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#551448

30-491: An alternative to the "inlined" TIFF geospatial metadata is the *.tfw World File sidecar file format which may sit in the same folder as the regular TIFF file to provide a subset of the functionality of the standard GeoTIFF described here. The GeoTIFF format was originally created by Dr. Niles Ritter while he was working at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory . The reference implementation code

60-581: A 1639 deed shows the island and the Quinnipiac name of "Massancummock". In 1641, Whitfield and the founders of Guilford purchased the island from the Mohegan tribe's sachem , Uncas , as part of a transaction for the land east of East River . Uncas acquired the land when he married the daughter of the Hammonassett sachem, Sebequanash. At some point in the 1600s, Andrew Leete was an owner of

90-481: A navigational aid to the nearby Intracoastal Waterway . The island is part of the Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge and has the fifth-largest colony of nesting roseate terns in the northeastern United States. Much of the island's land mass has been lost to erosion , down to about 2.87 acres (11,600 m ) from its original 4.5 acres (18,000 m ). The United States Army Corps of Engineers reinforced

120-415: A rectangular, non-rotated image which might be, for example, overlaid on an orthogonally projected map. If the world file describes an image that is rotated from the axis of the target projection, however, then A, D, B and E must be derived from the required affine transformation (see below). Specifically, A and E will no longer be the meter/pixel measurement on their respective axes. These values are used in

150-493: A six-parameter affine transformation : which can be written as this set of equations: where: The y -scale ( E ) is negative because the origins of an image and the UTM coordinate system are different. The origin of an image is located in the upper-left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower-left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y -coordinate values in

180-613: A transaction for the land east of East River . Purchased by the Stone family in 1715, it remained in the family until it was sold to the government in 1801. The Falkner Island Light was constructed in 1802 and commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson . The light is the second oldest in Connecticut and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The lighthouse was automated in 1978, and continues to operate as

210-581: Is a 2.87-acre (1.16 ha) crescent-shaped island located in Long Island Sound 3 miles (5 km) off Guilford , Connecticut , United States . The island has been visited by the Native Americans for thousands of years. Its Quinnipiac name is "Massancummock", meaning "the place of the great fish hawks". In 1641, Henry Whitfield and the founders of Guilford purchased the island from the Mohegan tribe's sachem , Uncas , as part of

240-498: Is designed to work with HTTP range requests, and specifies a particular layout of data and metadata within the GeoTIFF, such that clients can predict which range of bytes they need to download. COG is simply a specialisation of GeoTIFF, so COG files are TIFF files. The pattern of optimizing GeoTIFFs for HTTP range requests was first demonstrated at large scale when AWS started hosting Landsat data on Amazon S3 in 2015. The pattern

270-597: Is not given so the coordinates are ambiguous — they can represent a position in any of the approximately 120 UTM grid zones . In this case, approximate latitude and longitude (41.2, −072.7) were looked up in a gazetteer and the UTM (grid) zone was found to be 18 using a Web-based converter. The base filename of a world file matches the raster's base filename, but has a different filename extension (suffix). There are three filename extension naming conventions used for world files, with variable support across software. One simple convention with widespread support

300-469: Is to append the letter "w" to the end of the raster filename. For example, a raster named mymap .jpg should have a world file named mymap .jpgw . An alternative file naming convention that uses a three-character extension to conform to the 8.3 file naming convention uses the first and last character of the raster file's extension, followed by "w" at the end. For example, here are a few naming conventions for popular raster formats: A third convention

330-456: Is to use a .wld file extension, irrespective of the type of raster file, as supported by GDAL and QGIS , but not Esri . When writing world files it is advisable to ignore localization settings and always use "." as the decimal separator. Also, negative numbers should be specified with the "-" character exclusively. This ensures maximum portability of the images. Falkner Island Falkner Island (also called Faulkner's Island )

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360-490: The A , D , B and E parameters is: All four parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non-zero the pixel width is given by: and the pixel height by World files describing a map on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) use these conventions: The above description applies also to

390-498: The Quinnipiac Indians identifies Falker Island as the site of ceremonial and religious practices, but that these practices are still unknown. According to Bruchac's Thirteen Moons on Turtle's Back the island was not a permanent settlement, but was likely used for fishing and hunting trips in the summer. European contact occurred in the first half of the 1600s. A map in the possession of Reverend Henry Whitfield from

420-472: The eastern boundary to slow the advancing deterioration. The first recorded name of the Falkner Island was coined by the Native Americans . The island name in Quinnipiac was "Massancummock" meaning "the place of the great fish hawks". The Quinnipiac name did not refer to possession, but instead the usage or resources of the island. The identity of the first European explorer is unknown, but it

450-500: The existing community GeoTIFF specification version 1.0 and aligns it with the continuing addition of data to the EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset. "Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF" (COG) is a standard based on GeoTIFF, designed to make it straightforward to use GeoTIFFs hosted on HTTP webservers, so that users and software can make use of partial data within the file without having to download the entire file. It

