1925-513: A society, and this encouraged identification with groups beyond the local. Auguste Comte was the first philosopher to make a serious attempt to systematically study generations. In Cours de philosophie positive , Comte suggested that social change is determined by generational change and in particular conflict between successive generations. As the members of a given generation age, their "instinct of social conservation" becomes stronger, which inevitably and necessarily brings them into conflict with

2002-504: Is Ireland, where Irish is the first official language, followed by English as the second official language. The importance of sports partly comes from its connection to Westernization. The insight by Edelman, R., & Wilson, W. (2017) explains “This new system of thought and practices imbued with positive values in the exertion and strategic deployment of the human body, embracing the Anglo-American notion that physical activity

2079-468: Is a structural term, designating the parent–child relationship. In biology , generation also means biogenesis , reproduction , and procreation . Generation is also a synonym for birth/age cohort in demographics , marketing , and social science , where it means "people within a delineated population who experience the same significant events within a given period of time." The term generation in this sense, also known as social generations ,

2156-443: Is available that allows them to "compare generations at similar stage of life" and "won’t always default to using the standard generational definitions and labels." Westernisation Westernization has been a growing influence across the world in the last few centuries, with some thinkers assuming Westernization to be the equivalent of modernization , a way of thought that is often debated. The overall process of Westernization

2233-516: Is important, but how individuals and societies interpret the boundaries and how divisions may shape processes and outcomes. However, the practice of categorizing age cohorts is useful to researchers for the purpose of constructing boundaries in their work. Norman Ryder writing in American Sociological Review in 1965 shed light on the sociology of the discord between generations by suggesting that society "persists despite

2310-414: Is often two-sided in that Western influences and interests themselves are joined with parts of the affected society, at minimum, to become a more Westernized society, with the putative goal of attaining a Western life or some aspects of it, while Western societies are themselves affected by this process and interaction with non-Western groups. Westernization traces its roots back to Ancient Greece . Later,

2387-455: Is seen as a form of globalization that leads the world to be similar to Western powers. Being globalized means taking positive aspects of the world, but globalization also brings the debate about being Westernized. Democracy, fast food, and American pop culture can all be examples that are considered as Westernization of the world. According to the "Theory of the Globe scrambled by Social network:

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2464-443: Is very optimistic. It proposes that a new global civilization is being created. The majority of non-Western countries admire and adhere to Western living standards. It says this newly emerging global order has to be ruled through new policies and attitudes. He argues that policymakers all over the world must change their preconceptions and accept that we live in one world. The national interests must be balanced with global interests and

2541-512: Is widely used in popular culture and is a basis of sociological analysis . Serious analysis of generations began in the nineteenth century, emerging from an increasing awareness of the possibility of permanent social change and the idea of youthful rebellion against the established social order. Some analysts believe that a generation is one of the fundamental social categories in a society; others consider generation less important than class, gender, race, and education. The word generate comes from

2618-529: The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won power on the back of perceptions of the ruling class being insufficiently Indian . In Iran , the process of Westernization dates back to the country's attempt to westernize during the beginning of the 1930s, which was dictated by Shah Rezā Khan and continued by his son during the Cold War and agitated the largely conservative Shia Muslim masses of

2695-529: The Bolshevik Revolution around 1917, Continental China by 1949, Cuba in aftermath of the Revolution in 1959 , and Iran by the 1979 revolution . The main characteristics are economic and political ( free trade ) democratisation, combined with the spread of an individualised culture . Often it was regarded as opposite to the worldwide influence of communism . After the break-up of

2772-452: The Latin generāre , meaning "to beget". The word generation as a group or cohort in social science signifies the entire body of individuals born and living at about the same time, most of whom are approximately the same age and have similar ideas, problems, and attitudes (e.g., Beat Generation and Lost Generation ). A familial generation is a group of living beings constituting

2849-503: The Pew Research Center , which outlines his criticism of generational labels, received at least 150 signatures from other demographers and social scientists. Louis Menand , writer at The New Yorker , stated that "there is no empirical basis" for the contention "that differences within a generation are smaller than differences between generations." He argued that generational theories "seem to require" that people born at

2926-489: The Renaissance . The Cold War also reinterpreted the definition of the West by excluding the countries of the former Eastern Bloc . Today, most modern uses of the term refer to the societies in the West and their close genealogical , linguistic , and philosophical descendants. Typically included are those countries whose ethnic identity and dominant culture are derived from Western European culture . Though it shares

3003-645: The Roman Empire took on the first process of Westernization as it was heavily influenced by Greece and created a new culture based on the principles and values of the Ancient Greek society. The Romans emerged with a culture that grew into a new Western identity based on the Greco-Roman society. Westernization can also be compared to acculturation and enculturation . Acculturation is "the process of cultural and psychological change that takes place as

