The Document Object Model ( DOM ) is a cross-platform and language-independent interface that treats an HTML or XML document as a tree structure wherein each node is an object representing a part of the document. The DOM represents a document with a logical tree. Each branch of the tree ends in a node, and each node contains objects. DOM methods allow programmatic access to the tree; with them one can change the structure, style or content of a document. Nodes can have event handlers (also known as event listeners) attached to them. Once an event is triggered, the event handlers get executed.
59-448: GeoCities , later Yahoo! GeoCities , was a web hosting service that allowed users to create and publish websites for free and to browse user-created websites by their theme or interest, active from 1994 to 2009. GeoCities was started in November 1994 by David Bohnett and John Rezner, and was named Beverly Hills Internet briefly before being renamed GeoCities. On January 28, 1999, it
118-410: A watermark to user Web pages. The watermark, much like an onscreen graphic on some television channels, was a transparent floating GIF image that used JavaScript to stay displayed on the bottom right corner of the browser screen. Many users felt the watermark interfered with the design of their Web site and threatened to relocate their Web pages elsewhere. The implementation of the watermark preceded
177-447: A web content management system , so the end-user does not have to worry about the more technical aspects. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is used for websites that wish to encrypt the transmitted data. Internet hosting services can run web servers . The scope of web hosting services varies greatly. Some specific types of hosting provided by web host service providers: The host may also provide an interface or control panel for managing
236-400: A 24% decrease from March 2008. In 2017, indie developer Jay Tholen created the game Hypnospace Outlaw , which was heavily influenced by GeoCities. In February 2022, NeoCities Neighborhoods , a remake of GeoCities, was created, featuring the same interface that the original 1996 version had. During 1999, a complaint was instituted against GeoCities stating that the corporation violated
295-420: A DOM structure from an XML or JSON data, using JavaScript methods to parse the data and create the nodes accordingly. Creating a DOM structure does not necessarily mean that it will be displayed in the web page, it only exists in memory and should be appended to the document body or a specific container to be rendered. In summary, creating a DOM structure involves creating individual nodes and organizing them in
354-459: A DOM structure is using the innerHTML property to insert HTML code as a string, creating the elements and children in the process. For example: Another method is to use a JavaScript library or framework such as jQuery , AngularJS , React , Vue.js , etc. These libraries provide a more convenient, eloquent and efficient way to create, manipulate and interact with the DOM. It is also possible to create
413-665: A commercial website. It included the GeoStore, which sold GeoCities-branded merchandise. Users cashed in GeoPoints in the store. The domain geocities.com attracted at least 177 million visitors annually by 2008, according to a Compete.com study. ComScore stated that the GeoCities had 18.9 million unique visitors from the U.S. during March 2006. During March 2008, GeoCities had 15.1 million unique U.S. visitors; however, during March 2009, GeoCities had 11.5 million unique visitors,
472-416: A consent order was entered into, prohibiting GeoCities from misrepresenting the purpose for which it collects and/or uses personal identifying information from consumers. A copy of the complaint and order can be found at 127 F.T.C. 94 (page 94). GeoCities provided free home pages and e-mail address to children and adults who provided personally identifying and demographic information when they registered for
531-451: A hierarchical structure using JavaScript or other programming languages, and it can be done using several methods depending on the use case and the developer's preference. Because the DOM supports navigation in any direction (e.g., parent and previous sibling) and allows for arbitrary modifications, implementations typically buffer the document. However, a DOM need not originate in a serialized document at all, but can be created in place with
590-532: A loaded HTML document. DHTML required extensions to the rudimentary document object that was available in the Legacy DOM implementations. Although the Legacy DOM implementations were largely compatible since JScript was based on JavaScript, the DHTML DOM extensions were developed in parallel by each browser maker and remained incompatible. These versions of the DOM became known as the "Intermediate DOM". After
649-481: A prospective customer and can be a major factor when considering which provider a customer may choose. Web hosting servers can be attacked by malicious users in different ways, including uploading malware or malicious code onto a hosted website . These attacks may be done for different reasons, including stealing credit card data, launching a Distributed Denial of Service Attack (DDoS) or spamming . Document Object Model The principal standardization of
