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109-517: Red Faction is a series of shooter video games developed by Volition and owned by Plaion . Originating in 2001, the Red Faction games have spanned Microsoft Windows , macOS and consoles, including the PlayStation 2 , GameCube , Xbox , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . Original developers Volition have retained the rights to the series since 2020, with no updates provided on whether

218-499: A company store , owned by their employers. A specific kind of truck system, in which credit advances are made against future work, is known in the U.S. as debt bondage . Many scholars have suggested that employers use such systems to exploit workers and/or indebt them. This could occur, for example, if employers were able to pay workers with goods which had a market value below the level of subsistence , or by selling items to workers at inflated prices. Others argue that truck wages were

327-438: A golden age of arcade video games that lasted until around 1983. In contrast to earlier shooting games, Space Invaders has targets that fire back at the player, who in turn has multiple lives . Designed by Tomohiro Nishikado, who combined elements from his earlier Western Gun (such as destructible environmental objects) with elements of Atari 's Breakout (1976) and science fiction media, Space Invaders established

436-589: A third-person camera view that fully displays the player character in their surroundings. Notable examples of the genre include Fortnite , the Tomb Raider series, several entries in the Resident Evil and Metal Gear Solid franchises, Syphon Filter , Max Payne , SOCOM , Star Wars: Battlefront , Gears of War , and Splatoon . Third person shooter mechanics are often incorporated into open-world adventure and sandbox games, including

545-592: A Nano Forge to repair structures such as stairs, allowing them to progress through the caves. Audio logs can be found throughout the complex. When played they provide elements of backstory. Various vehicles can be used including a mine cart and a barge. The player can also use mech suits at some points in the game. On June 27, 2011, THQ announced it was dropping the long-running Red Faction franchise; no more installments are in development due to poor sales of Armageddon . On December 19, 2012, THQ filed for Chapter 11 bankrupcy leading to an auction of THQ's properties that

654-663: A convenient way for isolated communities, such as during the early colonial settlement of North America, to operate when official currency was scarce. By the early 20th century, truck systems were widely seen, in industrialised countries, as exploitative; perhaps the most well-known example of this view was a 1947 U.S. hit song " Sixteen Tons ". Many countries have Truck Act legislation that outlaws truck systems and requires payment in cash. Though most closely associated with Medieval Europe, governments throughout human history have imposed regular short stints of unpaid labour upon lower social classes. These might be annual obligations of

763-732: A debt, or transportation to a desired country. While historically unfree labour was frequently sanctioned by law, in the present day most unfree labour now revolves around illegal control rather than legal ownership, as all countries have made slavery illegal. As mentioned above, there are several exceptions of unfree or forced labour recognised by the International Labour Organization : Some countries practise forms of civil conscription for different major occupational groups or inhabitants under different denominations like civil conscription , civil mobilization , political mobilisation etc. This obligatory service on

872-658: A few weeks or something similarly regular that lasted for the labourer's entire working life. As the system developed in the Philippines and elsewhere, the labourer could pay an appropriate fee and be exempted from the obligation. A form of forced labour in which peasants and members of lower castes were required to work for free existed in India before independence. This form of labour was known by several names, including veth , vethi , vetti-chakiri and begar . Another historically significant example of forced labour

981-472: A formula of "shoot or be shot" against numerous enemies. Space shooters subsequently became the dominant genre in arcades from the late 1970s up until the early 1980s. Most of these shooting games were presented from a 2D top-down-style perspective, with either a fixed or scrolling field. Games like Space Wars (1977) by Cinematronics and Tempest (1981) by Atari used vector graphics displays rather than raster graphics , while Sega's Zaxxon (1981)

1090-433: A future fifth game (since 2011) is in the works. The series is known for the struggle of the working people (usually miners ) of Mars fighting for independence from off world oppressors, including foreign corporations that extract their resources from the planet, and the collective world government of Earth. The series has had three unique styles of gameplay. The first is a traditional first-person shooter element which

1199-576: A gun-shaped controller, typically a light gun in arcade games ; similar control methods include a positional gun, motion controller , pointing device or analog stick . The first light guns appeared in the 1930s, following the development of light-sensing vacuum tubes . It was not long before the technology began appearing in mechanical shooting arcade games , dating back to the Seeburg Ray-O-Lite in 1936. These early mechanical gun games evolved into shooting electro-mechanical games around

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1308-852: A joint study of historians featuring Zhifen Ju, Mark Peattie , Toru Kubo, and Mitsuyoshi Himeta, more than 10 million Chinese were mobilised by the Japanese army and enslaved by the Kōa-in for slave labour in Manchukuo and north China. The U.S. Library of Congress estimates that in Java , between 4 and 10 million romusha ( Japanese : "manual labourer") were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in South East Asia. Only 52,000 were repatriated to Java, meaning that there

1417-610: A leaked video, was primarily a third person shooter . The game was being designed entirely around the Wii Remote and would have included Wii MotionPlus technology. It featured a cover system akin to Red Faction: Guerrilla and earned positive comparisons to that of Gears of War . While having a new game engine being tailored especially for the Wii, the game still would have had integrated series staple Geo-Mod capabilities, which would allow players to use vehicles and weapons to modify

