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129-799: MacCall was born and raised in Kearny, New Jersey. He started playing tennis at the age of 10. In 1935, he attended Scarborough Prep School in New York. He transferred to Bucknell University in 1937, after graduating from the University of Virginia , in 1936. MacCall took additional courses at Upsala College, UCLA, and UNLV. George MacCall was the captain of the U.S. Davis Cup from 1965 to 1967. Later, he promoted tennis by organizing celebrity tennis events featuring Bill Cosby and Charlton Heston and organized tennis matches between Pancho Gonzales and Rod Laver in New York and Los Angeles. He also organized

258-482: A charter member of the board of trustees , for help. His donation of $ 50,000 ($ 1,580,000 today) saved the college from ruin. In 1886, in recognition of Bucknell's support of the college, the trustees voted unanimously to change the name of the University at Lewisburg to Bucknell University. Bucknell Hall, the first of several buildings given to the institution by Bucknell, was initially a chapel and for more than

387-510: A "dangerous" and "geographical" party that had unfairly attacked the South. He also declared, "the object of my administration will be to destroy sectional party, North or South, and to restore harmony to the Union under a national and conservative government." He set about this initially by feigning a sectional balance in his cabinet appointments. Buchanan was inaugurated on March 4, 1857, taking

516-862: A congressional censure of Jackson stemming from the Bank War . Buchanan served in the Senate until March 1845 and was twice confirmed in office. To unite Pennsylvania Democrats at the State Convention, he was chosen as their candidate for the National Convention . Buchanan maintained a strict adherence to the Pennsylvania State Legislature 's guidelines and sometimes voted against positions in Congress which he promoted in his own speeches, despite open ambitions for

645-491: A desert, wetlands, and tropical and temperate forests. In 2023, the school began the first part of the Bucknell Greenway , what will be a 4-mile (6.4 km) educational recreation path around campus, while also connecting to the athletic fields across U.S. Route 15 . Bucknell has a total enrollment of around 3,950 undergraduate and thirty graduate students. With around 400 faculty, the faculty to student ratio

774-622: A half century the site of student theatrical and musical performances. Today, it houses the Stadler Center for Poetry. The 40 years from 1890 until 1930 saw a steady increase in the number of faculty members and students. When the Depression brought a drop in enrollment in 1933, several members of the faculty were "loaned" to found a new institution: Bucknell Junior College in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania . Today, that institution

903-585: A legitimate reason for war. During the Mexican-American War , Buchanan initially advised against claiming territory south of the Rio Grande, fearing war with Britain and France. However, as the war came to an end, Buchanan changed his mind and argued for the annexation of further territory, arguing that Mexico was to blame for the war and that the compensation negotiated for the American losses

1032-598: A log cabin on a farm called Stony Batter , near Cove Gap , Peters Township , in the Allegheny Mountains of southern Pennsylvania . He was the last president born in the 18th century and, until the election of Joe Biden in 2020, the only one born in Pennsylvania. Buchanan was the second of eleven children with six sisters and four brothers, and the eldest son of James Buchanan Sr. (1761–1821) and his wife Elizabeth Speer (1767–1833). James Buchanan Sr.,

1161-549: A majority vote. He was appointed to the Agriculture Committee in his first year, and he eventually became chairman of the Judiciary Committee . In 1831, Buchanan declined a nomination for the 22nd United States Congress from his constituency consisting of Dauphin , Lebanon , and Lancaster counties. He still had political ambitions and some Pennsylvania Democrats put him forward as a candidate for

1290-810: A militia during the War of 1812, during the British occupation he joined a group of young men who stole horses for the United States Army in the Baltimore area. He was the last president involved in the War of 1812 . In 1814, he was elected for the Federalists to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives , where he was the youngest member, and held this seat until 1816. Since the sessions in

1419-485: A nativist Federalist bill. During the 1824 presidential election , Buchanan initially supported Henry Clay , but switched to Andrew Jackson (with Clay as a second choice) when it became clear that the Pennsylvanian public overwhelmingly preferred Jackson. After Jackson lost the 1824 election, he joined his faction, but Jackson had contempt for Buchanan due to his misinterpretation of his efforts to mediate between

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1548-610: A professor at Madison University (now Colgate University ) in Hamilton, New York , was asked to prepare a charter and act as general agent for the development of the university. The charter for the University at Lewisburg, granted by the Pennsylvania General Assembly and approved by the governor on February 5, 1846, carried one stipulation–that $ 100,000 ($ 3,400,000 today) be raised before the new institution would be granted full corporate status . In 1846,

1677-575: A result, anti-slavery residents boycotted the referendum since it did not provide a meaningful choice. Despite the protests of Walker and two former Kansas governors, Buchanan decided to accept the Lecompton Constitution. In a December 1857 meeting with Stephen A. Douglas , the chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories, Buchanan demanded that all Democrats support the administration's position of admitting Kansas under

1806-741: A semester-long program in Washington, D.C., to support students with an interest in government public service. In the 2025 edition of U.S. News & World Report, Bucknell tied for 31st in the "National Liberal Arts Colleges" category. The 2024 edition of Forbes rated Bucknell 93rd in its list of "America's Top Colleges" and 22nd among liberal arts colleges. The 2022 edition of the Times Higher Education U.S. College Rankings placed Bucknell 27th among U.S. liberal arts colleges. In 2024, Washington Monthly , which ranks colleges and universities based on perceived contribution to

1935-417: A slave state to a free territory by his owner, John Sanford . After Scott returned to the slave state, he filed a petition for his freedom based on his time in the free territory. Associate Justice Robert C. Grier leaked the decision in the "Dred Scott" case early to Buchanan. In his inaugural address, Buchanan declared that the issue of slavery in the territories would be "speedily and finally settled" by

2064-738: A state required a constitution be submitted to Congress with the approval of a majority of its residents. Under President Pierce, a series of violent confrontations escalated over who had the right to vote in Kansas. The situation drew national attention, and some in Georgia and Mississippi advocated secession should Kansas be admitted as a free state. Buchanan chose to endorse the pro-slavery Lecompton government. Buchanan appointed Robert J. Walker to replace John W. Geary as Territorial Governor, and there ensued conflicting referendums from Topeka and Lecompton, where election fraud occurred. In October 1857,

