93-611: Genta may refer to: Gentamicin , an aminoglycoside antibiotic Genta (company) , biotechnology company Genta H. Holmes (born 1940), American professor of diplomacy Genta Matsuda (born 1999), member of Travis Japan Genta Matsuo ( 松尾 元太 ) (born 1986), Japanese footballer Gentiana Ismajli (born 1984), Albanian singer Genta Omotehara ( 表原 玄太 , born 1996) , Japanese footballer Gérald Genta (born 1931), Swiss designer Giancarlo Genta (born 1948), Italian professor of mechanics Genta Kojima , fictional character in
186-574: A Hearing Impaired (HI) audio track may be available via headphones to better hear dialog. This choice depends on the level of hearing loss, type of hearing loss, and personal preference. Hearing aid applications are one of the options for hearing loss management. For people with bilateral hearing loss, it is not clear if bilateral hearing aids (hearing aids in both ears) are better than a unilateral hearing aid (hearing aid in one ear). For people with idiopathic sudden hearing loss, different treatment approaches have been suggested that are usually based on
279-561: A N-methylation by an unconfirmed gene to form the final product in this branch point, gentamicin C1. When X 2 bypasses GenK and is directly dehydrogenated and aminated by the GenQ enzyme, the other pharmacologically relevant intermediate JI-20A is formed. Although, there has been identification of an intermediate for this step, 6'-dehydro-6'-oxo-gentamicin X2 (6'-DOX), for which the enzyme GenB1
372-488: A conventional hearing test. Auditory brainstem response testing is an electrophysiological test used to test for hearing deficits caused by pathology within the ear, the cochlear nerve and also within the brainstem. A case history (usually a written form, with questionnaire) can provide valuable information about the context of the hearing loss, and indicate what kind of diagnostic procedures to employ. Examinations include otoscopy , tympanometry , and differential testing with
465-541: A few others make up the remaining 20% of gentamicin and have lower antibiotic activity than the gentamicin C complex. The exact composition of a given sample or lot of gentamicin is not well defined, and the level of gentamicin C components or other components in gentamicin may differ from lot-to-lot depending on the gentamicin manufacturer or manufacturing process. Because of this lot-to-lot variability, it can be difficult to study various properties of gentamicin including pharmacokinetics and microorganism susceptibility if there
558-567: A group can be ascribed to age and noise exposure . The result is calculated via an algebraic equation that uses the A-weighted sound exposure level, how many years the people were exposed to this noise, how old the people are, and their sex. The model's estimations are only useful for people without hearing loss due to non-job related exposure and can be used for prevention activities. The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends neonatal hearing screening for all newborns, as
651-410: A hearing loss is ranked according to ranges of nominal thresholds in which a sound must be so it can be detected by an individual. It is measured in decibels of hearing loss, or dB HL. There are three main types of hearing loss: conductive hearing loss , sensorineural hearing loss , and mixed hearing loss. An additional problem which is increasingly recognised is auditory processing disorder which
744-492: A hearing test. Hearing diagnosis using mobile application is similar to the audiometry procedure. Audiograms, obtained using mobile applications, can be used to adjust hearing aid applications. Another method for quantifying hearing loss is a speech-in-noise test. which gives an indication of how well one can understand speech in a noisy environment. Otoacoustic emissions test is an objective hearing test that may be administered to toddlers and children too young to cooperate in
837-477: A longer half-life in this population. Kidney function should be checked periodically during therapy. Long-term effects of treatment can include hearing loss and balance problems. Hypocalcemia , hypokalemia , and muscle weakness have been reported when used by injection. Gentamicin should not be used if a person has a history of hypersensitivity , such as anaphylaxis , or other serious toxic reaction to gentamicin or any other aminoglycosides . Greater care
930-454: A person's hearing loss. Hearing loss due to chemicals starts in the high frequency range and is irreversible. It damages the cochlea with lesions and degrades central portions of the auditory system . For some ototoxic chemical exposures, particularly styrene, the risk of hearing loss can be higher than being exposed to noise alone. The effects is greatest when the combined exposure include impulse noise . A 2018 informational bulletin by
1023-461: A secondary binding site at helix 69 of the 23S rRNA , which interacts with helix 44 and proteins that recognize stop codons . At this secondary site, gentamicin is believed to preclude interactions of the ribosome with ribosome recycling factors, causing the two subunits of the ribosome to stay complexed even after translation completes, creating a pool of inactive ribosomes that can no longer re-initiate and translate new proteins. Since gentamicin
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#17327719833401116-445: Is 4,5-dehydrogentamicin-C 1a . Gentamicin is composed of a number of related gentamicin components and fractions which have varying degrees of antimicrobial potency. The main components of gentamicin include members of the gentamicin C complex: gentamicin C 1 , gentamicin C 1a , and gentamicin C 2 which compose approximately 80% of gentamicin and have been found to have the highest antibacterial activity. Gentamicin A, B, X, and