1526-471: A light gun for a shooting gallery game in 1972. In 1974, Tank by Kee Games adapted the concept of Computer Space into a more grounded tank combat game with simplified physics and maze game elements, becoming a hit in arcades. Spasim and Maze War (1974) were effectively first-person shooter (FPS) games, but had wireframe graphics and lacked the free-roaming character movement of later FPS titles. In 1975, Taito 's Tomohiro Nishikado adapted

1635-434: A new step for the genre. Rather than the traditional first-person shooter style of the first two games, both Guerrilla and Armageddon utilize a third-person style of gameplay. Guerrilla takes place in an open world environment on the planet of Mars allowing players to freely roam across the environment. Armageddon is a more linear experience, largely moving through corridors and caverns from objective to objective. In

1744-413: A result of this, many tactical shooters are commonly played from the first person perspective. Tactical shooters may combine elements from other shooter genres, such as Rainbow Six Siege , Valorant , and Squad , which combine the traditional tactical shooter style with the class-based gameplay of hero shooters. A further variant of the tactical shooter is the extraction shooter, generally defined by

1853-562: A single direction, such as Xevious and Darius ; top-down shooters (sometimes referred to as twin-stick shooters ) where the levels are controlled from an overhead viewpoint, such as Bosconian and Time Pilot ; rail shooters where player movement is automatically guided down a fixed forward-scrolling "rail", such as Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom and Space Harrier ; and isometric shooters which use an isometric perspective, such as Zaxxon and Viewpoint . Run and gun video games are 2D scrolling action games in which

1962-608: A three-dimensional space, a defining feature of FPS games. The use of texture-mapped 3D polygon graphics in shooter games dates back to Sega AM2 's light gun rail shooter Virtua Cop (1994), followed by Sega's mech simulation shooter Metal Head (1995) and Parallax Software 's FPS game Descent (1995). GoldenEye 007 (1997) for the Nintendo 64 later combined the FPS sub-genre with light gun rail shooter elements from Virtua Cop , popularizing FPS games on consoles. In

2071-401: A type of strategy game . Battle royale games are a subgenre of action games that combine last-man-standing gameplay with survival game elements, and frequently includes shooter elements. It is almost exclusively multiplayer in nature, and eschews the complex crafting and resource gathering mechanics of survival games for a faster-paced confrontation game more typical of shooters. The genre

2180-438: A violent or non-violent game, determined that the students who played the violent game were more susceptible to primed aggressive thoughts. Further studies have shown that there are some limitations with the research. Many research studies have not taken into account that violent video games tend to be more competitive, have a higher playing difficulty, and are more fast paced than non-violent games. Past research also shows that

2289-601: A voluntary basis. Although personal benefits may be realised, it may be performed for a variety of reasons including citizenship requirements, a substitution of criminal justice sanctions, requirements of a school or class, and requisites for the receipt of certain benefits. During the Cold War in some communist countries like Czechoslovakia , the German Democratic Republic or the Soviet Union

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2398-482: A weapon against both code-driven NPC enemies or other avatars controlled by other players. Shoot 'em ups (also known as shmups) are a subgenre of shooters wherein the player may move, up, down, left or right around the screen, typically firing straight forward. Shoot 'em ups share common gameplay, but are often categorized by viewpoint. This includes fixed shooters on fixed screens, such as Space Invaders and Galaxian ; scrolling shooters that mainly scroll in

2507-413: Is a third-person shooter . The player takes on the role of Darius Mason, a descendant of Guerrilla ' s Alec Mason. The game is set 50 years after the conclusion of Guerrilla . Most of the game is set in a tunnel complex inhabited by alien creatures. As in previous games in the franchise, landscape destruction is possible through the "Geo-Mod" feature. In this game, the player can use a device called

2616-577: Is a term to define the recruiting, harbouring, obtaining and transportation of a person by use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjecting them to involuntary acts, such as acts related to commercial sexual exploitation (including forced prostitution ) or involuntary labour. The archetypal and best-known form of unfree labour is chattel slavery , in which individual workers are legally owned throughout their lives, and may be bought, sold or otherwise exchanged by owners, while never or rarely receiving any personal benefit from their labour. Slavery

2725-449: Is considered to be the codifier of the hero shooter genre. Popular hero shooters include Overwatch , Paladins , Apex Legends , and Valorant . Hero shooters have been considered to have strong potential as esports games as a large degree of skill and coordination arises from the importance of teamwork. Tactical shooters are shooters that generally simulate realistic squad -based or man-to-man skirmishes. Notable examples of

2834-636: Is defined by the International Labour Organization (ILO) as all involuntary work or service exacted under the menace of a penalty. However, under the ILO Forced Labour Convention of 1930, the term forced or compulsory labour does not include: If payment occurs, it may be in one or more of the following forms: Unfree labour is often more easily instituted and enforced on migrant workers, who have travelled far from their homelands and who are easily identified because of their physical, ethnic, linguistic, or cultural differences from