2193-420: A trade and shipping treaty with Russia. While Buchanan was successful with the former, negotiating an agreement on free merchant shipping with Foreign Minister Karl Nesselrode proved difficult. He had denounced Tsar Nicholas I as a despot merely a year prior during his tenure in Congress; many Americans had reacted negatively to Russia's reaction to the 1830 Polish uprising . Buchanan returned home and lost

2322-473: A troubled relationship with his vice president from the beginning, when he did not receive him during his inaugural visit but referred him to his niece and First Lady, which Breckinridge never forgave him for and saw as disrespectful. He left out the influential Stephen A. Douglas , who had made Buchanan's nomination possible by resigning at the National Convention the previous year, when filling

2451-462: A wrong legal decision was determined by the ruling parties' preferences and the popularity of the judge's decision. Buchanan persuaded the senators that only judicial crimes and clear violations of the law justified impeachment. In the congressional elections of 1820, Buchanan ran for a seat in the House of Representatives . Shortly after his election victory, his father died in a carriage accident. As

2580-655: A young Representative, Buchanan was one of the most prominent leaders of the "Amalgamator party" faction of Pennsylvanian politics, named that because it was made up of both Democratic-Republicans and former Federalists, which transitioned from the First Party System to the Era of Good Feelings . During this era, the Democratic-Republicans became the most influential party. Buchanan's Federalist convictions were weak, and he switched parties after opposing

2709-581: Is 9:1, with the average class size of approximately twenty students. Bucknell has traditionally had strong engineering programs. With the addition for the Freeman College of Management in 2017, Bucknell offers a balance of foundational liberal-arts study and pre-professional training, a statistic reflected in the 25% of students who choose to double major. In 2021, the largest majors were Accounting and Finance (79 graduates), Political Science and Government (76 graduates), and Economics (67 graduates). For

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2838-484: Is a four-year university, Wilkes University , independent of Bucknell since 1947. The depression era also saw the commissioning by President Homer Rainey (1931–35) of architect Jens Larson to design Bucknell's master plan. Subsequent expansion of the university still largely adheres to this plan. The post-War period saw a dramatic increase in higher education enrollment across the United States, thanks first to

2967-510: Is the current mascot of Bucknell University. In 1923, Dr. William Bartol suggested the animal due to Bucknell's location in the Buffalo Valley. The school cheer is "'ray Bucknell!" Bucknell has over 150 student organizations , a historical downtown cinema ( Campus Theatre ), a makerspace and crafts studio (7th Street Studio) and a calendar full of visiting speakers, art exhibits, performances, recitals, and year-end celebrations such as

3096-606: The Bachelor of Science in Business Administration degree: managing for sustainability, markets innovation and design, global management, accounting and financial management, or analytics and operations management. A five-year, dual degree in Engineering and Management is available for engineers with management career goals. In 2022, after four years as an independent college, The Freeman College of Management

3225-553: The Bedford Springs Hotel in Pennsylvania , expressing hope that the newly laid cable would prove "an additional link between the nations whose friendship is founded on their common interest and reciprocal esteem". Queen Victoria's message took 16 hours to send. Buchanan responded: "It is a triumph more glorious, because far more useful to mankind, than was ever won by conqueror on the field of battle. May

3354-516: The Dred Scott decision and its repudiation of federal interference with slavery in the territories. Douglas's Senate term was coming to an end in 1859, with the Illinois legislature, elected in 1858, determining whether Douglas would win re-election. The Senate seat was the primary issue of the legislative election, marked by the famous debates between Douglas and his Republican opponent for

3483-534: The Federalist Party . Like his father, he supported their political program, which provided federal funds for building projects and import duties as well as the re-establishment of a central bank after the First Bank of the United States ' license expired in 1811. He became a strong critic of Democratic-Republican President James Madison during the War of 1812 . Although he did not himself serve in

3612-504: The G.I. Bill and then to the baby boom . Like other institutions, Bucknell's campus grew to accommodate a growing student body, and the college broke ground on many of the academic buildings that comprise upper campus. Chief among these is the Ellen Clarke Bertrand Library , commissioned in 1946 under Bucknell President and former Governor of Maine Horace Hildreth and opened in 1951. Other major additions from

3741-493: The Gulf of Mexico ". President Pierce hoped for re-nomination, while Senator Stephen A. Douglas also loomed as a strong candidate. He won the nomination after seventeen ballots after Douglas' resignation. He was joined on the ticket by John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky in order to maintain regional proportional representation, placating supporters of Pierce and Douglas, also allies of Breckinridge. Buchanan faced two candidates in

3870-639: The Missouri Compromise and welcomed Congress's rejection of the Wilmot Proviso , which prohibited slavery in all territories gained in the Mexican-American War. Buchanan criticized abolitionism as a fanatical attitude and believed that slavery should be decided by state legislatures, not Congress. He disliked abolitionist Northerners due to his party affiliation, and became known as a " doughface " due to his sympathy toward

3999-945: The Monroe Doctrine , which had been under attack from the Spanish, French, and especially the British in the 1850s. He hoped to re-negotiate the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty to counter European imperialism in the Western Hemisphere, which he thought limited U.S. influence in the region. He also sought to establish American protectorates over the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora to secure American citizens and investments, and most importantly, he hoped to achieve his long-term goal of acquiring Cuba. However, Buchanan's ambitions in Cuba and Mexico were largely blocked by

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4128-565: The Oregon Treaty and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , which included territory that is now Texas, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado. In negotiations with Britain over Oregon, Buchanan initially favored the 49th parallel as the boundary of Oregon Territory, while Polk called for a more northerly boundary line. When Northern Democrats rallied around the popular slogan Fifty-Four Forty or Fight ("54°40′ or war") in

4257-493: The Pennsylvania General Assembly lasted only three months, Buchanan continued practicing law at a profit by charging higher fees, and his service helped him acquire more clients. In 1815, Buchanan defended District Judge Walter Franklin in an impeachment trial before the Pennsylvania Senate , over alleged judicial misconduct. Impeachments were more common at the time because the line between abuse of office and