1209-473: Is a condition where a person as an immediate decrease in the sensitivity of their sensorineural hearing that does not have a known cause. This type of loss is usually only on one side (unilateral) and the severity of the loss varies. A common threshold of a "loss of at least 30 dB in three connected frequencies within 72 hours" is sometimes used, however there is no universal definition or international consensus for diagnosing idiopathic sudden hearing loss. It
1302-592: Is a consideration when deciding on a treatment approach. Globally, hearing loss affects about 10% of the population to some degree. It caused moderate to severe disability in 124.2 million people as of 2004 (107.9 million of whom are in low and middle income countries). Of these 65 million acquired the condition during childhood. At birth ~3 per 1000 in developed countries and more than 6 per 1000 in developing countries have hearing problems. Hearing loss increases with age. In those between 20 and 35 rates of hearing loss are 3% while in those 44 to 55 it
1395-545: Is a problem in 10–25% of people who receive aminoglycosides, and gentamicin is one of the most nephrotoxic drugs of this class. Oftentimes, acute nephrotoxicity is reversible, but it may be fatal. The risk of nephrotoxicity can be affected by the dose, frequency, duration of therapy, and concurrent use of certain medications, such as NSAIDs , diuretics , cisplatin , ciclosporin , cephalosporins , amphotericin , iodide contrast media , and vancomycin . Factors that increase risk of nephrotoxicity include: Kidney dysfunction
1488-456: Is a progressive loss of ability to hear high frequencies with aging known as presbycusis . For men, this can start as early as 25 and women at 30. Although genetically variable, it is a normal concomitant of ageing and is distinct from hearing losses caused by noise exposure, toxins or disease agents. Common conditions that can increase the risk of hearing loss in elderly people are high blood pressure , diabetes ( hearing loss in diabetes ), or
1581-428: Is a yearly event to promote actions to prevent hearing damage. Avoiding exposure to loud noise can help prevent noise-induced hearing loss. 18% of adults exposed to loud noise at work for five years or more report hearing loss in both ears as compared to 5.5% of adults who were not exposed to loud noise at work. Different programs exist for specific populations such as school-age children, adolescents and workers. But
1674-580: Is also used in molecular biology research as an antibacterial agent in tissue and cell culture, to prevent contamination of sterile cultures. Gentamicin is one of the few heat-stable antibiotics that remain active even after autoclaving , which makes it particularly useful in the preparation of some microbiological growth media. Hearing loss Hearing loss is a partial or total inability to hear . Hearing loss may be present at birth or acquired at any time afterwards. Hearing loss may occur in one or both ears. In children, hearing problems can affect
1767-635: Is an increasing concern especially in aging populations. The prevalence of hearing loss increases about two-fold for each decade increase in age after age 40. While the secular trend might decrease individual level risk of developing hearing loss, the prevalence of hearing loss is expected to rise due to the aging population in the US. Another concern about aging process is cognitive decline, which may progress to mild cognitive impairment and eventually dementia. The association between hearing loss and cognitive decline has been studied in various research settings. Despite
1860-406: Is an unknown combination of chemically related but different compounds. The complete biosynthesis of gentamicin is not entirely elucidated. The genes controlling the biosynthesis of gentamicin are of particular interest due to the difficulty in obtaining the antibiotic after production. Since gentamicin is collected at the cell surface and the cell surface must be perforated somehow to obtain
1953-548: Is associated with increased difficulties in postural control and increased prevalence of falls. The underlying causal link between the association of hearing loss and falls is yet to be elucidated. There are several hypotheses that indicate that there may be a common process between decline in auditory system and increase in incident falls, driven by physiological, cognitive, and behavioral factors. This evidence suggests that treating hearing loss has potential to increase health-related quality of life in older adults. Depression
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#17327719833402046-568: Is available as a generic medication . Gentamicin is active against a wide range of bacterial infections, mostly Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas , Proteus , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Enterobacter aerogenes , Serratia , and the Gram-positive Staphylococcus . Gentamicin is used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, blood, bone and soft tissue infections of these susceptible bacteria. There
2139-1024: Is cumulative; all sources of damage must be considered to assess risk. In the US, 12.5% of children aged 6–19 years have permanent hearing damage from excessive noise exposure. The World Health Organization estimates that half of those between 12 and 35 are at risk from using personal audio devices that are too loud. Hearing loss in adolescents may be caused by loud noise from toys, music by headphones, and concerts or events. Hearing loss can be inherited. Around 75–80% of all these cases are inherited by recessive genes , 20–25% are inherited by dominant genes , 1–2% are inherited by X-linked patterns, and fewer than 1% are inherited by mitochondrial inheritance . Syndromic deafness occurs when there are other signs or medical problems aside from deafness in an individual, such as Usher syndrome , Stickler syndrome , Waardenburg syndrome , Alport's syndrome , and neurofibromatosis type 2 . Nonsyndromic deafness occurs when there are no other signs or medical problems associated with