2943-401: Is estimated that in the last 50 years more than 50 million people have been sent to Chinese laogai camps. A more common form in modern society is indenture, or bonded labour , under which workers sign contracts to work for a specific period of time, for which they are paid only with accommodation and sustenance, or these essentials in addition to limited benefits such as cancellation of

3052-595: Is executed only in a handful of communities in Germany and currently none in Austria. Beside the conscription for military services, some countries draft citizens for paramilitary or security forces , like internal troops , border guards or police forces . While sometimes paid, conscripts are not free to decline enlistment. Draft dodging or desertion are often met with severe punishment. Even in countries which prohibit other forms of unfree labour, conscription

3161-491: Is generally justified as being necessary in the national interest and therefore is one of the five exceptions to the Forced Labour Convention , signed by the most countries in the world. Community service is a paying job performed by one person or a group of people for the benefit of their community or its institutions. Community service is distinct from volunteering, since it is not always performed on

3270-644: Is mandatory to join the so-called Militia Fire Brigades , as well as the obligatory service in Swiss civil defence and protection force. Conscripts in Singapore are providing the personnel of the country's fire service as part of the national service in the Civil Defence Force . In Austria and Germany citizens have to join a compulsory fire brigade if a volunteer fire service can not be provided, due to lack of volunteers. In 2018 this regulation

3379-642: Is named after the Japanese film Battle Royale (2000) which itself was based on the 1999 novel of the same name , and was popularized in video games with PUBG Battlegrounds and Fortnite Battle Royale . The concept of shooting games existed before video games , dating back to shooting gallery carnival games in the late 19th century, as well as target sports such as shooting sports , bowling , cue sports , archery and darts . Mechanical gun games first appeared in England 's amusement arcades around

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3488-470: Is present in some form. The Geo-Mod engine enables the player to destroy parts of the walls, floors, and other features of the levels in a non-predefined manner using various explosive weapons. For Red Faction: Guerrilla , the engine, now based on the Saints Row engine, was originally planned to be called RED, short for Realtime Environment Destruction, but later renamed as Geo-Mod 2.0, which allowed for

3597-403: Is the third installment of the Red Faction franchise. The game assumes a third-person point of view and an open world to play in. The game was released on some platforms on June 2, 2009, seven years after its predecessor and featured a vastly different gameplay system. Red Faction: Guerrilla takes place in 2125. The Earth Defense Force (EDF), the allies in the original "Red Faction", have become

3706-532: The Elder Scrolls series and the Grand Theft Auto franchise. Arena shooters are multiplayer games that feature fast paced gameplay that emphasize quick speed and agile movement, and played out on levels or maps of limited size (the "arena"). Many of these are presented as first-person shooters, and thus "arena FPS" may also be used to describe a subset of these games. Examples of these include

3815-637: The Marathon series. Looter shooters are shooter games where the player's overarching goal is the accumulation of loot : weapons, equipment, armor, accessories and resources. To achieve this players complete tasks framed as quests, missions or campaigns and are rewarded with better weapons, gear and accessories as a result, with the qualities, attributes and perks of such gear generated randomly following certain rarity scales (also known as loot tables). The better gear allows players to take on more difficult missions with potentially more powerful rewards, forming

3924-520: The Quake and Unreal series, more specifically Quake III Arena and Unreal Tournament which first pioneered the genre. Arena shooters can also be played from other perspectives, such as via a top-down view in games like Robotron 2084 and Geometry Wars . Arena shooters frequently emphasize multiplayer modes with few or no single-player modes outside of practice matches with computer-controlled opponents. The genre hit its peak in popularity in

4033-567: The NES , Operation Wolf , Lethal Enforcers , the Virtua Cop series, Time Crisis series, The House of the Dead series, and Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles & Darkside Chronicles . First-person shooters are characterized by an on-screen representation of the player character 's perspective within a three-dimensional space , with the player having control and agency over

4142-809: The Pacific War (such as the Burma Railway ). Roughly 4,000,000 German POWs were used as "reparations labour" by the Allies for several years after the German surrender; this was permitted under the Third Geneva Convention provided they were accorded proper treatment. China's laogai ("labour reform") system and North Korea 's kwalliso camps are current examples. About 12 million forced labourers, most of whom were Poles and Soviet citizens ( Ost-Arbeiter ) were employed in

4251-475: The Red Faction IP purchase by Nordic Games, Volition's general manager Dan Cermak expressed much relief that Red Faction is in comfortable hands but has stated Volition will no longer continue the Red Faction series. In February 2018, Deep Silver was bought by Nordic Games, which had since renamed itself THQ Nordic. In May 2020 the rights for the series were transferred to Koch Media, thereby returning

4360-535: The Spanish Empire , or the work of Indigenous Australians in northern Australia on sheep or cattle stations ( ranches ), from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century. In the latter case, workers were rarely or never paid, and were restricted by regulations and/or police intervention to regions around their places of work. In late 16th century Japan, "unfree labour" or slavery was officially banned; but forms of contract and indentured labour persisted alongside