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#1732780355840708-471: A small Web hosting and development company in southern California. The company created its own Web directory , organized thematically as six so-called "neighborhoods". The neighborhoods included "Colosseum", "Hollywood", "RodeoDrive", "SunsetStrip", "WallStreet", and "WestHollywood". In mid-1995, the company decided to offer users (thereafter known as "Homesteaders") the ability to develop free home pages within those neighborhoods, with 2 MB of space provided at
767-463: Is web page and small-scale file hosting, where files can be uploaded via File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or a web interface. The files are usually delivered to the Web "as is" or with minimal processing. Many Internet service providers (ISPs) offer this service free to subscribers. Individuals and organizations may also obtain web page hosting from alternative service providers. Free web hosting service
826-499: Is offered by different companies with limited services, sometimes supported by advertisements, and often limited when compared to paid hosting. Single page hosting is generally sufficient for personal web pages . Personal website hosting is typically free, advertisement-sponsored, or inexpensive. Business website hosting often has a higher expense depending upon the size and type of the site. Many large companies that are not Internet service providers need to be permanently connected to
885-506: Is rendered in browsers, the browser downloads the HTML into local memory and automatically parses it to display the page on screen. However, the DOM does not necessarily need to be represented as a tree, and some browsers have used other internal models. When a web page is loaded, the browser creates a Document Object Model of the page, which is an object oriented representation of an HTML document that acts as an interface between JavaScript and
944-696: The WHATWG , which continues to maintain a living standard. In 2009, the Web Applications group reorganized DOM activities at the W3C. In 2013, due to a lack of progress and the impending release of HTML5 , the DOM Level 4 specification was reassigned to the HTML Working Group to expedite its completion. Meanwhile, in 2015, the Web Applications group was disbanded and DOM stewardship passed to
1003-568: The World Wide Web . Companies providing web hosting services are sometimes called web hosts . Typically, web hosting requires the following: Until 1991, the Internet was restricted to use only "... for research and education in the sciences and engineering ..." and was used for email , telnet , FTP and USENET traffic—but only a tiny number of web pages. The World Wide Web protocols had only just been written and not until
1062-400: The web server and installing scripts, as well as other modules and service applications like e-mail. A web server that does not use a control panel for managing the hosting account, is often referred to as a "headless" server. Some hosts specialize in certain software or services (e.g. e-commerce, blogs, etc.). The availability of a website is measured by the percentage of a year in which
1121-549: The " browser wars " of the late 1990s between Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer , as well as with that of JavaScript and JScript , the first scripting languages to be widely implemented in the JavaScript engines of web browsers . JavaScript was released by Netscape Communications in 1995 within Netscape Navigator 2.0. Netscape's competitor, Microsoft , released Internet Explorer 3.0
1180-457: The DOM API. And even before the idea of the DOM originated, there were implementations of equivalent structure with persistent disk representation and rapid access, for example DynaText 's model disclosed in and various database approaches. Web browsers rely on layout engines to parse HTML into a DOM. Some layout engines, such as Trident/MSHTML , are associated primarily or exclusively with
1239-417: The DOM tree as: The DOM tree can be manipulated using JavaScript or other programming languages. Common tasks include navigating the tree, adding, removing, and modifying nodes, and getting and setting the properties of nodes. The DOM API provides a set of methods and properties to perform these operations, such as getElementById , createElement , appendChild , and innerHTML . Another way to create
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#17327803558401298-423: The DOM tree. Text nodes do not have attributes or child nodes, and are always leaf nodes in the tree. For example, the text content "My Website" in the title element and "Welcome" in the h1 element in the above example are both represented as text nodes. Attributes of an element are represented as properties of the element node in the DOM tree. For example, an element with the following HTML: will be represented in
1357-608: The DOM was handled by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which last developed a recommendation in 2004. WHATWG took over the development of the standard, publishing it as a living document . The W3C now publishes stable snapshots of the WHATWG standard. In HTML DOM (Document Object Model), every element is a node: The history of the Document Object Model is intertwined with the history of
1416-472: The SLA is imperative. Not all providers release uptime statistics. Because web hosting services host websites belonging to their customers, online security is an important concern. When a customer agrees to use a web hosting service, they are relinquishing control of the security of their site to the company that is hosting the site. The level of security that a web hosting service offers is extremely important to
