150-525: George Perry Floyd Jr. (October 14, 1973 – May 25, 2020) was an African American man who was murdered by a white police officer in Minneapolis , Minnesota, during an arrest made after a store clerk suspected Floyd might have used a counterfeit twenty-dollar bill , on May 25, 2020. Derek Chauvin , one of four police officers who arrived on the scene, knelt on Floyd's neck and back for 9 minutes and 29 seconds, fatally asphyxiating him. After his murder,
300-526: A heart attack one week earlier that left him in a coma . There was speculation that recreational codeine use in the form of Purple Drank may have contributed to his death. Milton Powell, better known as Big Pokey, was one of the original members of the Screwed Up Click. He joined up with DJ Screw in the early 1990s and started releasing songs on DJ Screw's many mixtapes . His first full-length album appeared in early 1999, " Hardest Pit in
450-527: A plea bargain for a 2007 aggravated robbery in a home invasion. After he was paroled in 2013, he served as a mentor in his religious community and posted anti-violence videos to social media. In 2014, he moved to the Minneapolis area, residing in the nearby suburb of St. Louis Park , and worked as a truck driver and bouncer . In 2020, he lost both jobs during the COVID-19 pandemic . After his death,
600-561: A plea deal and was paroled in January 2013. After his release, Floyd became more involved with Resurrection Houston, a Christian church and ministry, where he mentored young men and posted anti-violence videos to social media. He delivered meals to senior citizens and volunteered with other projects, such as the Angel By Nature Foundation, a charity founded by rapper Trae tha Truth . Later, Floyd became involved with
750-584: A rapper using the stage name Big Floyd in the hip-hop group Screwed Up Click . The New York Times described his deep-voiced rhymes as "purposeful", delivered in a slow-motion clip about " 'choppin' blades' – driving cars with oversize rims – and his Third Ward pride." The second rap group he was involved in was Presidential Playas and he worked on their album Block Party released in 2000. Between 1997 and 2005, Floyd served eight jail terms on various charges, including drug possession, theft, and trespass. In one of these cases, Floyd
900-525: A $ 120 million donation to be split equally among Morehouse College , Spelman College , and the United Negro College Fund . The donation was the largest ever made to historically black colleges and universities . In 2020, social-media-based artists and activists posted tributes to Floyd; one of the more popular tributes was a digital illustration created by Shirien Damra , which had more than 3.4 million likes on Instagram. Damra's work
1050-585: A 14-year-old boy from Chicago. Spending the summer with relatives in Money, Mississippi , Till was killed for allegedly having wolf-whistled at a White woman. Till had been badly beaten, one of his eyes was gouged out, and he was shot in the head. The visceral response to his mother's decision to have an open-casket funeral mobilized the Black community throughout the US. Vann R. Newkirk wrote "the trial of his killers became
1200-483: A 90-day rehabilitation program at the Turning Point program in north Minneapolis. He expressed the need for a job and took up security work at Harbor Light Center, a Salvation Army homeless shelter. He lost that job and took several other ones. Floyd hoped to earn a commercial driver's license to operate trucks. He passed the required drug test, and program administrators felt that his criminal past did not pose
1350-518: A Southside Playaz compilation album titled You Got Us Fuxxed Up , with Mike D, Claydoe and other members of the S.U.C. Hawk released his solo album, Under Hawk's Wings on Dead End Records in 2000 and was featured on the Lil' Troy hit " Wanna Be A Baller ". He also collaborated with Lil' O on the hit song, "Back Back". Next, he partnered with Game Face Records in 2002 and released his first album under his label Ghetto Dreams Ent., self-titled, HAWK . With
1500-472: A White American mother and a Kenyan father— defeated Republican Senator John McCain to become the first African American to be elected president. At least 95 percent of African American voters voted for Obama. He also received overwhelming support from young and educated Whites, a majority of Asians , and Hispanics , picking up a number of new states in the Democratic electoral column. Obama lost
1650-436: A counterfeit $ 20 bill. Floyd was sitting in a car with two other passengers. Police officers forcibly removed him from the car and handcuffed him. Floyd was murdered by Derek Chauvin, a white Minneapolis police officer, who pressed his knee to Floyd's neck for 9 minutes and 29 seconds while Floyd was handcuffed face down in the street. As seen in a witness's cellphone video, two other officers further restrained Floyd, and
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#17327651328741800-557: A crucial role in producing the country's most valuable product and export: cotton . Enslaved people were instrumental in the construction of several prominent structures such as, the United States Capitol , the White House and other Washington, D.C.-based buildings. ) Similar building projects existed in the slave states . By 1815, the domestic slave trade had become a significant and major economic activity in
1950-405: A deadly weapon; according to investigators, he entered an apartment by impersonating a water department worker and barging in with five other men, held a pistol to a woman's stomach, and searched for items to steal. Floyd was arrested three months later during a traffic stop, and victims of the robbery identified him from a photo array . In 2009, Floyd was sentenced to five years in prison as part of
2100-668: A federal crime to aid or assist those who had fled slavery or to interfere with their capture. By that time, slavery, which almost exclusively targeted Black people, had become the most critical and contentious political issue in the Antebellum United States , repeatedly sparking crises and conflicts. Among these were the Missouri Compromise , the Compromise of 1850 , the infamous Dred Scott decision , and John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry . Prior to
