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26-466: GPG supports causes which strengthen Jewish identity all over the world, advancing Jewish engagement into the 21st century to create a more diverse and connected global Jewish community. GPG's work is inspired by its founders’ commitment to: In January 2014, Gennady Gazin was elected chairman of the board. Ilia Salita, the former president and CEO of the foundation, died in June 2020. Marina Yudborovksy

52-658: A Dublin Constituency: A Behavioural Analysis . He was a central figure in establishing the Political Studies Association of Ireland in 1982, and his professional reputation saw him win promotion in UCD, where he became Professor of Politics in 1991. In that capacity, he also served as Head of Department until 2005. His academic career was marked by sabbaticals in the USA (where he spent extended periods at

78-505: A Jewish identity. While the absolute majority of people with this identity are of Jewish ethnicity, people of a mixed Jewish and non-Jewish background or gentiles of Jewish ancestry may still have a sense of Jewish self-identity. Jewish identity can be described as consisting of three interconnected parts: In classical antiquity , the Jewish people were constantly identified by Greek , Roman , and Jewish authors as an ethnos , one of

104-476: A Jewish mother are considered Jewish, regardless of personal beliefs or level of observance of Jewish law. Progressive Judaism and Haymanot Judaism in general base Jewishness on having at least one Jewish parent, while Karaite Judaism bases Jewishness only on paternal lineage. These differences between the major Jewish movements are the source of the disagreement and debate about who is a Jew . Jews who are atheists or Jews who follow other religions may have

130-547: A distinct ethnic union with a recognized political and legal status ( politeuma) , with Jerusalem being the colony's mother-city. The writings of Philo , a Jewish philosopher from Alexandria who flourished in the first half of the first century CE, reflect on Jewish identity in the diaspora during the late Second Temple period. At the time Philo lived, Jews had been present in the Diaspora, particularly in Alexandria, for

156-921: A distinctive religious culture, gradually shifted to that of a religious community that also identified as a nation. In the aftermath of the First Jewish–Roman War , the Fiscus Judaicus was imposed on all Jews in the Roman Empire, replacing the annual half-shekel tribute that Jews paid to the Temple in Jerusalem. It appears that the Romans chose to use Jewish religious behavior rather than Jewish ancestry to determine tax liability, and this Roman interference in Jewish tax-collection may have prompted this transformation in Jewish identity. The process

182-462: A homeland in a political sense because it was the site of a Jewish "colony," structured as a distinct ethnic union with a recognized political and legal status ( politeuma ), with Jerusalem being the colony's mother-city. Jewish identity underwent a significant shift in the centuries that followed the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE. The initial conception of the Jews as an ethnos , albeit one with

208-590: A nation rather than just an ethnic group, eventually leading to the rise of Zionism and the establishment of Israel. In his works from the late Second Temple period, Philo of Alexandria made comments that reflected the features of Jewish identity in the diaspora. At the time Philo lived, Jews had been present in the Diaspora, particularly in Alexandria , for a very long time. Because his fellow nationals had lived there for many generations, he appears to have thought of Alexandria as his city. In an effort to explain

234-532: A range of publications of other kinds. The best-known of his books formed a sequence dealing with successive themes in the emergence of modern Ireland: " The evolution of Irish nationalist politics " (1981, 1983); " Nationalist revolutionaries in Ireland 1858-1928 " (1987); " 1922: the birth of Irish democracy " (1996); and " Preventing the future: why was Ireland so poor for so long " (2004). Garvin retired on 1 September 2008 after working for 41 years in what became

260-403: A subject related to a Jewish organization is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jewish identity Jewish identity is the objective or subjective sense of perceiving oneself as a Jew and as relating to being Jewish . It encompasses elements of nationhood , ethnicity , religion , and culture . Broadly defined, Jewish identity does not rely on whether one

286-418: A very long time. Because his fellow nationals had lived there for many generations, Philo appears to have regarded Alexandria as his city. To explain the status of the Jews in terms Greek readers would understand, Philo depicted them as immigrants who established "colonies" (Greek: apoikiai ), with Jerusalem serving as their "mother-city" ( metropolis ). According to Kasher, Alexandria could only be regarded as

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312-410: Is a "distinct possibility of finding premodern groups that meet the criteria for a nation (not just for ethnicity), with the Jews providing perhaps the clearest example". Agreeing with Smith, Goodblatt proposes dropping the qualifier "religious" in the definition of Jewish nationalism by Smith, noting that according to Smith himself, a religious component in national memories and culture is common even in

338-399: Is recognized as Jewish by others or by external religious, legal, or sociological standards. Jewish identity does not need to imply religious orthodoxy . Accordingly, Jewish identity can be ethnic or cultural in nature. Jewish identity can involve ties to the Jewish community. Orthodox Judaism bases Jewishness on matrilineal descent. According to Jewish law ( halakha ), all those born of