4386-527: The Plantation of Ulster in the seventeenth century and, later, largely because of poverty and persecution by the Crown due to their Presbyterian faith, had further emigrated in large numbers from Ulster to America from the early eighteenth century onwards. Shortly after Buchanan's birth, the family relocated to a farm near Mercersburg, Pennsylvania , and later settled in the town in 1794. His father became

4515-821: The Salt Lake City area. In September 1857, the Utah Territorial Militia , associated with the Latter-day Saints, perpetrated the Mountain Meadows massacre , in which Young's militia attacked a wagon train and killed 125 settlers. Buchanan was offended by the militarism and polygamous behavior of Young. With reports of violence against non-Mormons, Buchanan authorized a military expedition into Utah Territory in late March 1857 to replace Young as governor. The force consisted of 2,500 men, including Alfred Cumming and his staff, and

4644-752: The Supreme Court of the United States . He appointed seven other federal judges to United States district courts . He also appointed two judges to the United States Court of Claims . The case of Dred Scott v. Sandford , to which Buchanan referred to in his inaugural address, dated back to 1846. Scott sued for his release in Missouri , claiming he lived in service to the proprietor in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory . The case reached

4773-591: The election . Buchanan was offered the position of Secretary of State in the Polk administration or, as the alternative, a seat on the Supreme Court , to compensate him for his support in the election campaign but also in order to eliminate him as an internal party rival. He accepted the State Department post and served for the duration of Polk's single term in office. During his tenure, the United States recorded its largest territorial gain in history through

4902-535: The " Bleeding Kansas " period. The antislavery settlers, with the help of Northern abolitionists, organized their own territorial government in Topeka . The more numerous proslavery settlers, many from the neighboring slave state Missouri, established a government in Lecompton , giving the Territory two different governments for a time, with two distinct constitutions, each claiming legitimacy. The admission of Kansas as

5031-570: The "Chrysalis" ball and dinners sponsored by international student organizations. Bucknell's student newspaper, The Bucknellian , is printed weekly. Its headquarters are in Stuck House on South 7th Street on the campus. The college radio station is WVBU-FM . Spratt House is the home of the institution's Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program. As of 2024 , Bucknell University has seven active fraternity chapters and nine active sorority chapters: The Alpha Phi chapter of

5160-672: The "school preparatory to the University" opened in the basement of the First Baptist Church in Lewisburg. Known originally as the Lewisburg High School, it became in 1848 the Academic and Primary Department of the University at Lewisburg. The school's first commencement was held on August 20, 1851, for a graduation class of seven men. Among the board members attending was James Buchanan , who would become

5289-482: The 15th President of the United States. Stephen Taylor officiated as his last act before assuming office as president of Madison University. One day earlier, the trustees had elected Howard Malcom as the first president of the university, a post he held for six years. Although the Female Institute began instruction in 1852, it wasn't until 1883 that college courses were opened to women . Bucknell, though,

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5418-508: The 1828 presidential election, he secured Pennsylvania, while the " Jacksonian Democrats ", an independent party after splitting from the National Republican Party , won an easy victory in the parallel congressional election. Buchanan gained most attention during an impeachment trial where he acted as prosecutor for federal district judge James H. Peck ; however, the Senate rejected Buchanan's plea and acquitted Peck by

5547-645: The 1844 election campaign, Buchanan adopted this position, but later followed Polk's direction, leading to the Oregon Compromise of 1846, which established the 49th parallel as the boundary in the Pacific Northwest . In regards to Mexico, Buchanan maintained a dubious view that its attack on American troops on the other side of the Rio Grande in April 1846 constituted a border violation and

5676-404: The 1858 English Bill , which offered Kansas immediate statehood and vast public lands in exchange for accepting the Lecompton Constitution. In August 1858, Kansans by referendum strongly rejected the Lecompton Constitution. The territory received an abolitionist constitution, which was bitterly opposed in Congress by representatives and senators from the southern states until Kansas was admitted to

5805-589: The American Civil War, has been widely criticized. He simultaneously angered the North by not stopping secession and the South by not yielding to their demands. He supported the Corwin Amendment in an effort to reconcile the country. He made an unsuccessful attempt to reinforce Fort Sumter , but otherwise refrained from preparing the military. In his personal life, Buchanan never married and was

5934-624: The Atlantic telegraph, under the blessing of Heaven, prove to be a bond of perpetual peace and friendship between the kindred nations, and an instrument destined by Divine Providence to diffuse religion, civilization, liberty, and law throughout the world." The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 created the Kansas Territory and allowed the settlers there to decide whether to allow slavery. This resulted in violence between " Free-Soil " (antislavery) and pro-slavery settlers, which developed into

6063-504: The Breakiron Engineering Building in 2004. Bucknell's 450-acre (180 ha) campus comprises more than 100 buildings located over a gentle rise adjacent to the West Branch Susquehanna River . The campus is divided into Lower Campus and Upper Campus by Miller Run and the Grove, a stand of oak trees that ascends the slope. Lower Campus consists primarily of student housing and the institution's sports facilities. Upper Campus mainly contains academic buildings. It offers views northwest across

6192-461: The Buffalo Valley toward Mount Nittany and southeast across the Susquehanna River toward Montour Ridge. Bucknell's campus forms a cohesive architectural ensemble due to the sustained use of brick and the recurrent themes of Georgian style. The institution's first building, Taylor Hall, was constructed in 1848. The oldest residential hall on the campus is Daniel C. Roberts Hall (originally known as Old Main in 1858). Its newest building, Holmes Hall,

6321-481: The Center for the Study of Race Ethnicity and Gender, the China Institute, the Griot Institute for the Study of Black Lives and Cultures, the Stadler Center for Poetry and Literary Arts, and the Weis Center for the Performing Arts. Almost half of all Bucknell students study abroad through a large number of exchanges with partner institutions, as well as Bucknell operated sites in Accra , Athens , Granada , London , Singapore , Sydney , and Tours . Bucknell also runs