3080-473: The Strauss–Howe generational theory outlining what they saw as a pattern of generations repeating throughout American history. This theory became quite influential with the public and reignited an interest in the sociology of generations. This led to the creation of an industry of consulting, publishing, and marketing in the field (corporations spent approximately 70 million dollars on generational consulting in

3157-584: The USSR in late 1991 and the end of the Cold War , many of its component states and allies nevertheless underwent Westernization, including privatization of hitherto state-controlled industry. With debates still going on, the question of whether globalization can be characterized as Westernization can be seen in various aspects. Globalization is happening in various aspects, ranging from economics, politics, and even food or culture. Westernization, to some schools,

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3234-573: The Vietnam War , the September 11 attacks , the COVID-19 pandemic , etc.—leave an "imprint" on the generation experiencing them at a young age), which can be traced to Karl Mannheim's theory. According to the imprint hypothesis, generations are only produced by specific historical events that cause young people to perceive the world differently than their elders. Thus, not everyone may be part of

3311-405: The nuclear family , between the parents and two or more of their children , is one of several possible dynamics of a dysfunctional family . Coalitions in families are subsystems within families with more rigid boundaries and are thought to be a sign of family dysfunction. Social generations are cohorts of people born in the same date range and who share similar cultural experiences. The idea of

3388-404: The " Baby boomers ". Historian Hans Jaeger shows that, during the concept's long history, two schools of thought coalesced regarding how generations form: the "pulse-rate hypothesis" and the "imprint hypothesis." According to the pulse-rate hypothesis, a society's entire population can be divided into a series of non-overlapping cohorts, each of which develops a unique "peer personality" because of

3465-591: The "normal attribute of youth"—innovation. Other important theorists of the 19th century were John Stuart Mill and Wilhelm Dilthey . The sociologist Karl Mannheim was a seminal figure in the study of generations. He elaborated a theory of generations in his 1923 essay The Problem of Generations . He suggested that there had been a division into two primary schools of study of generations until that time. Firstly, positivists such as Comte measured social change in designated life spans. Mannheim argued that this reduced history to "a chronological table". The other school,

3542-489: The "romantic-historical" was represented by Dilthey and Martin Heidegger . This school focused on the individual qualitative experience at the expense of social context. Mannheim emphasised that the rapidity of social change in youth was crucial to the formation of generations, and that not every generation would come to see itself as distinct. In periods of rapid social change a generation would be much more likely to develop

3619-495: The 19th century, European intellectuals were disposed toward thinking of the world in generational terms—in terms of youth rebellion and emancipation. One important contributing factor to the change in mentality was the change in the economic structure of society. Because of the rapid social and economic change, young men particularly were less beholden to their fathers and family authority than they had been. Greater social and economic mobility allowed them to flout their authority to

3696-739: The Americas and Oceania by Europeans , the cultural, ethnic, and linguistic make-up of the Americas and Oceania has been changed. This is most visible in settler colonies such as: Australia , Canada , New Zealand in Oceania, and the United States , Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Costa Rica , and Uruguay in the Americas, where the traditional indigenous population has been predominantly replaced demographically by non-indigenous settlers due to transmitted disease and conflict. This demographic takeover in settler countries has often resulted in

3773-450: The East . This time, he argues that Western influence is now "unraveling", with Eastern powers such as China arising. He states: …the 5.6 billion people who live outside the West no longer believe in the innate or inherent superiority of Western civilization. Instead, many are beginning to question whether the West remains the most civilized part of the world. What we are witnessing today…is

3850-573: The Empire. As a result, Turkey is one of the most Westernized majority-Muslim nations. Westernizers ( / ˈ z ɑː p ɑː d n ɪ k / ; Russian : за́падник , romanized :  západnik , IPA: [ˈzapədnʲɪk] ) were a group of 19th-century intellectuals who believed that Russia 's development depended upon the adoption of Western European technology and liberal government. In their view, Western ideas such as industrialisation needed to be implemented throughout Russia to make it

3927-529: The Sociology of Knowledge asserted the belief that people are shaped through lived experiences as a result of social change. Howe and Strauss also have written on the similarities of people within a generation being attributed to social change. Based on the way these lived experiences shape a generation in regard to values, the result is that the new generation will challenge the older generation's values, resulting in tension. This challenge between generations and