2232-473: Is defined by a frequency versus intensity graph, or audiogram, charting sensitivity thresholds of hearing at defined frequencies. Because of the cumulative impact of age and exposure to noise and other acoustic insults, 'typical' hearing may not be normal. Hearing loss is sensory, but may have accompanying symptoms: There may also be accompanying secondary symptoms: Hearing loss is associated with Alzheimer's disease and dementia . The risk increases with
2325-445: Is derived from the species Micromonospora , the backbone for this antibiotic is the aminocyclitol 2-deoxystreptamine . This six carbon ring is substituted at the carbon positions 4 and 6 by the amino sugar molecules cyclic purpurosamine and garosamine , respectively. The gentamicin complex, is differentiated into five major components (C 1 , C 1a , C 2 , C 2a , C 2b ) and multiple minor components by substitution at
2418-655: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Gentamicin Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections . This may include bone infections , endocarditis , pelvic inflammatory disease , meningitis , pneumonia , urinary tract infections , and sepsis among others. It is not effective for gonorrhea or chlamydia infections . It can be given intravenously , by intramuscular injection , or topically . Topical formulations may be used in burns or for infections of
2511-653: Is estimated that half of cases of hearing loss are preventable. About 60% of hearing loss in children under the age of 15 can be avoided. There are a number of effective preventative strategies, including: immunization against rubella to prevent congenital rubella syndrome , immunization against H. influenza and S. pneumoniae to reduce cases of meningitis , and avoiding or protecting against excessive noise exposure. The World Health Organization also recommends immunization against measles , mumps , and meningitis , efforts to prevent premature birth , and avoidance of certain medication as prevention. World Hearing Day
2604-432: Is generally measured by playing generated or recorded sounds, and determining whether the person can hear them. Hearing sensitivity varies according to the frequency of sounds. To take this into account, hearing sensitivity can be measured for a range of frequencies and plotted on an audiogram . Other method for quantifying hearing loss is a hearing test using a mobile application or hearing aid application, which includes
2697-512: Is hearing loss that is sustained after the acquisition of language , which can occur due to disease , trauma , or as a side-effect of a medicine. Typically, hearing loss is gradual and often detected by family and friends of affected individuals long before the patients themselves will acknowledge the disability. Post-lingual deafness is far more common than pre-lingual deafness. Those who lose their hearing later in life, such as in late adolescence or adulthood, face their own challenges, living with
2790-811: Is insufficient evidence to support gentamicin as the first line treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. Gentamicin is not used for Neisseria meningitidis or Legionella pneumophila bacterial infections (because of the risk of the person going into shock from lipid A endotoxin found in certain Gram-negative organisms). Gentamicin is also useful against Yersinia pestis (responsible for plague ), its relatives, and Francisella tularensis (the organism responsible for tularemia often seen in hunters and trappers). Some Enterobacteriaceae , Pseudomonas spp. , Enterococcus spp. , Staphylococcus aureus and other Staphylococcus spp. have varying degrees of resistance to gentamicin. Gentamicin
2883-473: Is monitored by measuring creatinine in the blood, electrolyte levels, urine output , presence of protein in the urine , and concentrations of other chemicals, such as urea, in the blood. About 11% of the population who receives aminoglycosides experience damage to their inner ear . The common symptoms of inner ear damage include tinnitus , hearing loss, vertigo , trouble with coordination , and dizziness. Chronic use of gentamicin can affect two areas of
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2976-415: Is not a hearing loss as such but a difficulty perceiving sound. The shape of an audiogram shows the relative configuration of the hearing loss, such as a Carhart notch for otosclerosis, 'noise' notch for noise-induced damage, high frequency rolloff for presbycusis, or a flat audiogram for conductive hearing loss. In conjunction with speech audiometry, it may indicate central auditory processing disorder, or
3069-491: Is not recommended in pregnancy unless the benefits outweigh the risks for the mother. Gentamicin can cross the placenta and several reports of irreversible bilateral congenital deafness in children have been seen. Intramuscular injection of gentamicin in mothers can cause muscle weakness in the newborn . The safety and efficacy for gentamicin in nursing mothers has not been established. Detectable gentamicin levels are found in human breast milk and in nursing babies. In
3162-748: Is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In older adults, the suicide rate is higher than it is for younger adults, and more suicide cases are attributable to depression. Different studies have been done to investigate potential risk factors that can give rise to depression in later life. Some chronic diseases are found to be significantly associated with risk of developing depression, such as coronary heart disease , pulmonary disease , vision loss and hearing loss. Hearing loss can contribute to decrease in health-related quality of life, increase in social isolation and decline in social engagement, which are all risk factors for increased risk of developing depression symptoms. Post-lingual deafness