1475-494: The U.S., Yahoo! no longer offered free web page hosting, except in Japan , where the service continued for ten more years. Yahoo! encouraged users to upgrade their accounts to the fee-based Yahoo! Web Hosting service. Rupert Goodwins, the editor of ZDNet , perceived the termination of GeoCities as an end of an era; he described GeoCities as "the first proof that you could have something really popular and still not make any money on
1534-529: The Web Platform group. Beginning with the publication of DOM Level 4 in 2015, the W3C creates new recommendations based on snapshots of the WHATWG standard. To render a document such as a HTML page, most web browsers use an internal model similar to the DOM. The nodes of every document are organized in a tree structure , called the DOM tree , with the topmost node named as "Document object". When an HTML page
1593-596: The client needing to own the necessary infrastructure required to operate the website. The owners of the websites, also called webmasters , would be able to create a website that would be hosted on the web hosting service's server and published to the web by the web hosting service. As the number of users on the World Wide Web grew, the pressure for companies, both large and small, to have an online presence grew. By 1995, companies such as GeoCities , Angelfire and Tripod were offering free hosting. The most basic
1652-492: The company, which now had a total of 14 neighborhoods, was registering thousands of Homesteaders a day and getting more than six million monthly page views. GeoCities never enforced neighborhood-specific content; for example, a "Hollywood" homesteader could be nothing but a college student's home page. The company decided to emphasize increasing membership and community, and on December 15, 1995, BHI became known as GeoCities after having also been named Geopages. At that time GeoCities
1711-687: The data transfer limit for free accounts was said to be limited to 3 GB per month, but was enforced as a limit of about 4.2 MB per hour. The paid accounts were later unified in the Yahoo! Web Hosting service, with higher data transfer limits. During 2001, a rumor began that GeoCities was to be terminated; the chain e-mail making that claim cited an article in The New York Times that stated the opposite. On April 23, 2009, Yahoo! announced that it would be terminating its United States version of GeoCities, and stopped accepting new registrations, though
1770-421: The document itself. This allows the creation of dynamic web pages , because within a page JavaScript can: A Document Object Model (DOM) tree is a hierarchical representation of an HTML or XML document. It consists of a root node, which is the document itself, and a series of child nodes that represent the elements, attributes, and text content of the document. Each node in the tree has a parent node, except for
1829-451: The end of 1993 would there be a graphical web browser for Mac or Windows computers. Even after there was some opening up of Internet access, the situation was confused until 1995. To host a website on the internet , an individual or company would need their own computer or server . As not all companies had the budget or expertise to do this, web hosting services began to offer to host users' websites on their own servers, without
GeoCities - Misplaced Pages Continue
1888-416: The existing GeoCities accounts remained active. During late June 2009, Yahoo! updated the GeoCities home page to indicate: "GeoCities is closing on October 26, 2009." GeoCities joined a long list of other services discontinued by Yahoo, such as Farechase, LAUNCHcast , My Web, Audio Search, Pets, Photos , Live , Kickstart, Briefcase , Webmessenger, and Yahoo! Teachers . With the termination of GeoCities in
1947-423: The following year with a reimplementation of JavaScript called JScript. JavaScript and JScript let web developers create web pages with client-side interactivity. The limited facilities for detecting user-generated events and modifying the HTML document in the first generation of these languages eventually became known as "DOM Level 0" or "Legacy DOM." No independent standard was developed for DOM Level 0, but it
2006-637: The initial offering to a maximum of more than $ 100. By 1999 GeoCities was the third-most visited site of the World Wide Web, behind AOL and Yahoo! . The headquarters had been relocated to 4499 Glencoe Avenue in Los Angeles, near the Marina del Rey area of Los Angeles County . During January 1999, near the peak of the dot-com bubble , GeoCities was purchased by Yahoo! for $ 3.57 billion in stock, with Yahoo! taking control on May 28. The acquisition proved unpopular; users began to quit en masse in protest at
2065-549: The internet." Vijay Mukhi, an internet and cybersecurity expert quoted in the Business Standard , criticized Yahoo's management of GeoCities; Mukhi described GeoCities as "a lost opportunity for Yahoo!", adding that "they could have made it a Facebook if they wanted." Rich Skrenta , the CEO of Blekko , posted on Twitter an offer to take over GeoCities from Yahoo! in exchange for 50% future revenue share. In response to
2124-647: The name of the site. Soon after its acquisition by Yahoo! , this practice was abandoned in favor of using the Yahoo! member names in the URLs. In April 2009, the company announced that it would end the United States GeoCities service on October 26, 2009. There were at least 38 million pages displayed by GeoCities before it was terminated, most user-written. The GeoCities Japan version of the service endured until March 31, 2019. GeoCities began during mid-1995 as BHI, which stood for Beverly Hills Internet,