6450-568: The Class of 2028 (enrolled Fall 2024), Bucknell received 11,377 applications and accepted 3,291 (28.9%), with 994 enrolling (30.2% yield rate). The middle 50% range of SAT scores for the enrolled freshmen was 640–740 for reading and writing, and 670–760 for math, while the ACT middle 50% composite range was 31–34. Beginning in 2022, Bucknell like most of its peer institutions is now test optional, meaning applicants can choose whether or not to submit SAT and ACT scores when applying. The average high school grade point average (GPA) for enrolled freshmen

6579-414: The Clay and Jackson camps. In Washington, Buchanan became an avid defender of states' rights , and was close with many southern Congressmen, viewing some New England Congressmen as dangerous radicals . Buchanan's close proximity to his constituency allowed him to establish a Democratic coalition in Pennsylvania, consisting of former Federalist farmers, Philadelphia artisans, and Ulster-Scots-Americans. In

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6708-410: The Democratic platform. In the election, he carried every slave state except for Maryland, as well as five slavery-free states, including his home state of Pennsylvania. He won 45 percent of the popular vote and decisively won the electoral vote, taking 174 of 296 votes. His election made him the first president from Pennsylvania. In a combative victory speech, Buchanan denounced Republicans, calling them

6837-422: The Homestead Act was very popular, even many Democrats condemned the president's policies, while many Americans who considered education an important asset resented Buchanan's veto of agricultural colleges. Buchanan took office with an ambitious foreign policy, designed to establish U.S. hegemony over Central America at the expense of Great Britain. Buchanan sought to revitalize Manifest Destiny and to enforce

6966-551: The Humanities Council and Humanities Student Council, as well as space to gather, study, and research including offices for student thesis writers, a digital humanities lab, and a faculty-donated library. It also coordinates programming ranging from the student-organized Humanities Week to guest speakers and faculty colloquia as part of its annual themed programming. Recent themes include "Non/Humanity" (2021–22), "Pandemics" (2022–23), and "Colonial entanglements" (2023–24). The Geisinger-Bucknell Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute

7095-1238: The Kappa Sigma fraternity was put on probation for disciplinary reasons and then closed in 2017. Five fraternities are no longer recognized by the school: Delta Upsilon, Kappa Delta Rho, Kappa Sigma, Pi Beta Phi Women's, and Tau Kappa Epsilon. Alumni of Bucknell University include: Burma 's first physician Shaw Loo (class of 1863), National Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Christy Mathewson (1902), Pro Football Hall of Fame Fullback/Linebacker Clarke Hinkle (1932), actor Ralph Waite (1952), novelist Philip Roth (1954), investor and philanthropist Ken Langone (1957), actor Edward Herrmann (1965), literary theorist and translator Peggy Kamuf (1969), CBS media executive Leslie Moonves (1971), author and pastor of Redeemer Presbyterian in New York City Tim Keller (1972), 2016 Pulitzer Prize winner for poetry, Peter Balakian (1973), New Jersey congressman Rob Andrews (1979), CEO of Lord & Taylor and The Children's Place , Jane T. Elfers (1983), entrepreneur Jessica Jackley (2000), and basketball player Mike Muscala (2013). James Buchanan James Buchanan Jr. ( / b j uː ˈ k æ n ə n / bew- KAN -ən ; April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868)

7224-415: The Latter-day Saints had frequently defied federal authority, some historians consider Buchanan's action was an inappropriate response to uncorroborated reports. Buchanan was the first recipient of an official telegram transmitted across the Atlantic. Following the dispatch of test and configuration telegrams, on August 16, 1858 Queen Victoria sent a 98-word message to Buchanan at his summer residence in

7353-399: The Lecompton Constitution. On February 2, he transmitted the Lecompton Constitution to Congress. He also transmitted a message that attacked the "revolutionary government" in Topeka, conflating them with the Mormons in Utah. Buchanan made every effort to secure congressional approval, offering favors, patronage appointments, and even cash for votes. The Lecompton Constitution won the approval of

7482-401: The Lecompton government framed the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution that agreed to a referendum limited solely to the slavery question. However, the vote against slavery, as provided by the Lecompton Convention, would still permit existing slaves, and all their issue, to be enslaved, so there was no referendum that permitted the majority anti-slavery residents to prohibit slavery in Kansas. As

7611-400: The National Tennis League with reputed tennis players Laver, Gonzalez, Ken Rosewall , Roy Emerson , Fred Stolle , Rosie Casals , and Billie Jean King to name a few. He sold the league to Lamar Hunt in 1970. MacCall served as a tennis consultant and later as a sports director at the Sands. In 1992, he was hired by UNLV to construct the Frack and Vicki Fertitta Tennis Complex. He was also

7740-448: The Senate in March, but a combination of Know-Nothings, Republicans, and Northern Democrats defeated the bill in the House. Buchanan never forgave Douglas, as the Northern Democrats' rejection was the deciding factor in the House's decision, and he removed all Douglas supporters from his patronage in Illinois and Washington, D.C., installing pro-administration Democrats, including postmasters. Rather than accepting defeat, Buchanan backed

7869-429: The Senate. In that year's elections, Douglas forces took control throughout the North, except in Buchanan's home state of Pennsylvania. Buchanan's support was otherwise reduced to a narrow base of southerners. The division between northern and southern Democrats allowed the Republicans to win a plurality of the House in the 1858 elections , and allowed them to block most of Buchanan's agenda. Buchanan, in turn, added to

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7998-405: The South, as we have to touch the right of petition." Buchanan thought that the issue of slavery was the domain of the states, and he faulted abolitionists for exciting passions over the issue. In the lead-up to the 1844 Democratic National Convention , Buchanan positioned himself as a potential alternative to former President Martin Van Buren , but the nomination went to James K. Polk , who won

8127-429: The South. Buchanan emerged as a promising candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination, alongside Lewis Cass, Stephen Douglas , and William L. Marcy ; however, the Pennsylvania convention did not vote unanimously in his favor, with over 30 delegates protesting against him. At the 1852 Democratic National Convention , he won the support of many southern delegates but failed to win the two-thirds support needed for

8256-444: The Supreme Court and gained national attention by 1856. Buchanan consulted with Judge John Catron in January 1857, inquiring about the outcome of the case and suggesting that a broader decision, beyond the specifics of the case, would be more prudent. Buchanan hoped that a broad decision protecting slavery in the territories could lay the issue to rest, allowing him to focus on other issues. Catron replied on February 10, saying that