3255-493: Is produced by the fermentation of Micromonospora purpurea . It was discovered in 1963 by Weinstein, Wagman et al. at Schering Corporation in Bloomfield, N.J. while working with source material (soil samples) provided by Rico Woyciesjes. When M. purpurea grows in culture it is a vivid purple colour similar to the colour of the dye Gentian Violet and hence this was why Gentamicin took then name it did. Subsequently, it
3348-447: Is progressive and irreversible, and there are currently no approved or recommended treatments. A few specific kinds of hearing loss are amenable to surgical treatment. In other cases, treatment is addressed to underlying pathologies, but any hearing loss incurred may be permanent. Some management options include hearing aids , cochlear implants , middle ear implants , assistive technology , and closed captioning ; in movie theaters ,
3441-631: Is purposed as the aminating enzyme. JI-20A is then dehydroxylated into the first component of the gentamicin C complex for this branch, gentamicin C1a via a catalytic reaction with GenB4. C1a then undergoes an N-methylation by an unconfirmed enzyme to form the final component, gentamicin C2b. Gentamicin is only synthesized via submerged fermentation and inorganic sources of nutrients have been found to reduce production. Traditional fermentation used yeast beef broth, but there has been research into optimizing
3534-656: Is recommended for all newborns. Hearing loss can be categorized as mild (25 to 40 dB ), moderate (41 to 55 dB), moderate-severe (56 to 70 dB), severe (71 to 90 dB), or profound (greater than 90 dB). There are three main types of hearing loss: conductive hearing loss , sensorineural hearing loss , and mixed hearing loss. About half of hearing loss globally is preventable through public health measures. Such practices include immunization , proper care around pregnancy , avoiding loud noise, and avoiding certain medications. The World Health Organization recommends that young people limit exposure to loud sounds and
3627-752: Is required in people with myasthenia gravis and other neuromuscular disorders as there is a risk of worsening weakness. Gentamicin should also be avoided when prescribing empirical antibiotics in the setting of possible infant botulism (Ampicillin with Gentamicin is commonly used as empiric therapy in infants) also due to worsening of neuromuscular function. Adverse effects of gentamicin can range from less severe reactions, such as nausea and vomiting, to more severe reactions including: Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity are thought to be dose related with higher doses causing greater chance of toxicity. These two toxicities may have delayed presentation, sometimes not appearing until after completing treatment. Kidney damage
3720-455: Is the aminoglycosides (main member gentamicin ) and platinum based chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin and carboplatin . In addition to medications, hearing loss can also result from specific chemicals in the environment: metals, such as lead ; solvents , such as toluene (found in crude oil , gasoline and automobile exhaust , for example); and asphyxiants . Combined with noise, these ototoxic chemicals have an additive effect on
3813-912: The Case Closed manga and anime series Genta Umemori, fictional character in the Samurai Sentai Shinkenger Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Genta . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genta&oldid=1166315470 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Japanese masculine given names Masculine given names Hidden categories: Articles containing Japanese-language text Short description
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3906-648: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) work together to provide standards and enforcement on workplace noise levels. The hierarchy of hazard controls demonstrates the different levels of controls to reduce or eliminate exposure to noise and prevent hearing loss, including engineering controls and personal protective equipment (PPE). Other programs and initiative have been created to prevent hearing loss in
3999-545: The Weber , Rinne , Bing and Schwabach tests. In case of infection or inflammation, blood or other body fluids may be submitted for laboratory analysis. MRI and CT scans can be useful to identify the pathology of many causes of hearing loss. Hearing loss is categorized by severity, type, and configuration. Furthermore, a hearing loss may exist in only one ear (unilateral) or in both ears (bilateral). Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent, sudden or progressive. The severity of
4092-400: The eardrum , causing it to vibrate. The vibrations are transferred by the 3 tiny ear bones of the middle ear to the fluid in the inner ear. The fluid moves hair cells ( stereocilia ), and their movement generates nerve impulses which are then taken to the brain by the cochlear nerve . The auditory nerve takes the impulses to the brainstem, which sends the impulses to the midbrain. Finally,
4185-502: The growth medium for producing gentamicin C complex due to the C complex currently being the only pharmaceutically relevant component. The main components of the growth medium are carbon sources, mainly sugars, but several studies found increased gentamicin production by adding vegetable and fish oils and decreased gentamicin production with the addition of glucose , xylose and several carboxylic acids . Tryptone and various forms of yeast and yeast derivatives are traditionally used as