2183-413: The name of the site. Soon after its acquisition by Yahoo!, this practice was abandoned in favor of using the Yahoo! member names in the URLs. During 1996, GeoCities had 29 "neighborhoods", which had groupings of content created by the "homesteaders" (GeoCities users). By 1999, GeoCities had additional neighborhoods and refocused existing neighborhoods. During 1999, GeoCities included GeoCities Marketplace,
2242-432: The new terms of service specified by Yahoo! for GeoCities. The terms stated that the company owned all rights and content, including media such as pictures. Yahoo! quickly reversed its decision. During July 1999, Yahoo! switched from neighborhood and street addresses Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) for homesteaders to "vanity" URLs through members' registration names to Yahoo! ("www.geocities.com/membername"). This service
2301-641: The original GeoCities URL formerly redirected to Yahoo! Small Business, but now redirect to the Yahoo! main page. Soon after the GeoCities termination announcement, the Internet Archive announced a project to archive GeoCities pages, stating "GeoCities has been an important outlet for personal expression on the Web for almost 15 years." Internet Archive made it their task to ensure the thoroughness and completeness of their archive of GeoCities sites. The former Web site InternetArchaeology.org also archived and showcased artifacts from GeoCities. The operators of
2360-511: The provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 , specifically 15 U.S.C. § 45 , which states in relevant part, "Unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce, are hereby declared unlawful." The FTC found that GeoCities was engaged in deceptive acts and practices in contravention to their stated privacy act. Subsequently,
2419-408: The root node, and can have multiple child nodes. Elements in an HTML or XML document are represented as nodes in the DOM tree. Each element node has a tag name and attributes, and can contain other element nodes or text nodes as children. For example, an HTML document with the following structure: will be represented in the DOM tree as: Text content within an element is represented as a text node in
GeoCities - Misplaced Pages Continue
2478-466: The site Reocities downloaded as much of the content hosted on GeoCities as they could before it ended, in an attempt to create a mirror of GeoCities, albeit an incomplete one. Another site attempting to build an archive of defunct GeoCities sites is GeoCities.ws. There is no formal relationship between GeoCities and geocities.ws, as it is a completely different company. Many sites were duplicated automatically from GeoCities to geocities.ws many months after
2537-492: The site continued to grow. During May 1997, GeoCities introduced advertisements on its pages. Despite negative reaction from users, GeoCities continued to grow compared to rivals. Competition in web hosting came from the likes of Tripod and Angelfire . By June 1997, GeoCities was the fifth most popular website on the Web, and by October of that year the company had registered its millionth Homesteader. During June 1998, in an effort to increase brand awareness, GeoCities introduced
2596-645: The standardization of ECMAScript , the W3C DOM Working Group began drafting a standard DOM specification. The completed specification, known as "DOM Level 1", became a W3C Recommendation in late 1998. By 2005, large parts of W3C DOM were well-supported by common ECMAScript-enabled browsers, including Internet Explorer 6 (from 2001), Opera , Safari and Gecko -based browsers (like Mozilla , Firefox , SeaMonkey and Camino ). The W3C DOM Working Group published its final recommendation and subsequently disbanded in 2004. Development efforts migrated to
2655-471: The systems. This scheduled downtime is often excluded from the SLA timeframe, and needs to be subtracted from the Total Time when availability is calculated. Depending on the wording of an SLA, if the availability of a system drops below that in the signed SLA, a hosting provider often will provide a partial refund for time lost. How downtime is determined changes from provider to provider, therefore reading
2714-436: The termination of GeoCities. Geocities.ws also promised free hosting, and for eight years this has been the case, as of January 2018. Other sites with this purpose were WebCite , as well as now-defunct Geociti.es (closed 2011), Oocities.org and Ge.ocities.org. On the first anniversary of GeoCities' termination, Archive Team announced that they would release a torrent file archive of 641 GB (prior to 7z compression, it
2773-519: The termination, rival Web hosting services began to compete for the sites formerly displayed by GeoCities. For instance, German Web host Jimdo started the "Lifeboat for GeoCities" service to encourage GeoCities users to display their sites on Jimdo. Geocities-closing.com , started by GeoCities competitor uCoz , is a similar project begun to save GeoCities websites. Many of the webpages formerly hosted by GeoCities remained accessible, but could not be updated, until 2014. Attempts to access any page using
2832-595: The time. During the registration process, new members chose to which neighborhood they wanted to belong. This neighborhood became part of the member's Web address along with a sequentially assigned "street address" number to make the URL unique (for example, "www.geocities.com/RodeoDrive/number"). Chat, bulletin boards, and other elements of "community" were added soon afterward, helping foster rapid growth. On July 5, 1995, GeoCities added additional cities, including "CapitolHill", "Paris", "SiliconValley", and "Tokyo". By December 1995,