4469-630: The United Kingdom , the so-called Bevin Boys , had been conscripted for the work in coal mines . In Belgium in 1964, in Portugal and in Greece from 2010 to 2014 due to the severe economic crisis , a system of civil mobilisation was implemented to provide public services as a national interest. In Switzerland in most communities for all inhabitants, no matter if they are Swiss or not, it

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4578-415: The immersive sim genre. Boomer shooter is a term used to describe newer FPS games (2010s and later) that are purposely designed to emulate the style and design principles of 1990s FPS games like Doom and Quake . The name "boomer shooter" is derived from the baby boomer generation, where "boomer" has since become slang for anything old or antiquated. According to New Blood Interactive CEO Dave Oshry,

4687-446: The player characters move and jump around shooting with various guns and other long-range weapons. These games emphasize greater maneuvering or even jumping , such as Green Beret , Thexder , Contra and Metal Slug . Shooting gallery games (also known as "target shooting" games) are a sub-genre of shooters where the player aims at moving targets on a stationary screen. They are distinguished from rail shooters, which move

4796-464: The "Killerspiele" (killing games) in Germany and the European Union. Shooter games were further criticized when Anders Behring Breivik , perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks , claimed that he developed target acquisition skills by playing Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 . This has led to a plethora of experimental research to determine the true effects. Experimental Research, focusing on

4905-597: The 2000s. Due to its violent nature, some consider the shooter game genre to be a representation of real world violence. Debates regarding video games causing violence were exacerbated by the 1999 Columbine High School massacre , whose perpetrators, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold , were fans of the game Doom. Similarly, in Germany, school shootings such as those at Erfurt , Emsdetten and Winnenden , resulted in conservative politicians accusing violent shooter games, most notably Counter Strike , of inciting young gamers to run amok. Several attempts were made to ban

5014-666: The Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (C105), one of the fundamental conventions of the ILO. According to the ILO Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour (SAP-FL), global profits from forced trafficked labour exploited by private agents are estimated at US$ 44.3 billion per year. About 70% of this value (US$ 31.6 billion) comes from trafficked victims. At least the half of this sum (more than US$ 15 billion) comes from industrialised countries. Trafficking

5123-544: The Americas, Asia, or Europe, where their status as slaves was almost always inherited by their descendants. The term "slavery" is often applied to situations which do not meet the above definitions, but which are other, closely related forms of unfree labour, such as debt slavery or debt-bondage (although not all repayment of debts through labour constitutes unfree labour). Examples are the Repartimiento system in

5232-602: The EDF (Earth Defense Force), drive them off the planet, and begin fairer negotiations with Earth. A remaster was released in 2018 titled Red Faction: Guerilla Re-Mars-tered. On June 4, 2010, the first footage of Red Faction: Armageddon debuted in the form of a short teaser trailer on GameTrailers. THQ announced that the game would be shown at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2010 . Like its predecessor Red Faction: Guerrilla , Red Faction: Armageddon

5341-455: The German war economy inside Nazi Germany. More than 2000 German companies profited from slave labour during the Nazi era, including Daimler , Deutsche Bank , Siemens , Volkswagen , Hoechst , Dresdner Bank , Krupp , Allianz , BASF , Bayer , BMW , and Degussa . In particular, Germany's Jewish population was subject to slave labour prior to their extermination. In Asia, according to

5450-677: The Global Economy (1999), there are now an estimated 27 million slaves in the world. Blackbirding involves kidnapping or trickery to transport people to another country or far away from home, to work as a slave or low-paid involuntary worker. In some cases, workers were returned home after a period of time. Serfdom bonds labourers to the land they farm, typically in a feudal society. Serfs typically have no legal right to leave, change employers, or seek paid work, though depending on economic conditions many did so anyway. Unlike chattel slaves, they typically cannot be sold separately from

5559-510: The PC version, "the best and most well-rounded first-person shooter released in a long time." Red Faction II ' s short campaign and lack of online multiplayer has diminished reviews by many critics. However, redeeming features include dual wielding, great multiplayer (split screen), and improved graphics. For these and other reasons, GameSpot awarded the game an 8.3/10.0, earning it the rank of "Great". IGN 's positive side of their review called

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5668-648: The background or from the sides. One of the earliest examples is the 1985 arcade game Shootout produced by Data East. As light gun games and rail shooters became more prevalent and started to make use of scrolling backgrounds, such as Operation Wolf , or fully 3D backgrounds, such as the Time Crisis or House of the Dead series, these sorts of games fell out of popular production, but many like Blood Bros. still have their fanbase today. Other notable games of this category include Cabal and Wild Guns . Light gun shooters are shooters designed for use with

5777-678: The character's movement and action within that space. While many rail shooters and light-gun shooters also use a first-person perspective , they are generally not included in this category, as the player generally lacks agency to move their character within the game world. Notable examples of the genre include Doom , Quake , Counter-Strike , GoldenEye 007 , Battlefield , Medal of Honor , Unreal , Call of Duty , Killzone , TimeSplitters , Team Fortress 2 and Halo , while games such as Half-Life and System Shock would combine shooter gameplay with narrative-focused or role-playing game elements to instead branch off into