8385-473: The Supreme Court's Southern majority would decide against Scott, but would likely have to publish the decision on narrow grounds unless Buchanan could convince his fellow Pennsylvanian, Justice Robert Cooper Grier , to join the majority of the court. Buchanan then wrote to Grier and prevailed upon him, providing the majority leverage to issue a broad-ranging decision sufficient to render the Missouri Compromise of 1820 unconstitutional. Two days after Buchanan

8514-525: The Supreme Court. According to historian Paul Finkelman : Buchanan already knew what the Court was going to decide. In a major breach of Court etiquette, Justice Grier, who, like Buchanan, was from Pennsylvania, had kept the President-elect fully informed about the progress of the case and the internal debates within the Court. When Buchanan urged the nation to support the decision, he already knew what Taney would say. Republican suspicions of impropriety turned out to be fully justified. Historians agree that

8643-505: The Union as a slave state under the Lecompton Constitution , and angered not only Republicans but also Northern Democrats. Buchanan honored his pledge to serve only one term and supported Breckinridge's unsuccessful candidacy in the 1860 presidential election . He failed to reconcile the fractured Democratic Party amid the grudge against Stephen Douglas , leading to the election of Republican and former Congressman Abraham Lincoln . Buchanan's leadership during his lame duck period, before

8772-422: The Union in January 1861. The dispute over Kansas became the battlefront for control of the Democratic Party. On one side were Buchanan, the majority of Southern Democrats, and the "doughfaces". On the other side were Douglas and the majority of northern Democrats, as well as a few Southerners. Douglas's faction continued to support the doctrine of popular sovereignty, while Buchanan insisted that Democrats respect

8901-410: The United Kingdom, as he demanded the entire Aroostook River Valley for the United States. In the Oregon Boundary Dispute , Buchanan adopted the maximum demand of 54°40′ as the northern border and spoke out in favor of annexing the Republic of Texas . During the contentious 1838 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election , Buchanan chose to support the Democratic challenger, David Rittenhouse Porter , who

9030-485: The United States, even if they had full civil rights in a state. Buchanan's letters were not made public at the time, but he was seen conversing quietly with the Chief Justice during his inauguration. When the decision was issued, Republicans began spreading the word that Taney had informed Buchanan of the impending outcome. Rather than destroying the Republican platform as Buchanan had hoped, the decision infuriated Northerners, who condemned it. The Panic of 1857 began in

9159-429: The University at Lewisburg, Bucknell traces its origin to a group of Baptists from White Deer Valley Baptist Church who deemed it "desirable that a Literary Institution should be established in Central Pennsylvania, embracing a High School for male pupils, another for females, a College and also a Theological Institution." The group's efforts for the institution began to crystallize in 1845, when Stephen William Taylor,

9288-740: The Weis Center for the Performing Arts was inaugurated. Heading into the 21st century, new facilities for the sciences included the renovation of the Olin Science Building, the construction of the Rooke Chemistry Building in 1990 and a new Biology Building in 1991. The Weis Music Building was inaugurated in 2000, the O'Leary Building for Psychology and Geology opened in the fall of 2002, the new Kenneth Langone Recreational Athletic Center opened in 2003 and

9417-814: The White House. Buchanan was known for his commitment to states' rights and the Manifest Destiny ideology. He rejected President Martin Van Buren 's offer to become United States Attorney General and chaired prestigious Senate committees such as the Committee on the Judiciary and the Committee on Foreign Relations . Buchanan was one of only a few senators to vote against the Webster–Ashburton Treaty for its "surrender" of lands to

9546-641: The acquisition of Cuba. A memorandum draft resulted, called the Ostend Manifesto , which proposed the purchase of Cuba from Spain, then in the midst of revolution and near bankruptcy. The document declared the island "as necessary to the North American republic as any of its present ... family of states". Against Buchanan's recommendation, the final draft of the manifesto suggested that "wresting it from Spain", if Spain refused to sell, would be justified "by every law, human and Divine". The manifesto

9675-672: The area's wealthiest resident, working as a merchant, farmer, and real estate investor. Buchanan attributed his early education primarily to his mother, whereas his father had a greater influence on his character. His mother had discussed politics with him as a child and had an interest in poetry, quoting John Milton and William Shakespeare to Buchanan. Buchanan attended the Old Stone Academy in Mercersburg and then Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania . In 1808, he

9804-677: The building spree of the 1950s and 60s include the Olin Science Building and Coleman, Marts and Swartz Halls. A growing reputation and changing expectations for undergraduate education in the United States called for improved facilities. The 1970s brought construction of the Elaine Langone Center, the Gerhard Fieldhouse and the Computer Center. In the 1980s, the capacity of Bertrand Library was doubled, facilities for engineering were substantially renovated, and

9933-602: The city. His income rapidly rose after he established his practice, and by 1821 he was earning over $ 11,000 per year (equivalent to $ 250,000 in 2023). At this time, Buchanan became a Freemason , and served as the Worshipful Master of Masonic Lodge No. 43 in Lancaster and as a District Deputy Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania . Buchanan also served as chairman of the Lancaster chapter of

10062-554: The class of 2028 was 3.62. Bucknell is a member of the Patriot League for Division I sports ( Division I FCS in football). In 2005 , the men's basketball team went to the NCAA men's basketball tournament and became the first Patriot League team to win an NCAA tournament game, upsetting Kansas 64–63. The victory followed a year that included wins over #7 Pittsburgh and Saint Joseph's . They lost to Wisconsin in

10191-454: The co-chair of the search committee designated to find UNLV's first tennis coach. MacCall served as the first commissioner of World TeamTennis , featuring the likes of Arthur Ashe , Marty Riessen , and Dennis Ralston . George MacCall won the 1959 USTA National Public Parks Open Men's Doubles Championship, the 1960-62 USTA Hard Court Men's 35 and Over Doubles Championship and the 1964 USTA Men's Hard Court 45 and Over Doubles Championship. He