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4004-668: The Strauss–Howe generational theory and generally follows the logic of the pulse-rate hypothesis . The term generation is sometimes applied to a cultural movement, or more narrowly defined group than an entire demographic. Some examples include: Philip N. Cohen , a sociology professor at the University of Maryland, criticized the use of "generation labels", stating that the labels are "imposed by survey researchers, journalists or marketing firms" and "drive people toward stereotyping and rash character judgment." Cohen's open letter to

4081-452: The U.S. in 2015). The theory has alternatively been criticized by social scientists and journalists who argue it is non- falsifiable , deterministic , and unsupported by rigorous evidence. There are psychological and sociological dimensions in the sense of belonging and identity which may define a generation. The concept of a generation can be used to locate particular birth cohorts in specific historical and cultural circumstances, such as

4158-456: The West to shape and move the world history. Huntington believed that while the age of ideology had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines. In Orientalism Edward Said views Westernization as it occurred in the process of colonization , an exercise of essentializing

4235-441: The chronological boundaries of generations must be determined inductively and who is part of the generation must be determined through historical, quantitative, and qualitative analysis. While all generations have similarities, there are differences among them as well. A 2007 Pew Research Center report called "Millennials: Confident. Connected. Open to Change" noted the challenge of studying generations: Generational analysis has

4312-574: The country which was partly responsible for the 1979 Iranian Revolution . In Turkey , the synchronization process with the West is known as the Tanzimat (reorganization) period. The Ottoman Empire began to change itself according to modern science, practice, and culture. The Empire took some innovations from the West. Also, with the contribution of foreign engineers, the Empire repaired its old arm systems. Newly-found schools, permanent ambassadors, and privy councils were an essential improvement for

4389-477: The first year of Generation X) "have more in common" than with people born a couple years before or after them. In 2023, after a review of their research and methods, and consulting with external experts, Pew Research Center announced a change in their use of generation labels to "avoid reinforcing harmful stereotypes or oversimplifying people’s complex lived experiences", and said that, going forward, they will only conduct generational analysis when historical data

4466-543: The formerly prevalent languages in the Americas, Oceania, and part of South Africa , are now usually Indo-European languages or creoles based on them: Many indigenous languages are on the verge of becoming extinct. Some settler countries have preserved indigenous languages; for example, in New Zealand, the Māori language is one of three official languages, the others being English and New Zealand sign language, another example

4543-400: The globe. Following World War II , Western leaders and academics sought to expand innate liberties and international equality. A period of decolonization began. At the end of the 1960s, most colonies were allowed autonomy. Those new states often adopted some aspects of Western politics such as a constitution, while frequently reacting against Western culture. Due to the colonization of

4620-471: The idea that society and life were changeable, and that civilization could progress . This encouraged the equation of youth with social renewal and change. Political rhetoric in the 19th century often focused on the renewing power of youth influenced by movements such as Young Italy , Young Germany , Sturm und Drang , the German Youth Movement , and other romantic movements . By the end of

4697-420: The ideas of youthful renewal. Another important factor was the breakdown of traditional social and regional identifications. The spread of nationalism and many of the factors that created it (a national press, linguistic homogenisation, public education , suppression of local particularities) encouraged a broader sense of belonging beyond local affiliations. People thought of themselves increasingly as part of

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4774-419: The increase of the generation length from the late 18th century to the present. These changes can be attributed to social factors, such as GDP and state policy, globalization , automation, and related individual-level variables, particularly a woman's educational attainment. Conversely, in less-developed nations, generation length has changed little and remains in the low 20s. An intergenerational rift in

4851-619: The introduction of over 1,300 locations of the traditionally Western fast-food chain McDonald's into China. Specific to Taiwan , the industry of bridal photography (see Photography in Taiwan ) has been significantly influenced by the Western idea of "love". As examined by author Bonnie Adrian, Taiwanese bridal photos of today provide a striking contrast to past accepted norms, contemporary couples often displaying great physical affection and, at times, placed in typically Western settings to augment

4928-744: The linguistic, social, and cultural marginalisation of indigenous people. Even in countries where large populations of indigenous people remain or the indigenous peoples have mixed ( mestizo ) considerably with European settlers, such as countries in Latin America and the Caribbean: Mexico , Peru , Panama , Suriname , Ecuador , Bolivia , Venezuela , Belize , Paraguay , South Africa , Colombia , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Guyana , El Salvador , Jamaica , Cuba , or Nicaragua , relative marginalisation still exists. Latin America

5005-483: The majority- Western Christian part of Europe and North America the West, and creating 6 other civilizations, including Latin America , Confucian , Japanese, Islamic , Hindu and Slavic-Orthodox , to organize the rest of the globe. Huntington argued that after the end of the Cold War , world politics had been moved into a new aspect in which non-Western civilizations were no more the exploited recipients of Western civilization but become another important actor joining