5886-543: The colony, but Ultor does nothing to halt its propagation or to provide for the sick, prompting an uprising from the miners. Red Faction II is the sequel to Red Faction . The game was released in October 2002 for the PlayStation 2, and early 2003 for other platforms. Red Faction II is an earth-based FPS that mostly deviated from the story set in Red Faction , only keeping minor plot details. Taking place on Earth in

5995-488: The concept of Sega's EM game Gun Fight into a video game, Western Gun (1975), with the cowboys represented as character sprites and both players able to maneuver across a landscape while shooting each other, making it a milestone for depicting human shooting targets. Western Gun became an arcade hit, which, along with Tank , popularized a subgenre of one-on-one dueling video games. Midway's North American localization of Western Gun , called Gun Fight , also introduced

6104-483: The debate is thus unwarranted. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that at least 12.3 million people are victims of forced labour worldwide; of these, 9.8 million are exploited by private agents and more than 2.4 million are trafficked . Another 2.5 million are forced to work by the state or by rebel military groups. From an international law perspective, countries that allow forced labour are violating international labour standards as set forth in

6213-407: The discussion. These contributions maintain that, because Marxist theory failed to understand the centrality of unfreedom to modern capitalism, a new explanation of this link is needed. This claim has been questioned by Tom Brass . He argues that many of these new characteristics are in fact no different from those identified earlier by Marxist theory and that the exclusion of the latter approach from

6322-609: The early 1980s, such as Sega's isometric shooter Zaxxon and pseudo-3D rail shooter Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom (1982) demonstrating the potential of 3D shoot 'em up gameplay. Shooter games diversified by the mid-1980s, with first-person light gun shooting gallery games such as Nintendo 's Duck Hunt (1984), pseudo-3D third-person rail shooters such as Sega's Space Harrier (1985) and After Burner (1987), and military-themed scrolling run and gun video games such as Capcom 's Commando (1985), Konami 's Green Beret (1985) and SNK 's Ikari Warriors (1986). In

6431-768: The ensuing discussion concerned the extent to which different relational forms constituted obstacles to capitalist development, and why. During the 1960s and 1970s, unfree labour was regarded as incompatible with capitalist accumulation, and thus an obstacle to economic growth, an interpretation advanced by exponents of the then-dominant semi-feudal thesis. From the 1980s onwards, however, another and very different Marxist view emerged, arguing that evidence from Latin America and India suggested agribusiness enterprises, commercial farmers and rich peasants reproduced, introduced or reintroduced unfree relations. However, recent contributions to this debate have attempted to exclude Marxism from

6540-402: The environment, namely terrain and buildings to the point of crumbling or collapsing. To tie in with the release of Red Faction: Armageddon , Volition released a downloadable mini-game. Red Faction: Battlegrounds is a top-down twin-stick vehicle-based shooter which is available via Xbox Live and PlayStation Network . The mini-game was produced by Juice Games for Volition. The release date

6649-402: The film and its May 2011 release date on July 19, 2010. The film is set in-between the events of Red Faction: Guerrilla and Armageddon . The series has generally received positive reviews, with the original Red Faction and third installment Red Faction: Guerrilla getting the most acclaim, while Red Faction II and Red Faction: Armageddon received lower scores. Some common flaws are that

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6758-475: The first video games, was also the first shooter video game; it featured two players controlling spacecraft trying to fire onto the other player. Spacewar! was the basis for the first arcade video games , Computer Space and Galaxy Game , in 1971. In the 1970s, EM gun games evolved into light gun shooter video games. The first home video game console , the Magnavox Odyssey , shipped with

6867-554: The free-form destruction of buildings and other structures. Geo-Mod was updated to version 2.5 within Red Faction: Armageddon . Though Volition had planned to include Geo-Mod in Saints Row: The Third , it did not make it into the final game. Red Faction is the first game in the Red Faction franchise that was originally released in mid-2001 and later re-released for other platforms. Red Faction

6976-474: The game "a very solid, well-produced first-person shooter", but their complaints stated that: "Volition still shows some room for improvement when it comes to level design, spots of AI, and implementing the vast potential of the Geo-Mod concept". Despite their complaints, IGN gave Red Faction II a 9.2/10, an "Outstanding" ranking. The PC version of Red Faction II was far less well-received, with IGN criticizing

7085-475: The game making the game's entire environment (except for the terrain itself) destructible. The first two games were traditional first-person shooters with unique environmental destruction features that were praised in both games. The games include vehicles, pistols, rifles, explosives, and other traditional shooter weapons and features. While the first two games did not re-invent the first-person shooter genre, their Geo-Mod Engine and rebellious story made both games

7194-460: The game's compulsion loop . Loot shooters are inspired by similar loot-based action role-playing games like Diablo . Examples of loot shooters include the Borderlands franchise, Warframe , Destiny and its sequel , and Tom Clancy's The Division and its sequel . Artillery games have been described as a type of "shooting game", though they are more frequently classified as

7303-426: The gameplay style of Escape from Tarkov . These games are often "player versus player versus environment" (PvPvE), where players are grouped into teams and placed on a map with the goal to reach an extraction point elsewhere on the map while avoiding the opposing team and non-player character enemies. During their attempt to reach the extraction point, the players may try to loot the opposing team or other features on