10320-483: The common good, mentorship that encourages students to lead examined lives and leading-edge research and scholarship. Among American colleges that do not offer a PhD in engineering, Bucknell was ranked 7th, according to the 2024 edition of the U.S. News & World Report college ranking. The same report ranked Computer Engineering 5th, Civil Engineering 3rd, Electrical Engineering 4th, and Mechanical Engineering 3rd. Students can choose from five tracks leading to

10449-473: The country in the slavery dispute. While he did not overtly seek the presidency, he assented to the movement on his behalf. While still in England, he campaigned by praising John Joseph Hughes , who was Archbishop of New York , to a Catholic archbishop. The latter campaigned for Buchanan among high-ranking Catholics as soon as he heard about it. When Buchanan arrived home at the end of April 1856, he led on

10578-617: The court decision was a major disaster because it dramatically inflamed tensions, leading to the Civil War. In 2022, historian David W. Blight argued that the year 1857 was, "the great pivot on the road to disunion...largely because of the Dred Scott case, which stoked the fear, distrust and conspiratorial hatred already common in both the North and the South to new levels of intensity." As his inauguration approached, Buchanan sought to establish an obedient, harmonious cabinet to avoid

10707-536: The election in the State Legislature for a full six-year term in the 23rd Congress , but was appointed by the Pennsylvania state legislature to succeed William Wilkins in the U.S. Senate. Wilkins, in turn, replaced Buchanan as the ambassador to Russia. The Jacksonian Buchanan, who was re-elected in 1836 and 1842, opposed the re-chartering of the Second Bank of the United States and sought to expunge

10836-561: The fashion of the time, Buchanan studied the United States Code and the Constitution of the United States as well as legal authorities such as William Blackstone during his education. In 1812, Buchanan passed the bar exam and after being admitted to the bar, he remained in Lancaster, even when Harrisburg became the new capital of Pennsylvania. Buchanan quickly established himself as a prominent legal representative in

10965-622: The federal troops at a peaceable distance for the balance of his administration. Buchanan did not comment on the conflict again until his State of the Union Address in December 1857, leaving open the question of whether it was a rebellion in Utah. One of Buchanan's last official acts in March 1861 was to reduce the size of Utah Territory in favor of Nevada , Colorado , and Nebraska . While

11094-598: The first ballot, supported by powerful Senators John Slidell , Jesse Bright , and Thomas F. Bayard , who presented Buchanan as an experienced leader appealing to the North and South. The 1856 Democratic National Convention met in June 1856, producing a platform that reflected Buchanan's views, including support for the Fugitive Slave Law , which required the return of escaped slaves. The platform also called for an end to anti-slavery agitation and U.S. "ascendancy in

11223-436: The following round but received the honor of "Best Upset" at the 2005 ESPY Awards . On April 17, 1849, the trustees approved the current Bucknell seal. The seal shows the sun, an open book and waves. The sun symbolizes the light of knowledge, while the book represents education surmounting the storms and "waves" of life. Bucknell's colors are blue and orange, having been approved by a committee of students in 1887. The bison

11352-574: The foundation. MacCall was married to Mary Withington and has two daughters, Robin and Polly. His wife died in 2006. Bucknell University Bucknell University is a private liberal-arts college in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania , United States. Founded in 1846 as the University at Lewisburg , it now consists of the College of Arts and Sciences, the Freeman College of Management, and the College of Engineering. It offers 65 majors and 70 minors in

11481-569: The general election: former Whig President Millard Fillmore ran as the candidate for the anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant American Party (or " Know-Nothing "), while John C. Frémont ran as the Republican nominee. The contrast between Buchanan and Frémont was particularly stark, with opposing caricaturists drawing the Democratic candidate as a fussy old man in drag. Buchanan did not actively campaign, but he wrote letters and pledged to uphold

11610-555: The hostility with his veto of six substantial pieces of Republican legislation. Among these measures were the Homestead Act , which would have given 160 acres of public land to settlers who remained on the land for five years, and the Morrill Act , which would have granted public lands to establish land-grant colleges . Buchanan argued that these acts were unconstitutional. In the western and northwestern United States, where

11739-755: The in-fighting that had plagued Andrew Jackson 's administration. The cabinet's composition had to do justice to the proportional representation within the party and between the regions of the country. Buchanan first worked on this task in Wheatland until he traveled to the capital in January 1857. There, like many other guests at the National Hotel , he contracted severe dysentery , from which he did not fully recover until several months later. Dozens of those who fell ill died, including Buchanan's nephew and private secretary Eskridge Lane. The cabinet selection

11868-559: The institution's dining system. Along with a 1.76-megawatt solar array installed in 2022, the farm reflects Bucknell's commitment to achieving carbon neutrality by 2030 and long-term environmental sustainability. Bucknell Greenhouse is located on the fourth floor of the Biology Building. In 2023, the Century Plant ( Agave americana ) bloomed for the first time in thirty years. The greenhouse contains three ecosystems:

11997-467: The military action by mustering a two-week expedition, destroying wagon trains, oxen, and other Army property. Buchanan then dispatched Thomas L. Kane as a private agent to negotiate peace. The mission was successful, a peaceful agreement to replace Governor Young with Cumming was reached, and the Utah War ended. The President granted amnesty to inhabitants affirming loyalty to the government, and placed

12126-511: The oath of office from Chief Justice Roger B. Taney . In his lengthy inaugural address, Buchanan committed himself to serving only one term, as his predecessor had done. He abhorred the growing divisions over slavery and its status in the territories, saying that Congress should play no role in determining the status of slavery in the states or territories. He proposed a solution based on the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which stated that

12255-594: The old-fashioned style of his adolescence, earning him the nickname " Old Public Functionary " from the press. Slavery opponents in the North mocked him as a relic of prehistoric man because of his moral values. He bought the house of Wheatland on the outskirts of Lancaster and entertained various visitors while monitoring political events. During this period, Buchanan became the center of a family network consisting of 22 nieces, nephews and their descendants, seven of whom were orphans. He found public service jobs for some through patronage, and for those in his favor, he took on

12384-438: The only U.S. president to remain a lifelong bachelor, leading some historians and authors to question his sexual orientation. His failure to forestall the American Civil War has been described as incompetence, and he spent his last years defending his reputation. Historians and scholars rank Buchanan as among the worst presidents in American history. James Buchanan Jr. was born into a Scottish-Irish family on April 23, 1791, in