4278-417: The 6' carbon of the purpurosamine unit indicated in the image to the right by R and R . The R and R can have the follow substitutions for some of the species in the gentamicin complex. Gentamicins consist of three hexosamines : gentosamine/garosamine, 2-deoxystreptamine, and purpurosamine (see illustrations, from left to right). Kanamycins and tobramycin exhibit similar structures. Sisomicin
4371-527: The C6' position by the dehydrogenase gene, GenQ, to generate the pharmacologically active JI-20B, although another intermediate, 6'-dehydro-6'oxo-G418 (6'DOG) is proposed to be in-between this step and for which the gene GenB1 is proposed as the aminating gene. JI-20B is dehydroxylated and epimerized to first component of the gentamicin C complex, gentamicin C2a which then undergoes an epimerization by GenB2 and then
4464-677: The Cochrane Review was that further research could modify what is now regarding the effectiveness of the evaluated interventions. The Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance has created a hearing impairment calculator based on the ISO 1999 model for studying threshold shift in relatively homogeneous groups of people, such as workers with the same type of job. The ISO 1999 model estimates how much hearing impairment in
4557-516: The HPD (without individual selection, training and fit testing ) does not significantly reduce the risk of hearing loss. The use of antioxidants is being studied for the prevention of noise-induced hearing loss, particularly for scenarios in which noise exposure cannot be reduced, such as during military operations. Noise is widely recognized as an occupational hazard . In the United States,
4650-484: The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) introduces the issue, provides examples of ototoxic chemicals, lists the industries and occupations at risk and provides prevention information. There can be damage either to the ear, whether the external or middle ear, to the cochlea, or to the brain centers that process
4743-504: The ability to acquire spoken language , and in adults it can create difficulties with social interaction and at work. Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent. Hearing loss related to age usually affects both ears and is due to cochlear hair cell loss. In some people, particularly older people, hearing loss can result in loneliness. Hearing loss may be caused by a number of factors, including: genetics , ageing , exposure to noise , some infections , birth complications, trauma to
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#17327719833404836-587: The adaptations that allow them to live independently. Prelingual deafness is profound hearing loss that is sustained before the acquisition of language, which can occur due to a congenital condition or through hearing loss before birth or in early infancy. Prelingual deafness impairs an individual's ability to acquire a spoken language in children, but deaf children can acquire spoken language through support from cochlear implants (sometimes combined with hearing aids). Non-signing (hearing) parents of deaf babies (90–95% of cases) usually go with oral approach without
4929-541: The antibiotic. Many propose the amount of gentamicin collected after production could increase if the genes are identified and re-directed to secrete the antibiotic instead of collecting gentamicin at the cell surface. Literature also agrees with the gentamicin biosynthesis pathway starting with D- Glucose-6-phosphate being dephopsphorylated , transaminated , dehydrogenated and finally glycosylated with D- glucosamine to generate paromamine inside Micromonospora echinospora . The addition of D- xylose leads to
5022-543: The association between hearing loss and cognitive decline is mediated through various psychosocial factors, such as decrease in social contact and increase in social isolation . Findings on the association between hearing loss and dementia have significant public health implication, since about 9% of dementia cases are associated with hearing loss. Falls have important health implications, especially for an aging population where they can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Elderly people are particularly vulnerable to
5115-406: The aural information conveyed by the ears. Damage to the middle ear may include fracture and discontinuity of the ossicular chain. Damage to the inner ear (cochlea) may be caused by temporal bone fracture . People who sustain head injury are especially vulnerable to hearing loss or tinnitus, either temporary or permanent. Sound waves reach the outer ear and are conducted down the ear canal to
5208-432: The bacterial ribosome, negatively impacting protein synthesis . The primary mechanism of action is generally accepted to work through ablating the ability of the ribosome to discriminate on proper transfer RNA and messenger RNA interactions. Typically, if an incorrect tRNA pairs with an mRNA codon at the aminoacyl site of the ribosome, adenosines 1492 and 1493 are excluded from the interaction and retract, signaling
5301-469: The bacterium. Moreover, it has been observed that gentamicin can cause a substantial slowdown in the overall elongation rate of peptide chains in live bacterial cells, independent of the misincorporation of amino acids. This finding indicates that gentamicin not only induces errors in protein synthesis but also broadly hampers the efficiency of the translation process itself. An additional mechanism has been proposed based on crystal structures of gentamicin in
5394-449: The consequences of injuries caused by falls, since older individuals typically have greater bone fragility and poorer protective reflexes. Fall-related injury can also lead to burdens on the financial and health care systems. In literature, age-related hearing loss is found to be significantly associated with incident falls. There is also a potential dose-response relationship between hearing loss and falls—greater severity of hearing loss