480-604: The island became part of the Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge after it was acquired from the U.S. Coast Guard . According to the Connecticut Audubon Society , "it currently supports over 95% of the nesting Common Terns in Connecticut. It is the site of one of the ten largest Roseate Tern (~45 pairs) colonies in Northeastern North America, and is the only regular nesting location for this federally endangered species in

510-451: The island. In 1715, Caleb and Ebenezer Stone purchased the island and it remained in the Stone family until 1801. In 1800, Noah Stone sold it to a distant relative named Medad Stone for $ 158.34 (equivalent to $ 2,843 in 2023). On May 12, 1801, Medad Stone sold the island to the government for $ 325 (equivalent to $ 5,951 in 2023). Joel Helander, a historian, notes that Medad Stone and the government were likely openly communicating about

540-728: The island. The United States Congress appropriated $ 6000 in March 1801 for the lighthouse, prior to the government's acquisition of the property. It was inhabited throughout the 1700s through 1976, with the Faulkner family and various lightkeepers of the Falkner Island Light . During the War of 1812 , the British forces landed on the island and told the keeper's wife, Thankful Stone, that they had nothing to fear as long as they kept

570-559: The light burning. Later, the keeper, Solomon Stone, had to put the light out per order of the New London customs inspector. The British threatened to blow up the lighthouse and Stone got an order to relight the lighthouse. In 2008, the generator house for the light was renovated to be a summer house for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service interns who study the endangered roseate terns . The erosion control project

600-432: The lighthouse crumbles into the sea around 2026. The Falkner Island Lighthouse was constructed in 1802 and commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson . The lighthouse has had three keeper's houses throughout its service life, the first erected in 1802 and rebuilt in 1851 and again in 1871. The keeper's house burned in 1976 and the lighthouse was repaired and automated in 1978. The Faulkner's Light Brigade has undertaken

630-439: The map increase from the origin upward. Many mapping programs are unable to handle "upside down" images (i.e. those with a positive y -scale). To go from UTM(x'y') to pixel position(x,y) one can use the equation: Example: Original falknermap.jpg is 800×600 pixels (map not shown). Its world file is falknermap.jgw and contains: The position of Falkner Island light on the map image is: This gives: The UTM (grid) zone

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660-489: The name change is not universally recognized and "popular usage" and the Faulkner's Light Brigade that conserves the island's lighthouse use "Faulkner"; including publications. Falkner Island has been the site of human activity for thousands of years. An archaeological survey performed on the island from 1997-1998 found a quartz projectile point of the Squibnocket triangle variety which dates to 1000-3000 B.C. The study

690-413: The restoration and preservation of the lighthouse since 1991, with the last major restoration work being completed in March 2011. Access to Falkner Island and the light is restricted during the nesting season of the roseate terns , from May to August. The Falkner Island Lighthouse is the second oldest extant lighthouse in Connecticut and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . In 1985,

720-428: Was completed, but Hurricane Irene and Hurricane Sandy greatly reduced the breeding habitat of the terns to just 50 square metres (540 sq ft). Erosion threatens the island's very existence, it is believed that it was around eight acres in 1639 before being reduced to 5.70 acres by 1818. By 1987, the total area has fallen to 2.87 acres and it was projected that it could lose another 12 inches each year until

750-635: Was conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the erosion control project; it was required by law under the National Historic Preservation Act because the island is on the National Register of Historic Places . The findings were published in the Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Connecticut in 2001. In 1994, John P. Menta's The History of

780-682: Was developed into the COG within the Open Source Geospatial Foundation / GDAL project, starting in around 2016. The COG format can be read and written by many common geographic software tools including GDAL , QGIS , and GeoTrellis . Various providers now supply some of their data in COG format, including USGS , NASA , Google and DigitalGlobe . World file A world file is a six line plain text sidecar file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference raster map images. The file specification

810-445: Was introduced by Esri . The generic meaning of the six parameters in a world file (as defined by Esri ) is: This description is however misleading in that the D and B parameters are not angular rotations, and that the A and E parameters do not correspond to the pixel size if D or B are not zero. The A , D , B and E parameters are sometimes named "x-scale", "y-skew", "x-skew" and "y-scale". A better description of

840-588: Was likely the Dutch explorer Adrian Block who sailed through Long Island Sound around 1614. The United States government credits Block as the discoverer. Early English settlers called it "Falcon Island", likely stemming from the Native American name. Helander writes that the island was probably named for the osprey , but the English translation to "Falcon" suggesting the presence of the peregrine falcon

870-427: Was one of "simple ignorance". The island's name on Dutch maps was "Valcken Eylandt". The name later evolved to Faulkner Island, perhaps as a result of the Faulkner family who lived on the island in the 1700s. When the island was transferred to the U.S. government in 1801, the deed states the name as "Faulkners". The U.S. Board on Geographic Names changed and established "Falkner Island" as its name in 1891. However,

900-734: Was released mostly as public domain software with some parts under a permissive X license . On September 14, 2019, the Open Geospatial Consortium published the OGC GeoTIFF standard, which defines the Geographic Tag Image File Format (GeoTIFF) by specifying requirements and encoding rules for using the Tag Image File Format (TIFF) for the exchange of georeferenced or geocoded imagery. The OGC GeoTIFF 1.1 standard formalizes

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