12513-410: The population due to his refusal to implement an economic stimulus program . While the government was "without the power to extend relief", it would continue to pay its debts in specie, and while it would not curtail public works, none would be added. In hopes of reducing paper money supplies and inflation, he urged the states to restrict the banks to a credit level of $ 3 to $ 1 of specie and discouraged

12642-495: The post. Concentrating on foreign policy, he appointed the aging Lewis Cass as Secretary of State. Buchanan's appointment of Southerners and their allies alienated many in the North, and his failure to appoint any followers of Douglas divided the party. Outside of the cabinet, he left in place many of Pierce's appointments but removed a disproportionate number of Northerners who had ties to Democratic opponents Pierce or Douglas. Buchanan appointed one Justice, Nathan Clifford , to

12771-588: The presidential nomination, which went to Franklin Pierce . Buchanan declined to serve as the vice presidential nominee, and the convention instead nominated his close friend, William R. King . Pierce won the election in 1852 , and six months later, Buchanan accepted the position of United States Minister to the United Kingdom , a position that represented a step backward in his career and that he had twice previously rejected. Buchanan sailed for England in

12900-402: The principle of popular sovereignty was decisive, and Congress had no say in the matter. Buchanan recommended that a federal slave code be enacted to protect the rights of slaveowners in federal territories. He alluded to a then-pending Supreme Court case, Dred Scott v. Sandford , which he said would permanently settle the issue of slavery. Dred Scott was a slave who was temporarily taken from

13029-600: The public good as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service, ranked Bucknell 60th among liberal arts colleges. In 2024, the Payscale "College Salary Report" ranked Bucknell 40th among all colleges and universities and 10th among liberal arts colleges for salary potential. Bucknell is considered one of the " Hidden Ivies ", an institution reputed to provide an education comparable to that of Ivy League institutions. U.S. News & World Report classifies Bucknell's selectivity as "more selective". For

13158-506: The role of surrogate father. He formed the strongest emotional bond with his niece Harriet Lane , who later became First Lady for Buchanan in the White House. In 1852, he was named president of the Board of Trustees of Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, and he served in this capacity until 1866. Buchanan did not completely leave politics. He intended to publish a collection of speeches and an autobiography, but his political comeback

13287-726: The sciences and humanities. Located just south of Lewisburg, the 445-acre (1.80 km ) campus rises above the West Branch of the Susquehanna River . Approximately 3,700 undergraduate students and 50 graduate students attend the university. The school is a member of the Patriot League in NCAA Division I athletics. Its nickname is the Bucknell Bison , while its mascot is Bucky the Bison. Founded in 1846 as

13416-541: The seat, Abraham Lincoln . Buchanan, working through federal patronage appointees in Illinois, ran candidates for the legislature in competition with both the Republicans and the Douglas Democrats. This could easily have thrown the election to the Republicans, and showed the depth of Buchanan's animosity toward Douglas. In the end, Douglas Democrats won the legislative election and Douglas was re-elected to

13545-559: The sexes; but the Principal of the Female Seminary proposes to inaugurate a course for females equal to that pursued at Vassar ; the two sexes having equal advantages, though not reciting together." Within five years of opening, enrollment had grown so sharply that the college built a new hall–Larison Hall–to accommodate the Female Institute. In 1881, facing dire financial circumstances, the college turned to William Bucknell ,

13674-488: The state's House of Representatives as a Federalist . He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1820 and retained that post for five terms, aligning with Andrew Jackson 's Democratic Party . Buchanan served as Jackson's minister to Russia in 1832. He won the election in 1834 as a U.S. senator from Pennsylvania and continued in that position for 11 years. He was appointed to serve as President James K. Polk 's secretary of state in 1845, and eight years later

13803-442: The summer of 1853, and he remained abroad for the next three years. In 1850, the United States and Great Britain signed the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty , which committed both countries to joint control of any future canal that would connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through Central America. Buchanan met repeatedly with Lord Clarendon , the British foreign minister, in hopes of pressuring the British to withdraw from Central America. He

13932-616: The summer of that year, when the New York branch of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company announced its insolvency. The crisis spread rapidly, and by the fall, 1,400 state banks and 5,000 businesses had gone bankrupt. Unemployment and hunger became common in northern cities, but the agricultural south was more resilient. Buchanan agreed with the southerners who attributed the economic collapse to over-speculation. Buchanan acted in accordance with Jacksonian Democracy principles, which restricted paper money issuance, and froze federal funds for public works projects, causing resentment among some of

14061-677: The use of federal or state bonds as security for bank note issues. The economy recovered in several years, though many Americans suffered as a result of the panic. Buchanan had hoped to reduce the deficit, but by the time he left office the federal budget grew by 15%. In the spring of 1857, the Latter-day Saints and their leader Brigham Young had been challenging federal representatives in Utah Territory , causing harassment and violence against non-Mormons. Young harassed federal officers and discouraged outsiders from settling in

14190-434: The vice presidency in the 1832 election . After Jackson was re-elected in 1832, he offered Buchanan the position of United States Ambassador to Russia . Buchanan was reluctant to leave the country, as the distant St. Petersburg was a kind of political exile, which was the intention of Jackson, who considered Buchanan to be an "incompetent busybody" and untrustworthy, but he ultimately agreed. His work focused on concluding

14319-503: The years between 2015 and 2021, 18% of students reported pursuing post-graduate study within nine months of graduating. The College of Arts and Sciences anchors Bucknell University in the liberal-arts tradition. Its three divisions—arts and humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences and mathematics—host 275 faculty members in 34 departments and 66% percent of all students enrolled in fifty majors. The college emphasizes intellectual community in diversity, transformative education for

14448-574: Was a three-time Wimbledon finalist in the 45 and Over Doubles competition. He was the 2006 inductee- Southern Nevada Sports Hall of Fame. MacCall founded the MacCall Youth Tennis Foundation in 1988. The foundation provides tennis opportunities for children of all income level, arranging professional instructors and equipment for them.6 MacCall has provided free tennis lessons to above 20,000 children in Las Vegas, through