7412-422: The games, all environments are fully destructible which means that every single building in the game can be destroyed. Players are usually equipped with four weapons, the primary weapon is a sledgehammer with three more weapons of the player's choice. These weapons are mainly purchased using salvage, the main currency of the game, with the exception of the remote charges and assault rifle, both of which are given to

7521-555: The general population, since they are unable or unlikely to report their conditions to the authorities. Unfree labour re-emerged as an issue in the debate about rural development during the years following the end of the Second World War, when a political concern of Keynesian theory was not just economic reconstruction (mainly in Europe and Asia) but also planning (in developing "Third World" nations ). A crucial aspect of

7630-539: The genre in a different direction from the "more deterministic, scripted, pattern-type" gameplay of Japanese games, towards a more "programmer-centric design culture, emphasizing algorithmic generation of backgrounds and enemy dispatch" and "an emphasis on random-event generation, particle-effect explosions and physics" as seen in arcade games such as his own Defender (1981) and Robotron: 2084 (1982) as well as Atari 's Asteroids (1979). Nevertheless, Japanese developers occasionally released defining space shooters in

7739-550: The genre include Ubisoft's Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six and Ghost Recon series and Bohemia Software's Operation Flashpoint . A common feature of tactical shooters that is not present in many other shooters is the ability for the player character to lean out of cover, increasing the granularity of a player's movement and stance options to enhance the realism of the game. Tactical shooters also commonly feature more extensive equipment management, more complex healing systems, and greater depth of simulation compared to other shooters. As

7848-398: The graphics are considered behind their time or unremarkable. Also, the scattered story and limited interactivity in the levels have been criticized overall. On the positive side, the series has been deeply commended for its unique geometry modification capabilities, intelligent AI, and prevalent storytelling themes. Praised for its long play time, great gameplay, and smart AI, Red Faction

7957-471: The land, and have rights such as the military protection of the lord. A truck system, in the specific sense in which the term is used by labour historians , refers to an unpopular or even exploitative form of payment associated with small, isolated and/or rural communities, in which workers or self-employed small producers are paid in either: goods, a form of payment known as truck wages , or tokens, private currency ("scrip") or direct credit, to be used at

8066-475: The late 1980s, Taito's Operation Wolf (1987) popularized military-themed first-person light gun rail shooters. Doom (1993) by id Software is considered the first major popular first-person shooter (FPS), and it was a major leap forward for three-dimensional environments in shooter games as well as action games in general. While first-person perspectives had been used by rail shooter and shooting gallery games, they lacked player-guided navigation through

8175-445: The late 1990s, FPS games became increasingly popular while rail shooters declined in popularity, as FPS games were generally able to offer more variety, depth and sophistication than rail shooters. One of the last mainstream light gun rail shooter franchises was The House of the Dead horror game series in the late 1990s, which along with Resident Evil had a significant cultural impact on zombie media including zombie films by

8284-436: The late 90s and early 2000s. Hero shooters are a variation of multiplayer first- or third-person shooters, where players form into two or more teams and select from pre-designed "hero" characters, with each possessing distinctive abilities and/or weapons that are specific to them. Hero shooters strongly encourage teamwork between players on a team, guiding players to select effective combinations of hero characters and coordinate

8393-464: The main antagonist of Guerrilla. Earth's natural resources have run scarce, and as a result, its global economy has collapsed from rampant speculation of commodities and lack of production. Under pressure by Earth's corporations and leaders to acquire the resources of Mars at any cost and at a pace to meet Earth's high demand, the EDF has forced Martian society into a permanent state of unfree labour . The newly-reformed "Red Faction" arises to rebel against

8502-414: The map for gear, which if they successfully reach the extraction point, they can keep and use to improve their character. Alternatively, they may have other assigned objectives to complete before extraction for better rewards. Gameplay is more slow and tactical for survival rather than straightforward run-and-gun. Other examples of extraction shooters include The Cycle: Frontier and the upcoming revival of

8611-405: The mid-20th century, and in turn evolved into light gun shooter video games in the 1970s. Early mechanical light gun games used small targets (usually moving) onto which a light-sensing tube was mounted; the player used a gun (usually a rifle) that emitted a beam of light when the trigger was pulled. If the beam struck the target, a "hit" was scored. Modern screen-based video game light guns work on

8720-411: The one hand has been implemented due to long-lasting labour strikes , during wartime or economic crisis, to provide basic services like medical care, food supply or supply of the defence industry. On the other hand, this service can be obligatory to provide recurring and inevitable services to the population, like fire services, due to lack of volunteers. Between December 1943 and March 1948 young men in

8829-470: The opposite principle—the sensor is built into the gun itself, and the on-screen target(s) emit light rather than the gun. The first light gun of this type was used on the MIT Whirlwind computer, which used a similar light pen . Like rail shooters, movement is typically limited in light-gun games. Notable games of this category include the 1974 and 1984 versions of Wild Gunman , Duck Hunt for