2891-548: The web to send email, files, etc. to other sites. The company may use the computer as a website host to provide details of their goods and services and facilities for online orders. A complex site calls for a more comprehensive package that provides database support and application development platforms (e.g. ASP.NET , ColdFusion , Java EE , Perl/Plack , PHP or Ruby on Rails ). These facilities allow customers to write or install scripts for applications like forums and content management . Web hosting packages often include
2950-475: The website is publicly accessible and reachable via the Internet. This is different from measuring the uptime of a system. Uptime refers to the system itself being online. Uptime does not take into account being able to reach it as in the event of a network outage. A hosting provider's Service Level Agreement (SLA) may include a certain amount of scheduled downtime per year in order to perform maintenance on
3009-573: The website. At the time of the complaint, GeoCities had more than 1.8 million members who were "homesteaders". GeoCities illegally permitted third-party advertisers to promote products targeted to GeoCities' 1.8 million users, by using personally identifiable information obtained in the registration process. These acts and practices affected "commerce" as defined in Section 4 of the Federal Trade Commission. The problem of GeoCities
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#17327803558403068-457: The widespread adoption of CSS and the standardized Document Object Model and had cross-browser problems. However, GeoCities said in a press release that feedback regarding the watermark had been overwhelmingly positive. The company became corporate during August 1998, being listed with the NASDAQ exchange with the code GCTY. The initial public offering price was $ 17, increasing rapidly after
3127-445: Was acquired by Yahoo! , at which time it was reportedly the third-most visited website on the World Wide Web . In its original form, site users selected a "city" in which to list the hyperlinks to their Web pages . The "cities" were named after real cities or regions according to their content: For example, computer -related sites were placed in "SiliconValley" and those dealing with entertainment were assigned to "Hollywood", hence
3186-490: Was approximately 900 GB of data), and did so on October 29, 2010. On April 9, 2011, Archive Team released a patch for the first GeoCities torrent. In its original form, site users selected a so-called "city" in which to list the hyperlinks to their Web pages. The "cities" were named after real cities or regions according to their content: For example, computer -related sites were displayed in "SiliconValley" and those dealing with entertainment were assigned to "Hollywood", hence
3245-674: Was headquartered at 9401 Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills, California . By December 1996, it was headquartered on the third floor of 1918 Main Street in nearby Santa Monica , with an office on the 8th floor of the Pershing Square Building at 125 Park Avenue in New York City . Over time, many companies, including Yahoo! , invested extensively in GeoCities and, with the introduction of paid premium services,
3304-426: Was not allowed to collect personal identifying information from any child if GeoCities had actual knowledge that the child did not have their parents' permission to provide the information. Web hosting service A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that hosts websites for clients, i.e. it offers the facilities required for them to create and maintain a site and makes it accessible on
3363-404: Was offered previously only as a premium. During 2001, amid speculation by analysts that GeoCities was not yet profitable (it having declared an $ 8 million loss for the final quarter of 1998), Yahoo! introduced a for-fee premium hosting service at GeoCities and reduced the accessibility of free and low-price hosting accounts by limiting their data transfer rate for Web page visitors; since that time
3422-794: Was partly described in the specifications for HTML 4 . Legacy DOM was limited in the kinds of elements that could be accessed. Form , link and image elements could be referenced with a hierarchical name that began with the root document object. A hierarchical name could make use of either the names or the sequential index of the traversed elements. For example, a form input element could be accessed as either document.myForm.myInput or document.forms[0].elements[0] . The Legacy DOM enabled client-side form validation and simple interface interactivity like creating tooltips . In 1997, Netscape and Microsoft released version 4.0 of Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer respectively, adding support for Dynamic HTML (DHTML) functionality enabling changes to
3481-568: Was that it placed a privacy statement on its New Member Application Form and on its website promising that it would never give personally identifying information to anyone without the user's permission. GeoCities sold personal information to third parties who used the information for purposes other than those for which members gave permission. It was ordered that GeoCities would not make any misrepresentation, in any manner about its collection or use of personal identifying information, including what information will be disclosed to third parties. GeoCities
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