14577-572: Was able to reduce British influence in Honduras and Nicaragua while also raising the kingdom's awareness of American interests in the region. He also focused on the potential annexation of Cuba , which had long interested him. At Pierce's prompting, Buchanan met in Ostend, Belgium , with U.S. Ambassador to Spain Pierre Soulé and U.S. Ambassador to France John Mason , to work out a plan for

14706-580: Was also renamed in honor of Christy Mathewson (class of 1902), a New York Giants Hall of Fame pitcher. The Bucknell Farm was established in 2018, building on the success of the Lewisburg Community Garden, a partnership between Bucknell University and the Borough of Lewisburg. The 5-acre (2.0 ha) organic farm overlooking Montour Ridge offers learning and service opportunities for students and provides fresh, local produce for

14835-597: Was an Ulster-Scot from just outside Ramelton , a small town in the north-east of County Donegal in the north-west of Ulster , the northern province in Ireland , who emigrated to the newly formed United States in 1783, having sailed from Derry . He belonged to the Clan Buchanan , whose members had emigrated in large numbers from the Scottish Highlands to Ulster in the north of Ireland during

14964-552: Was commanded by General William S. Harney . Complicating matters, Young's notice of his replacement was not delivered because the Pierce administration had annulled the Utah mail contract, and Young portrayed the approaching forces as an unauthorized overthrow. Buchanan's personnel decision incited resistance from the Mormons around Young, as Harney was known for his volatility and brutality. In August 1857, Albert S. Johnston replaced him for organizational reasons. Young reacted to

15093-570: Was committed to equal educational opportunities for women. This commitment was reflected in the words of David Jayne Hill of the Class of 1874, and president of the college from 1879 to 1888: "We need in Pennsylvania, in the geographical centre of the state, a University, not in the German but in the American sense, where every branch of non-professional knowledge can be pursued, regardless of distinction of sex. I have no well-matured plan to announce as to

15222-642: Was disastrous, with four Southern ministers being large-scale slaveholders who later became loyal to the Confederate States of America . Secretary of the Treasury Howell Cobb was considered the greatest political talent in the Cabinet, while the three department heads from the northern states were all considered to be doughfaces . His objective was to dominate the cabinet, and he chose men who would agree with his views. Buchanan had

15351-462: Was elected by fewer than 5,500 votes as Pennsylvania's first governor under the state's revised Constitution of 1838. Buchanan also opposed a gag rule sponsored by John C. Calhoun that would have suppressed anti-slavery petitions. He joined the majority in blocking the rule, with most senators of the belief that it would have the reverse effect of strengthening the abolitionists . He said, "We have just as little right to interfere with slavery in

15480-603: Was formed in April 2013 as a partnership between Bucknell and the Geisinger Health System , headquartered in nearby Danville . This facility combines clinical treatment and interdisciplinary research on neurodevelopmental disorders. Other centers and institutes include: the Bucknell Institute for Lifelong Learning, the Bucknell Institute for Public Policy, the Center for Social Science Research,

15609-436: Was inaugurated in 2021. Rooke Chapel is the non-denominational setting for campus worship, weddings, and celebrations. The chapel was a gift of Robert Levi Rooke (class of 1913), a member of the board of trustees. The chapel is named in memory of Rooke's parents and was inaugurated on October 25, 1964. Christy Mathewson–Memorial Stadium is a 13,100-seat multi-purpose stadium built in 1924 and renovated in 1989, when it

15738-589: Was met with a divided response and was never acted upon. It weakened the Pierce administration and reduced support for Manifest Destiny. In 1855, as Buchanan's desire to return home grew, Pierce asked him to hold the fort in London in light of the relocation of a British fleet to the Caribbean . Buchanan's service abroad allowed him to conveniently avoid the debate over the Kansas–Nebraska Act then roiling

15867-571: Was named as President Franklin Pierce 's minister to the United Kingdom . Beginning in 1844, Buchanan became a regular contender for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination. He was nominated and won the 1856 presidential election . As President, Buchanan intervened to assure the Supreme Court's majority ruling in the pro-slavery decision in the Dred Scott case. He acceded to Southern attempts to engineer Kansas' entry into

15996-435: Was nearly expelled for disorderly conduct; he and his fellow students had attracted negative attention for drinking in local taverns, disturbing the peace at night and committing acts of vandalism, but he pleaded for a second chance and ultimately graduated with honors in 1809. Later that year, he moved to the state capital at Lancaster , to train as a lawyer for two and a half years with the well-known James Hopkins. Following

16125-411: Was ranked 17th among undergraduate business schools. The Bucknell Humanities Center opened in 2017 with the inauguration of Hildreth-Mirza Hall. The center is committed to the promoting and deepening Bucknell's tradition of humanistic inquiry through grants and fellowships to support faculty and student research, innovative pedagogy, and a sense of community among humanities faculty and students through

16254-408: Was sworn in as president, Chief Justice Taney delivered the Dred Scott decision, which denied the petitioner's request to be set free from slavery. The ruling broadly asserted that Congress had no constitutional power to exclude slavery in the territories. According to this decision, slaves were forever the property of their owners without rights and no African American could ever be a full citizen of

16383-510: Was the 15th president of the United States , serving from 1857 to 1861. Buchanan also served as the secretary of state from 1845 to 1849 and represented Pennsylvania in both houses of the U.S. Congress . He was an advocate for states' rights , particularly regarding slavery , and minimized the role of the federal government preceding the American Civil War . Buchanan was a lawyer in Pennsylvania and won his first election to

16512-511: Was thwarted by the 1852 presidential election. Buchanan traveled to Washington to discuss Pennsylvania Democratic Party politics, which were divided into two camps led by Simon Cameron and George Dallas . He quietly campaigned for the 1852 Democratic presidential nomination. In light of the Compromise of 1850 , which had led to the admission of California into the Union as a free state and a stricter Fugitive Slave Act , Buchanan now rejected

16641-402: Was too low. Buchanan sought the nomination at the 1848 Democratic National Convention , as Polk had promised to serve only one term, but he only won the support of the Pennsylvania and Virginia delegations, so Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan was nominated. With the 1848 election of Whig Zachary Taylor , Buchanan returned to private life. Buchanan was getting on in years and still dressed in

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