8938-725: The period's penal codes' forced labour. Somewhat later, the Edo period 's penal laws prescribed "non-free labour" for the immediate families of executed criminals in Article 17 of the Gotōke reijō (Tokugawa House Laws), but the practice never became common. The 1711 Gotōke reijō was compiled from over 600 statutes that were promulgated between 1597 and 1696. According to Kevin Bales in Disposable People: New Slavery in

9047-608: The player by default at the start of the game. Purchasable weapons include an Arc Rifle, Grinder, Rocket Launcher, Proximity Mines and a Nano Rifle, the last of which is effective for remote demolitions. Players go around completing missions for the Red Faction and perform guerrilla actions to liberate various sectors of Mars from the control of the Earth Defense Force. In each game for the series, an engine called Geo-Mod, short for "Geometry Modification" technology,

9156-463: The player through levels on a fixed path, and first-person shooters, which allow player-guided navigation through a three-dimensional space. Shooting gallery games can be light gun games and rail-shooters, although many can also be played using a regular joypad and an on-screen cursor to signify where the bullets are being aimed. When these debuted, they were typically played from a first-person perspective , with enemy fire that occurred anywhere on

9265-411: The port's average looking graphics and incredibly short, though enjoyable while it lasted single player mode. Shooter game Shooter games test the player's spatial awareness, reflexes, and speed in both isolated single player or networked multiplayer environments. Shooter games encompass many subgenres that have the commonality of focusing on the actions of the avatar engaging in combat with

9374-504: The process. While B.E.A.S.T. was never officially announced, a trailer and screenshots leaked on January 15 after the cancellation by THQ employees were released and the game's existence was confirmed. The trailer showcased the new Geo-Mod technology along with the Wii's graphical capabilities. Further shown features were the third person perspective with accompanying cover system. The game's development rights reverted to THQ, who has no plans to continue production. The game, as revealed by

9483-545: The protagonists fight on foot, often with the ability to jump . Run and gun games may use side-scrolling , vertical scrolling or isometric viewpoints and may feature multidirectional movement. Top-down run and gun games use an overhead camera angle that shows players and the areas around them from above. Notable games in this category include Commando , Ikari Warriors , Shock Troopers and Shock Troopers: 2nd Squad . Side-scrolling run and gun games combine elements of both shoot 'em up and platform games , while

9592-589: The rights to Volition. Volition shut down in August 2023 and Red Faction was transferred back to Koch Media which was now named Plaion . Red Faction: B.E.A.S.T. was an intended spinoff title of the series. It was being developed by Locomotive Games and was planned to release on the Nintendo Wii . THQ however decided to close down the Locomotive Games studio and cancelled the prototype game in

9701-428: The screen damaging or killing the player. As they evolved away from the use of light guns, the player came to be represented by an on-screen avatar, usually someone on the bottom of the screen, who could move and avoid enemy attacks while returning fire. These sorts of shooters almost always utilize horizontal scrolling to the right to indicate level progression, with enemies appearing in waves from predestined locations in

9810-407: The short term effects, found that playing violent games can increase the player's aggression. In a 2011 Supreme Court case involving a California law, Justice Antonio Scalia stated that there was some correlation between violent video games and increased aggression, but very little real-world effects. An experiment by C.A. Anderson and K.E. Dill, in which they had undergraduates randomly play either

9919-770: The state use of convict labour. Australia received thousands of convict labourers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries who were given sentences for crimes ranging from those now considered to be minor misdemeanours to such serious offences as murder, rape and incest. A considerable number of Irish convicts were sentenced to transportation for treason while fighting against British rule in Ireland . More than 165,000 convicts were transported to Australian colonies from 1788 to 1868. Most British or Irish convicts who were sentenced to transportation, however, completed their sentences in British jails and were not transported at all. It

10028-428: The term originated following the release of Dusk (2018), with fans of that game quickly coining the term. Newer triple-A games like Wolfenstein: The New Order (2014) and Doom (2016) helped to repopularize these styles of shooters in the mid-2010s, and indie developers further contributed to the field with games like Amid Evil , Ion Fury , and Ultrakill . Third-person shooters are characterized by

10137-406: The threat of destitution , detention , or violence , including death or other forms of extreme hardship to either themselves or members of their families. Unfree labour includes all forms of slavery , penal labour , and the corresponding institutions, such as debt slavery , serfdom , corvée and labour camps . Many forms of unfree labour are also covered by the term forced labour , which

10246-722: The turn of the 20th century, before appearing in America by the 1920s. The British cinematic shooting gallery game Life Targets (1912) was a mechanical interactive film game where players shot at a cinema screen displaying film footage of targets. The first light guns appeared in the 1930s, with the Seeburg Ray-O-Lite. Games using this toy rifle were mechanical and the rifle fired beams of light at targets wired with sensors. Shooting gallery games eventually evolved into more sophisticated shooting electro-mechanical games (EM games) such as Sega 's influential Periscope (1965). Contemporary shooting video games have roots in older EM shooting games. Another influential Sega EM shooting game