5487-577: The culture of the Micromonospora by perforating the cell wall of the bacterium. Current research is underway to understand the biosynthesis of this antibiotic in an attempt to increase expression and force secretion of gentamicin for higher titer . Gentamicin is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . The World Health Organization classifies gentamicin as critically important for human medicine. It
5580-471: The deafness in an individual. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are reported to cause hearing loss in up to 64% of infants born to alcoholic mothers, from the ototoxic effect on the developing fetus plus malnutrition during pregnancy from the excess alcohol intake. Premature birth can be associated with sensorineural hearing loss because of an increased risk of hypoxia , hyperbilirubinaemia , ototoxic medication and infection as well as noise exposure in
5673-601: The detrimental effects of the untreated condition on quality of life. For the same reason, the US Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion included as one of Healthy People 2020 objectives: to increase the proportion of persons who have had a hearing examination. Management depends on the specific cause if known as well as the extent, type and configuration of the hearing loss. Sudden hearing loss due to an underlying nerve problem may be treated with corticosteroids . Most hearing loss, that result from age and noise,
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#17327719833405766-409: The developing fetus. However, it appears to be safe for use during breastfeeding . Gentamicin is a type of aminoglycoside and works by disrupting the ability of the bacteria to make proteins, which typically kills the bacteria . Gentamicin is naturally produced by the bacterium Micromonospora purpurea , was patented in 1962, approved for medical use in 1964. The antibiotic is collected from
5859-404: The ear, and certain medications or toxins. A common condition that results in hearing loss is chronic ear infections . Certain infections during pregnancy, such as cytomegalovirus , syphilis and rubella , may also cause hearing loss in the child. Hearing loss is diagnosed when hearing testing finds that a person is unable to hear 25 decibels in at least one ear. Testing for poor hearing
5952-416: The ears. First, damage of the inner ear hair cells can result in irreversible hearing loss. Second, damage to the inner ear vestibular apparatus can lead to balance problems. To reduce the risk of ototoxicity during treatment, it is recommended to stay hydrated. Factors that increase the risk of inner ear damage include: Gentamicin is a bactericidal antibiotic that works by binding the 30S subunit of
6045-485: The elderly, renal function should be assessed before beginning therapy as well as during treatment due to a decline in glomerular filtration rate. Gentamicin levels in the body can remain higher for a longer period of time in this population. Gentamicin should be used cautiously in persons with renal , auditory , vestibular , or neuromuscular dysfunction. Gentamicin may not be appropriate to use in children, including babies. Studies have shown higher serum levels and
6138-556: The environment (water and soil). According to the American Medical Association Committee on Generic Names, antibiotics not produced by Streptomyces should not use y in the ending of the name, and to highlight their specific biological origins, gentamicin and other related antibiotics produced by this genus ( verdamicin , mutamicin , sisomicin , netilmicin , and retymicin ) have their spellings ending in ~micin and not in ~mycin . Gentamicin
6231-507: The first intermediate of the gentamicin C complex pathway, gentamicin A2. Gentamicin A2 is C-methylated and epimerized into gentamicin X 2 , the first branch point of this biosynthesis pathway When X 2 is acted on by the cobalamin -dependent radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine enzyme GenK, the carbon position 6' is methylated to form the pharmacologically active intermediate G418 G418 then undergoes dehydrogenation and amination at
6324-408: The first three years of life are believed to be the most important for language development. Universal neonatal hearing screenings have now been widely implemented across the U.S., with rates of newborn screening increasing from less than 3% in the early 1990s to 98% in 2009. Newborns whose screening reveals a high index of suspicion of hearing loss are referred for additional diagnostic testing with
6417-530: The global population), and moderate to severe disability in 124 million people. Of those with moderate to severe disability 108 million live in low and middle income countries. Of those with hearing loss, it began during childhood for 65 million. Those who use sign language and are members of Deaf culture may see themselves as having a difference rather than a disability . Many members of Deaf culture oppose attempts to cure deafness and some within this community view cochlear implants with concern as they have
6510-717: The goal of providing early intervention and access to language. The American Academy of Pediatrics advises that children should have their hearing tested several times throughout their schooling: While the American College of Physicians indicated that there is not enough evidence to determine the utility of screening in adults over 50 years old who do not have any symptoms, the American Language, Speech Pathology and Hearing Association recommends that adults should be screened at least every decade through age 50 and at three-year intervals thereafter, to minimize
6603-484: The hearing loss degree. There are several hypotheses including cognitive resources being redistributed to hearing and social isolation from hearing loss having a negative effect. According to preliminary data, hearing aid usage can slow down the decline in cognitive functions . Hearing loss is responsible for causing thalamocortical dysrthymia in the brain which is a cause for several neurological disorders including tinnitus and visual snow syndrome . Hearing loss