364-590: Is typically a branch of white supremacy: it traditionally conceives of Jews as a distinct race with intrinsic, undesirable qualities that must be exterminated from the population. Left-wing antisemitism , by contrast, frequently views Jews as members of the white race, an idea that is a precursor to the criticism of Zionism as a racist ideology, as well as the exclusion of Jews from goals of intersectionality. Tom Garvin Thomas Christopher Garvin MRIA (7 July 1943 – 17 October 2024)

390-399: The Jews of the late Second Temple period provide "a closer approximation to the ideal type of the nation [...] than perhaps anywhere else in the ancient world." He adds that this observation "must make us wary of pronouncing too readily against the possibility of the nation, and even a form of religious nationalism , before the onset of modernity." Historian David Goodblatt writes that there

416-472: The U.S.; policy decisions (in areas such as funding, programming, etc.) have been shaped in part due to studies on Jewish identity. According to the social-psychologist Simon Herman, antisemitism plays a part in shaping Jewish identity. This view is echoed by religious leaders such as Rabbi Jonathan Sacks who writes that modern Jewish communities and the modern Jewish identity are deeply influenced by antisemitism . Right-wing antisemitism , for example,

442-619: The United States with the publication of Marshall Sklare 's "Lakeville studies". Among other topics explored in the studies was Sklare's notion of a "good Jew". The "good Jew" was essentially an idealized form of Jewish identity as expressed by the Lakeville respondents. Today, sociological measurements of Jewish identity have become the concern of the Jewish Federations who have sponsored numerous community studies across

468-604: The Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington DC; Colgate University; Mount Holyoke College; the University of Georgia; and, as Burns Professor, Boston College ). He was elected as a member of the Royal Irish Academy in 2003. Garvin's academic output included 60 articles in journals, chapters in books, and publications of similar type; six books, with a further two forthcoming; two edited volumes; and

494-556: The model of ancient Israel found in the Hebrew Bible, provided the world with the original concept of nationhood which later influenced Christian nations. However, following Jerusalem's destruction in the first century CE, Jews ceased to be a political entity and did not resemble a traditional nation-state for almost two millennia. Despite this, they maintained their national identity through collective memory, religion and sacred texts, even without land or political power, and remained

520-542: The modern era. This view is echoed by political scientist Tom Garvin , who writes that "something strangely like modern nationalism is documented for many peoples in medieval times and in classical times as well," citing the ancient Jews as one of several "obvious examples", alongside the classical Greeks , the Gauls and the British Celts . Adrian Hastings argued that Jews are the "true proto-nation", that through

546-493: The notion that their faith is meant to be spread throughout all of humanity, regardless of nationality. However, Jewish identity is firmly intertwined with Jewish ancestry dating back to the historical Kingdom of Israel , which was largely depopulated by the Roman Empire c. first century CE, leading to what is known as today as the Jewish Diaspora . Jewish identity began to gain the attention of Jewish sociologists in

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572-465: The several ethne living in the Greco-Roman world . Van Maaren utilizes the six attributes that co-ethnics share, as identified by Hutchinson and Smith, to show why ancient Jews may be considered an ethnic group in modern terminology. Those include: Anthony D. Smith , an historical sociologist considered one of the founders of the interdisciplinary field of nationalism studies , wrote that

598-422: The status of the Jews in words that Greek readers would understand, Philo depicted them as immigrants who laid the groundwork for "colonies" ( Greek : apoikiai ), with Jerusalem serving as their "mother-city" ( metropolis) . According to Kasher, Alexandria in this circumstance could only be regarded as a homeland in the political sense because it was the site of the establishment of a Jewish "colony," structured as

624-757: Was accelerated by the Christianization of the Roman Empire. In Christian theology , ethnic identity held little significance, and Jews were primarily valued for their religious heritage, seen as foundational to the development of the new covenant . This ideological framework further influenced perceptions of Jewish identity, emphasizing religious rather than ethnic or national aspects. Jewish identity can be cultural , religious, or through ancestry. There are religious, cultural, and ancestral components to Jewish identity due to its fundamental non-proselytizing nature, as opposed to Christian or Muslim identity which are both "universal" religions in that they ascribe to

650-679: Was an Irish political scientist and historian. He was Professor Emeritus of Politics at University College Dublin . Garvin was an alumnus of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC . Garvin was a graduate of UCD with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and politics and a Master of Arts degree in politics. His Doctor of Philosophy degree was awarded by the University of Georgia in 1974 for his thesis Political Parties in

676-515: Was appointed as GPG's new CEO in July 2020. In partnership with the State of Israel , GPG launched the “Our Common Destiny” initiative in 2019 to strengthen the bonds among Jews worldwide. The Declaration of Our Common Destiny sets out five deeply-held values that unite the Jewish people and was endorsed by Israel's president Reuven Rivlin as a “roadmap for the Jewish future”. This article about

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