10355-399: The use of a microprocessor . In 1976, Midway had another hit shooting video game, Sea Wolf (1976), which was adapted from another Sega EM game, Periscope . The genre gained major attraction in popular culture with the release of Taito 's Space Invaders arcade video game in 1978. It established the basis of the shoot 'em up subgenre, and became a cultural phenomenon that led into

10464-425: The use of hero abilities during a match. Outside of a match, players have the ability to customize the appearance of these characters, but these changes are usually cosmetic only and do not alter the game's balance or the behavior of the "hero". Hero shooters take many of their design elements from older class-based shooter, multiplayer online battle arena and fighting games . The class-based shooter Team Fortress 2

10573-418: The way aggression was measured in the studies could be compared to the way competitiveness is measured, leaving open the question of whether or not the effects of violent video games are forms of aggression or competitiveness. Unfree labour Forced labour , or unfree labour , is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with

10682-476: The year 2080, the protagonist, Alias, is a genetically enhanced supersoldier formerly employed by the Ultor Corporation. Nanotechnology developed by Dr. Capek (see Red Faction ) has fallen into the hands of the EDF (who is now associated with Ultor) and many other terrorist groups. A dictatorship, “The Commonwealth,” has employed Alias to retrieve nanotechnology and other data. Red Faction: Guerrilla

10791-410: Was Gun Fight (1969), where two players control cowboy figurines on opposing sides of a playfield full of obstacles, with each player attempting to shoot the opponent's cowboy. It had a Western theme and was one of the first games to feature competitive head-to-head shooting between two players, inspiring several early Western-themed shooter video games. Spacewar! (1962), recognized as one of

10900-406: Was April 5, 2011, beta invites were sent to a select group of PlayStation Plus subscribers on September 21, 2010. The Xbox Live version became backwards compatible on Xbox One on June 23, 2016. Red Faction: Origins is a feature-length television movie produced by Syfy that coincided with Red Faction: Armageddon . The channel announced the film on April 16, 2010. Volition confirmed the title of

11009-516: Was a death rate of 80%. Also, 6.87 million Koreans were forcefully put into slave labour from 1939 to 1945 in both Japan and Japanese-occupied Korea. Kerja rodi ( Heerendiensten ) , was the term for forced labour in Indonesia under Dutch colonial rule . The Khmer Rouge attempted to turn Cambodia into a classless society by depopulating cities and forcing the urban population ("New People") into agricultural communes . The entire population

11118-413: Was also the first game to run on the Geo-Mod engine that allowed for unprecedented environmental destruction. The game takes place on Mars in the year 2075. The protagonist, Parker, is a miner who came to Mars seeking a better life away from Earth. Instead, he finds that the Ultor Corporation abuses the workers and forces them to endure hazardous living conditions. A plague of an unknown origin sweeps through

11227-572: Was common in many ancient societies , including ancient Egypt , Babylon , Persia , ancient Greece , Rome , ancient China , the pre-modern Muslim world , as well as many societies in Africa and the Americas . Being sold into slavery was a common fate of populations that were conquered in wars. Perhaps the most prominent example of chattel slavery was the enslavement of many millions of black people in Africa, as well as their forced transportation to

11336-456: Was forced to become farmers in labour camps . Convict or prison labour is another classic form of unfree labour. The forced labour of convicts has often been regarded with lack of sympathy, because of the social stigma attached to people regarded as common criminals. Three British colonies in Australia – New South Wales , Van Diemen's Land and Western Australia – are examples of

11445-434: Was generally given average to great reviews by critics. The game was also criticized for its scattered story and mediocre graphics. GameSpot gave the game a great review saying, "It's a great big game with much to explore and enemies tough enough to make it worth playing through more than once." GameSpot awarded the game with an 8.9, giving it a rating of "great". GameSpy awarded the game an overall score of 89/100 and called

11554-465: Was held on January 22, 2013. While developer Volition was picked up by Deep Silver along with Saints Row , Red Faction was not a part of the transaction. On April 22, 2013, Red Faction was purchased by Nordic Games in the final transaction of THQ's assets. After its purchase, Nordic Games CEO Lars Wingefors stated they either wanted to work with the original creators or best possible developer to work on sequels or additional content. After hearing of

11663-531: Was that of political prisoners , people from conquered or occupied countries, members of persecuted minorities, and prisoners of war , especially during the 20th century. The best-known example of this are the concentration camp system run by Nazi Germany in Europe during World War II, the Gulag camps run by the Soviet Union , and the forced labour used by the military of the Empire of Japan , especially during

11772-403: Was the first video game to use an isometric playfield . In the early 1980s, Japanese arcade developers began moving away from space shooters towards character action games . On the other hand, American arcade developers continued to focus on space shooters during the early 1980s. According to Eugene Jarvis , American arcade developers were greatly influenced by Japanese space shooters but took

11881-639: Was used by the first two games in the series, while the second is a third-person style of open world gameplay which was used in Red Faction: Guerrilla , and a third-person style of corridor shooter used in Red Faction: Armageddon . Both styles share a common element, the series' unique environmental destruction features. This was enhanced in Red Faction: Guerrilla when it was applied to every building in

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