5082-417: The modernity, in comparison to the historically prominent relationship, often stoic and distant, exhibited between bride and groom. Though Western concepts may have initially played a role in creating this cultural shift in Taiwan, the market and desire for bridal photography has not continued without adjustments and social modifications to this Western notion. In Korea , the first contact with Westernization

5159-948: The mortality of its individual members, through processes of demographic metabolism and particularly the annual infusion of birth cohorts". He argued that generations may sometimes be a "threat to stability" but at the same time they represent "the opportunity for social transformation". Ryder attempted to understand the dynamics at play between generations. Amanda Grenier in a 2007 essay published in Journal of Social Issues offered another source of explanation for why generational tensions exist. Grenier asserted that generations develop their own linguistic models that contribute to misunderstanding between age cohorts, "Different ways of speaking exercised by older and younger people exist, and may be partially explained by social historical reference points, culturally determined experiences, and individual interpretations". Karl Mannheim in his 1952 book Essays on

5236-583: The point of hiring Westerners to teach Western customs and traditions to the Japanese starting in the Meiji era . Since then, many Japanese politicians have encouraged the Westernization of Japan with the use of the term Datsu-A Ron , which means the argument for "leaving Asia" or "Good-bye Asia". In Datsu-A Ron , "Westernization" was described as an "unavoidable" but "fruitful" change. In contrast, despite many advances in industrial efficiency, Japan has sustained

5313-478: The power must be shared. Mahbubani urges that only through these actions can we create a world that converges benignly. Samuel P. Huntington posits a conflict between "the West and the Rest" and offers three forms of general action that non-Western civilizations can react toward Western countries. Mahbubani counters this argument in his other book, The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to

5390-399: The processes of individualization, inequality, and of generation." Being able to take a closer looks at youth cultures and subcultures in different times and places adds an extra element to understanding the everyday lives of youth. This allows a better understanding of youth and the role generation and place play in their development. It is not where the birth cohort boundaries are drawn that

5467-533: The progressive unwrapping of these many layers of Western influences. He explains the decline of Western influence, stating reasons as to the loss of Western credibility with the rest of the world. In contrast to territorial delineation, others, like the American political scientist Samuel P. Huntington in The Clash of Civilizations , consider what is "Western" based on religious affiliation, such as deeming

5544-459: The tail end of one generation and people born at the beginning of another (e.g. a person born in 1965, the first year of Generation X, and a person born in 1964, the last of the Boomer era) "must have different values, tastes, and life experiences" or that people born in the first and last birth years of a generation (e.g. a person born in 1980, the last year of Generation X, and a person born in 1965,

5621-448: The tension that arises is a defining point for understanding generations and what separates them. The Western world includes parts of Western Europe , North America , and Australasia . Many variations may exist within these regions, both geographically and culturally, which means that the list is broadly indicative, but very general. The contemporary characterization of these cohorts used in media and advertising borrows, in part, from

5698-460: The time period in which each cohort came of age. The movement of these cohorts from one life-stage to the next creates a repeating cycle that shapes the history of that society. A prominent example of pulse-rate generational theory is Strauss and Howe's theory. Social scientists tend to reject the pulse-rate hypothesis because, as Jaeger explains, "the concrete results of the theory of the universal pulse rate of history are, of course, very modest. With

5775-639: Was being Westernized slowly in the late 19th century, Korea had the idea of "Eastern ways and Western frames (東道西器)", meaning that they accepted the Western "bowl", but used it with Eastern principles inside. In Japan , the Netherlands continued to play a key role in transmitting Western know-how to the Japanese from the 17th century to the mid-19th century, because the Japanese had only opened their doors to Dutch merchants before US Navy Commodore Matthew Perry 's visit in 1853 . After Commodore Perry's visit, Japan began to deliberately accept Western culture to

5852-523: Was during the Joseon Dynasty , in the 17th century. Every year, the emperor dispatched a few envoy ambassadors to China and while they were staying in Beijing, the Western missionaries were there. Through the missionaries, Korean ambassadors were able to adopt Western technology. In the 19th century, Korea started to send ambassadors to the foreign countries, other than Japan and China . While Korea

5929-556: Was shaped by Iberian culture, with local religious forms also mixing with Christian influences. In Mexico, indigenous people adopted writing alongside their traditional oral and pictorial forms of communication. General reactions to Westernization can include fundamentalism , protectionism , or embrace to varying degrees. Countries such as Korea and China attempted to adopt a system of isolationism but have ultimately juxtaposed parts of Western culture into their own, often adding original and unique social influences, as exemplified by

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