6696-461: The margin of increase is dependent on the species of Micromonospora and the other components in the growth medium. With all of these aforementioned additives, pH and aeration are key determining factors for the amount of gentamicin produced. A range of pH from 6.8 to 7.5 is used for gentamicin biosynthesis and the aeration is determined by independent experimentation reliant on type of growth medium and species of Micromonospora . Gentamicin
6789-1555: The neonatal units. Also, hearing loss in premature babies is often discovered far later than a similar hearing loss would be in a full-term baby because normally babies are given a hearing test within 48 hours of birth, but doctors must wait until the premature baby is medically stable before testing hearing, which can be months after birth. The risk of hearing loss is greatest for those weighing less than 1500 g at birth. Disorders responsible for hearing loss include auditory neuropathy , Down syndrome , Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease variant 1E, autoimmune disease , multiple sclerosis , meningitis , cholesteatoma , otosclerosis , perilymph fistula , Ménière's disease , recurring ear infections, strokes, superior semicircular canal dehiscence , Pierre Robin , Treacher-Collins , Usher Syndrome , Pendred Syndrome , and Turner syndrome, syphilis , vestibular schwannoma , and viral infections such as measles , mumps , congenital rubella (also called German measles) syndrome, several varieties of herpes viruses , HIV/AIDS , and West Nile virus . Some medications may reversibly or irreversibly affect hearing. These medications are considered ototoxic . This includes loop diuretics such as furosemide and bumetanide, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) both over-the-counter (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen) as well as prescription (celecoxib, diclofenac, etc.), paracetamol, quinine , and macrolide antibiotics . Others may cause permanent hearing loss. The most important group
6882-419: The nerves from the ear to the brain. Identification of a hearing loss is usually conducted by a general practitioner medical doctor , otolaryngologist , certified and licensed audiologist , school or industrial audiometrist , or other audiometric technician. Diagnosis of the cause of a hearing loss is carried out by a specialist physician (audiovestibular physician) or otorhinolaryngologist . Hearing loss
6975-426: The nitrogen source in the growth medium, but several amino acids , soybean meal , corn steep liquor , ammonium sulfate , and ammonium chloride have proven to be beneficial additives. Phosphate ions , metal ions ( cobalt and a few others at low concentration), various vitamins (mostly B vitamins ), purine and pyrimidine bases are also supplemented into the growth medium to increase gentamicin production, but
7068-440: The outside of the eye. It is often only used for two days until bacterial cultures determine what specific antibiotics the infection is sensitive to. The dose required should be monitored by blood testing. Gentamicin can cause inner ear problems and kidney problems . The inner ear problems can include problems with balance and hearing loss . These problems may be permanent. If used during pregnancy , it can cause harm to
7161-525: The population globally. The majority of hearing loss is not due to age, but due to noise exposure. Various governmental, industry and standards organizations set noise standards. Many people are unaware of the presence of environmental sound at damaging levels, or of the level at which sound becomes harmful. Common sources of damaging noise levels include car stereos, children's toys, motor vehicles, crowds, lawn and maintenance equipment, power tools, gun use, musical instruments, and even hair dryers. Noise damage
7254-448: The potential of age-appropriate development of language due to early exposure to a sign language by sign-competent parents, thus they have the potential to meet language milestones, in sign language in lieu of spoken language. Hearing loss has multiple causes, including ageing, genetics, perinatal problems and acquired causes like noise and disease. For some kinds of hearing loss the cause may be classified as of unknown cause . There
7347-483: The potential to eliminate their culture. Use of the terms "hearing impaired", "deaf-mute", or "deaf and dumb" to describe deaf and hard of hearing people is discouraged by many in the deaf community as well as advocacy organizations, as they are offensive to many deaf and hard of hearing people. Human hearing extends in frequency from 20 to 20,000 Hz, and in intensity from 0 dB to 120 dB HL or more. 0 dB does not represent absence of sound, but rather
7440-400: The presence of a schwannoma or other tumor. People with unilateral hearing loss or single-sided deafness (SSD) have difficulty in hearing conversation on their impaired side, localizing sound, and understanding speech in the presence of background noise. One reason for the hearing problems these patients often experience is due to the head shadow effect . Idiopathic sudden hearing loss
7533-549: The ribosome to reject the aminoacylated tRNA :: Elongation Factor Thermo-Unstable complex. However, when gentamicin binds at helix 44 of the 16S rRNA , it forces the adenosines to maintain the position they take when there is a correct, or cognate, match between aa-tRNA and mRNA. This leads to the acceptance of incorrect aa-tRNAs, causing the ribosome to synthesize proteins with wrong amino acids placed throughout (roughly every 1 in 500). The non-functional, mistranslated proteins misfold and aggregate, eventually leading to death of
