Misplaced Pages

#249750

38-552: George Bruce may refer to: George Bruce of Carnock (c. 1550–1625), Scottish engineer George Bruce (industrialist) (1781–1866), American printer, industrialist and inventor George Barclay Bruce (1821–1908), British civil engineer George Barrett Bruce (1816–1884), American musician and music author George Bruce (footballer) (1879–1928), Australian rules footballer George A. Bruce (1839–1929), Massachusetts politician George Bruce (writer) (1898–1974), Two Years Before

76-464: A compartmented body ( Latin tympanum ) or a compartmented rim, were used by Hellenistic engineers between the 3rd and 2nd century BC. In 1st century BC, Roman architect Vitruvius described the function of the noria. Around 300, the Romans replaced the wooden compartments with separate, attached ceramic pots that were tied to the outside of an open-framed wheel, thereby creating the noria. During

114-632: A time when England was at war with Spain. The Julian shot at the Scottish ship to bring it to. The English ships were overloaded with men captured from Spanish ships. Clerk and Captain Petefer forced Stewart to take 52 men onto the Bruce . These were Portuguese sailors and possibly enslaved African men. The case was discussed by the Privy Council of England . In September 1598, James VI instructed

152-467: A water wheel used for irrigation, a 2nd-century BC fresco found at Alexandria depicts a compartmented saqiyah, and the writings of Callixenus of Rhodes mention the use of a saqiyah in the Ptolemaic Kingdom during the reign of Pharaoh Ptolemy IV Philopator in the late 3rd century BC . The undershot water wheel and overshot water wheel , both animal- and water-driven, and with either

190-438: A white wash, has been restored to its original yellow-orange harled exterior. The courtyard path and the garden have also been remodelled, with the garden now full of vegetables, herbs and plants, growing as they would have done in the 17th century. When George Bruce acquired the lands of Sillietoun Easter in 1599, he undertook to carry sand to the building works of Anne of Denmark at Dunfermline Palace . Bruce also acquired

228-568: The Bruce , captained by William Stewart of Dundee, went to Ferrol for a cargo of wine, figs, and raisins. Captain Stewart encountered some English merchant ships, the Julian of London and a ship of Southampton , with two pinnaces they had captured. The Julian was a privateer, captained by John Clarke, and cruised the Spanish coast to capture prize cargoes of sugar and Brazilwood dye , at

266-509: The Firth of Forth and found himself emerging at the top of a stone tower sitting a quarter of a mile from shore. Alarmed to find himself surrounded by water, James accused Sir George of an attempt on his life and declared that the whole affair was an act of treason . It was only when George Bruce pointed out the rowing boat and explained that one could either use that or return by the tunnel from whence they came that James relaxed again - and took

304-743: The Guadalquivir River , and a former noria in Toledo , along the Tagus River . According to al-Idrisi, the Toledo noria was especially large and could raise water from the river to an aqueduct over 40 meters above it, which then supplied water to the city. Norias and similar devices were also used on vast scale in some parts of Spain for agricultural purposes. The rice plantations of Valencia were said to have 8000 norias, while Mallorca had over 4000 animal-driven saqiyas which were in use up until

342-490: The Islamic Golden Age , norias were adopted from classical antiquity by Muslim engineers, who made improvements to the noria. For example, the flywheel mechanism used to smooth out the delivery of power from a driving device to a driven machine, was invented by ibn Bassal ( fl. 1038–1075) of al-Andalus , who pioneered the use of the flywheel in the noria and saqiyah. In 1206, Ismail al-Jazari introduced

380-461: The "Grand Noria", in order to provide water for the vast Mosara Garden he created in Fez , Morocco . Its construction began in 1286 and was finished the next year. The noria, designed by an Andalusian engineer named Ibn al-Hajj, measured 26 metres in diameter and 2 metres wide. The wheel was made of wood but covered in copper , fitted into a stone structure adjoined to a nearby city gate . After

418-586: The 10th century, Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi 's Al-Hawi describes a noria in Iraq that could lift as much as 153,000 litres per hour, or 2550 litres per minute. This is comparable to the output of modern norias in East Asia , which can lift up to 288,000 litres per hour, or 4800 litres per minute. In the late 13th century the Marinid sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf built an enormous noria, sometimes referred to as

SECTION 10

#1732787080250

456-584: The Fife estate of Carnock . In 1602 he repaired the church there. Bruce helped the minister of Carnock John Row by supplying coal to Archbishop Spottiswoode . Bruce died on 6 May 1625 and was buried in Culross Abbey , now used as the parish church of Culross and Torryburn . His outstanding memorial (in the north chapel) by the mason John Mercer, shows him lying with his wife whilst his eight children, three sons and five daughters, pray, facing outward at