7626-405: The signal goes to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe to be interpreted as sound. Hearing loss is most commonly caused by long-term exposure to loud noises, from recreation or from work, that damage the hair cells, which do not grow back on their own. Older people may lose their hearing from long exposure to noise, changes in the inner ear, changes in the middle ear, or from changes along
7719-501: The softest sound an average unimpaired human ear can hear; some people can hear down to −5 or even −10 dB. Sound is generally uncomfortably loud above 90 dB and 115 dB represents the threshold of pain . The ear does not hear all frequencies equally well: hearing sensitivity peaks around 3,000 Hz. There are many qualities of human hearing besides frequency range and intensity that cannot easily be measured quantitatively. However, for many practical purposes, normal hearing
7812-512: The support of sign language, as these families lack previous experience with sign language and cannot competently provide it to their children without learning it themselves. This may in some cases (late implantation or not sufficient benefit from cochlear implants) bring the risk of language deprivation for the deaf baby because the deaf baby would not have a sign language if the child is unable to acquire spoken language successfully. The 5–10% of cases of deaf babies born into signing families have
7905-411: The suspected cause of the sudden hearing loss. Treatment approaches may include corticosteroid medications, rheological drugs, vasodilators, anesthetics, and other medications chosen based on the suspected underlying pathology that caused the sudden hearing loss. The evidence supporting most treatment options for idiopathic sudden hearing loss is very weak and adverse effects of these different medications
7998-550: The underlying causal mechanism for age-related hearing loss and cognitive decline. One hypothesis is that this association can be explained by common etiology or shared neurobiological pathology with decline in other physiological system. Another possible cognitive mechanism emphasize on individual's cognitive load . As people developing hearing loss in the process of aging, the cognitive load demanded by auditory perception increases, which may lead to change in brain structure and eventually to dementia. One other hypothesis suggests that
8091-518: The use of personal audio players to an hour a day in an effort to limit exposure to noise. Early identification and support are particularly important in children. For many, hearing aids , sign language , cochlear implants and subtitles are useful. Lip reading is another useful skill some develop. Access to hearing aids, however, is limited in many areas of the world. As of 2013 hearing loss affects about 1.1 billion people to some degree. It causes disability in about 466 million people (5% of
8184-420: The use of certain medications harmful to the ear. While everyone loses hearing with age, the amount and type of hearing loss is variable. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), also known as acoustic trauma , typically manifests as elevated hearing thresholds (i.e. less sensitivity or muting). Noise exposure is the cause of approximately half of all cases of hearing loss, causing some degree of problems in 5% of
8277-467: The variability in study design and protocols, the majority of these studies have found consistent association between age-related hearing loss and cognitive decline, cognitive impairment, and dementia. The association between age-related hearing loss and Alzheimer's disease was found to be nonsignificant, and this finding supports the hypothesis that hearing loss is associated with dementia independent of Alzheimer pathology. There are several hypotheses about
8370-461: The worker and type of employment. Some hearing protectors universally block out all noise, and some allow for certain noises to be heard. Workers are more likely to wear hearing protector devices when they are properly fitted. Often interventions to prevent noise-induced hearing loss have many components. A 2017 Cochrane review found that stricter legislation might reduce noise levels. Providing workers with information on their sound exposure levels
8463-766: The workplace. For example, the Safe-in-Sound Award was created to recognize organizations that can demonstrate results of successful noise control and other interventions. Additionally, the Buy Quiet program was created to encourage employers to purchase quieter machinery and tools. By purchasing less noisy power tools like those found on the NIOSH Power Tools Database and limiting exposure to ototoxic chemicals, great strides can be made in preventing hearing loss. Companies can also provide personal hearing protector devices tailored to both
8556-612: Was not shown to decrease exposure to noise. Ear protection, if used correctly, can reduce noise to safer levels, but often, providing them is not sufficient to prevent hearing loss. Engineering noise out and other solutions such as proper maintenance of equipment can lead to noise reduction, but further field studies on resulting noise exposures following such interventions are needed. Other possible solutions include improved enforcement of existing legislation and better implementation of well-designed prevention programmes, which have not yet been proven conclusively to be effective. The conclusion of
8649-530: Was purified and the structures of its three components were determined by Cooper, et al., also at the Schering Corporation. It was initially used as a topical treatment for burns at burn units in Atlanta and San Antonio and was introduced into IV usage in 1971. It remains a mainstay for use in sepsis . It is synthesized by Micromonospora , a genus of Gram-positive bacteria widely present in
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