494-571: The Forth, devised a scheme for the beacons, to be financed by a fraction of custom duty. This prompted the owners of coal mines in the Forth valley to make voluntary contributions for the beacons instead, instead of finding the money by taxing foreign ship-owners. Between 1597 and 1611, Bruce built a mansion house in Culross , using materials from his foreign trading. This building has subsequently become known as Culross Palace . He lavishly decorated

532-548: The Mast (film) George Bruce (poet) (1909–2002), Scottish poet George Bruce (bishop) (1942–2024), bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Ontario George Bruce, 7th Lord Balfour of Burleigh (1883–1967), Scottish peer and banker [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

570-526: The Moat tower via the mine or by boat. Taylor was impressed and wrote that he told George Bruce that the Gunpowder plotters might have learnt from him, or such underground works would be a suitable wine cellar for a London tavern. He also noted a horse drawn drainage machine, later described as an Egyptian wheel , draining the mine with an endless chain with 36 buckets attached, and the extensive salt works. Salt

608-555: The base as half-size figures. A plank on the ground at the base recorded the deaths of the children. George married Margaret Primrose, only daughter of Archibald Primrose, 1st Laird of Burnbrae (a property of Culross Abbey ), Writer, whose son, James Primrose , was Principal Clerk to the Privy Council. His second wife was Euphame Primrose, a daughter of David Primrose who lived in Culross. His children included: In 2015 he

646-571: The compartmented wheel and the hydraulic noria appeared in Egypt by the 4th century BC, with the saqiyah being invented there a century later. This is supported by archeological finds in the Faiyum , where the oldest archeological evidence of a water wheel has been found, in the form of a saqiyah dating back to the 3rd century BC. A papyrus dating to the 2nd century BC also found in the Faiyum mentions

684-818: The decline of the Marinids both the gardens and the noria fell into neglect; the wheel of the noria reportedly disappeared in 1888, leaving only remains of the stone base. Numerous norias were also built in Al-Andalus, during the Islamic period of the Iberian Peninsula (8th-15th centuries), and continued to be built by Christian Spanish engineers afterwards. The most famous are the Albolafia in Cordoba (of uncertain date, partly reconstructed today), along

722-720: The diplomat David Foulis to discuss the case with Queen Elizabeth and Sir Robert Cecil . An English diplomat in Scotland, George Nicholson wrote to Sir Robert Cecil urging that George Bruce should "find favourable justice" because his brother Edward Bruce counselled James VI in favour of amity with England. The fate of the Portuguese and Africans aboard the Bruce was not recorded. In 1599 James VI wrote to Christian IV of Denmark seeking permission for Bruce to fish in Iceland waters, with boats crewed with English sailors for

760-525: The driving surfaces, for most the buckets are separate to the water wheels and attached on one side. More modern types can be built up compartments. All types are configured to discharge the lifted water sideways to a channel. For a modern noria in Steffisburg, Switzerland, the designers have uniquely connected the two functional wheels not directly but via a pair of cog wheels. This allows individual variation of speeds, diameters, and water levels. Unlike

798-438: The general term saqiya . In Spain , by contrast, the term noria is used for both types of wheels, whether powered by animals or water current. The noria performs the function of moving water from a lower elevation to a higher elevation, using the energy derived from the flow of a river. It consists of a large, narrow undershot water wheel whose rim is made up of a series of containers or compartments which lift water from

SECTION 20

#1732787080250

836-441: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Bruce&oldid=1245669787 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages George Bruce of Carnock Sir George Bruce of Carnock (c. 1550 – 1625)

874-522: The next ten years, after Christian IV had forbidden English fleets to fish in his territories, following Niels Krag's diplomatic mission to England. Christian had declared an eight-mile or two-league broad closed-sea or mare clausum around Iceland. In 1621 King James asked the Privy Council of Scotland to provide warning beacons, lights and bonfires, on the hidden rocks and shallows of the Forth to improve navigation. George Bruce, after some shipwrecks in

912-493: The option of the boat journey. John Taylor , an English writer known as the "Water Poet" came to Culross in 1618, and described his visit in the Pennilesse Pilgrimage . Three of Bruce's workmen gave the poet a tour of the mine. Taylor described how the mine had an entrance on land and another entrance through a waterproof tower built on a sandbank with bituminous cement. He was given the choice of returning from

950-492: The palace and the stunning painted ceilings with emblems , other ornate features and panelling can still be seen. Culross Palace is now under the care of the National Trust for Scotland and has been restored and conserved in its 17th-century splendour. The house was mainly built in two campaigns. The south block in 1597 and the north building in 1611, the year when George Bruce was knighted. The renaissance paintwork

988-516: The return of the ship and value of the cargo. James VI also wrote to Elizabeth on their behalf. The value of the loss was estimated at £440 sterling.The ships probably took salt, coal, and other Scottish products to London. George Bruce imported Spanish wine. In 1598 George Bruce was involved in a legal case heard in London involving one of his ships. The incident had occurred in August 1593. His ship,

1026-408: The river to an aqueduct at the top of the wheel. Its concept is similar to the modern hydraulic ram , which also uses the power of flowing water to pump some of the water out of the river. Traditional norias may have pots, buckets or tubes attached directly to the periphery of the wheel, in effect sakias powered by flowing water rather than by animals or motors. For some the buckets themselves form

1064-547: The use of the carank in the noria and saqiya, and the concept of minimizing intermittency was implied for the purpose of maximising their efficiency. Muslim engineers used norias to discharge water into aqueducts which carried the water to towns and fields. The norias of Hama , for example, were 20 metres (66 ft) in diameter and are still used in modern times (although currently only serving aesthetic purposes). The largest wheel has 120 water collection compartments and could raise more than 95 litres of water per minute. In

1102-505: The usual term is saqiyah or saqiya . Other types of similar devices are grouped under the name of chain pumps . However, the names of traditional water-raising devices used in the Middle East , India , Spain and other areas are often used loosely and overlappingly, or vary depending on region. Al-Jazari 's book on mechanical devices, for example, groups the water-driven wheel and several other types of water-lifting devices under

1140-425: The water wheels found in watermills , a noria does not provide mechanical power to any other process. A few historical norias were hybrids, consisting of waterwheels assisted secondarily by animal power. There is at least one known instance where a noria feeds seawater into a saltern . Paddle-driven water-lifting wheels had appeared in ancient Egypt by the 4th century BC . According to John Peter Oleson , both

1178-813: Was Frederick Lyall, or Leyell, who managed his exports of salt. Lyall was involved in buying a jewel given by the Earl Marischal to Anne of Denmark at her proxy marriage to James VI . Bruce and several other merchant ship-owners lost cargoes of London-bought goods in the Falcon of Preston and Jesus of Bo'ness in 1583. The Falcon and the cargo of the Jesus were taken in the Lowestoft road on 17 March by an English sailor, Captain Chaleis, who sailed to Portsmouth. The owners jointly petitioned Elizabeth I for

George Bruce - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-407: Was a Scottish merchant, ship-owner, and mining engineer. George Bruce was a son of Edward Bruce of Blairhall and Alison Reid, a sister of Robert Reid , Bishop of Orkney . His older brother Edward Bruce (1548-1610), was created Lord Bruce of Kinloss in 1602. Edward Bruce built the large mansion known as Culross House or Abbey House (now reduced in size) and George built Culross Palace. Bruce

1254-785: Was abandoned, and he thought the Earl of Kincardine would not now re-open it. Moray thought George Bruce's idea of mills powered by the tide to drain a mine could be useful again. George Bruce bought several existing salt pans around Culross, where sea-water was evaporated to make salt for seasoning and for preserving meat. The library of the University of Edinburgh has several charters detailing these acquisitions from 1586 onwards. The equipment of one pan included "buckets, pots, stands, scaffolds, and troughs". Bruce petitioned to sell his salt in London in 1611, undercutting other suppliers, and claiming to employ 1,000 workers. In 1608 and 1609 Bruce

1292-587: Was an innovator in coal mining techniques, including the construction of The Moat Pit at Culross , the World's first example of undersea mining which accessed the Upper Hirst seam with use of new drainage technology. These innovations attracted much interest, including a visit from King James VI in 1617. Sir George Bruce invited him to visit one of his mines which tunnelled down beneath the sea bed. James ventured into an entrance on land which went far out under

1330-457: Was exported to England and Germany. Ben Jonson also visited in 1618, and recorded the name of the landward mine entrance as the "eye". He saw salt pans at Kincardine , west of Culross, where over 500 people were employed. The sea tower called the "Moat Pit" and the mine beneath the Forth was inundated by a great storm in March 1625. In 1658 Robert Moray recalled visiting the mine before it

1368-545: Was inducted into the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame. Noria The English word noria is derived via Spanish noria from Arabic nā‘ūra (ناعورة), which comes from the Arabic verb meaning to "groan" or "grunt", in reference to the sound it made when turning. The term noria is commonly used for devices which use the power of moving water to turn the wheel. For devices powered by animals,

1406-569: Was restored in 1932 for the National Trust and again in the 1990s by conservators from Historic Environment Scotland . On the second floor of the south block the ceiling painting includes 16 emblems adapted from Geffrey Whitney's A Choice of Emblemes (London, 1586). The north block has the fragmentary remains of a scene showing the Judgement of Solomon, and extensive original decorative painting. The palace building, which had faded to

1444-572: Was treasurer of the royal silver-mine at Hilderston near Bathgate . He had a lodging at the works, with furniture from Culross, though day to day supervision was undertaken by his deputy. The mine accounts are held at the National Archives of Scotland . Bruce was a financier, and offered credit to an English diplomat William Asheby in July 1588. Bruce's factor at Helsingør in Denmark

#249750