2250-754: A founding member of the Dead End Alliance, which also included DJ Screw, Fat Pat, & Big Hawk. Ronnie Spencer is well known for singing the hook for UGK hit single "ONE DAY" featuring 3-2, along with other classic hits with Big Moe, Big Pokey, ESG, Botany Boyz & more... Marcus Lakee Edwards, better known by his stage name Lil' Keke, is an original member of the Southern hip hop collective Screwed Up Click. Lil' Keke gained national underground love with his track "Southside" from his 1997 release "Don't Mess Wit Texas". In 2005, Lil' Keke signed to Swishahouse Records . In an interview with HitQuarters at
2400-596: A fourth prevented onlookers from intervening as Floyd repeatedly stated that he could not breathe . During the final two minutes, Floyd was motionless and had no pulse, but Chauvin kept his knee on Floyd's neck and back even as emergency medical technicians arrived to treat Floyd. The medical examiner found that Floyd's heart stopped while he was being restrained and that his death was a homicide caused by " cardiopulmonary arrest complicating law enforcement subdual, restraint, and neck compression", though fentanyl intoxication and recent methamphetamine use may have increased
2550-631: A friend of future National Basketball Association (NBA) player Stephen Jackson , who was referred to as his twin because of their strong resemblance to one another, after being introduced in the mid-1990s. At his tallest, he was 6 feet 6 inches (198 cm) tall. By the time of his autopsy, he was 6 feet 4 inches (193 cm) tall and weighed 223 pounds (101 kg). Floyd returned to Houston from college in Kingsville , Texas, in 1995 where he became an automotive customizer and played club basketball. Beginning in 1994, he performed as
2700-549: A group formed to promote relations between the countries. After riots against Blacks in Cincinnati , its Black community sponsored founding of the Wilberforce Colony , an initially successful settlement of African American immigrants to Canada. The colony was one of the first such independent political entities. It lasted for a number of decades and provided a destination for about 200 Black families emigrating from
2850-421: A half years in prison. After Floyd's murder, there were global protests and riots against the use of excessive force by police officers against black suspects and a lack of police accountability . Protests began in Minneapolis the day after Floyd’s murder and developed in cities throughout all 50 U.S. states and internationally . The New York Times described the events in the wake of Floyd's murder and
3000-505: A marker at the intersection with 38th Street where the incident took place. The intersection had been the location of a makeshift memorial that emerged the day after his murder. On October 6, 2020, Amnesty International delivered a letter with one million signatures from around the world to the US Attorney General William Barr to demand justice for George Floyd. The human rights advocacy group demanded that
3150-980: A memorial service for Floyd took place in Minneapolis. Al Sharpton delivered the eulogy. Services were held in North Carolina with a public viewing and private service on June 6 and in Houston on June 8 and 9. Floyd was buried next to his mother in Pearland, Texas . Colleges and universities that created scholarships in Floyd's name included North Central University , which hosted a memorial service for Floyd, Alabama State , Oakwood University , Missouri State University , Southeast Missouri State , Ohio University , Buffalo State College , and Copper Mountain College . Amid nationwide protests over Floyd's murder, Netflix CEO Reed Hastings and his wife, Patty Quillin, made
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#17327651328743300-473: A ministry that brought men from the Third Ward to Minnesota in a church-work program with drug rehabilitation and job placement services. A friend of his acknowledged that Floyd "had made some mistakes that cost him some years of his life" and noted that he was turning his life around through religion. In 2014, Floyd moved to Minneapolis to rebuild his life and find work. Soon after his arrival, he completed
3450-494: A minor crash. He was looking for another job when the COVID-19 pandemic hit Minnesota, and his personal financial situation worsened when the club closed in March because of pandemic rules. Also in March, Floyd was hospitalized after overdosing on drugs. In April, he contracted COVID-19 , but he recovered a few weeks later. On May 25, 2020, police were called by a Cup Foods grocery store employee, who suspected that Floyd had used
3600-536: A mixture of rapping and singing that he called "rapsinging" as well as for his music that celebrated codeine-laced syrup as a recreational drug . As one of the founding members of the "Original Screwed Up Click," Big Moe started out in music by freestyling on DJ Screw mixtapes before being signed to Wreckshop Records. He would go on to release three albums with Wreckshop Records, City of Syrup in 2000, Purple World in 2002 and then Moe Life in 2003. Moe died on October 14, 2007, at 33 years old, after suffering
3750-569: A new hypnotic & mesmerizing sound which he believed also made the lyrics easier to understand. In 1991, he began to release tapes, known as "Screw Tapes", on which he slowed down and manipulated records by popular artists and also prominently included freestyles by a group of friends and local rappers, who came to be known as the Screwed Up Click. In 1994, Screw moved into a house in the eastern park of South Park , which soon came to be known as "The Screw House", where he could conduct his new business of selling tapes and recording freestyles with
3900-676: A number of locations in the United States. In 1863, during the American Civil War , President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation . The proclamation declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were free. Advancing Union troops enforced the proclamation, with Texas being the last state to be emancipated, in 1865. Slavery in a few border states continued until
4050-499: A pageant illuminating the tyranny of White supremacy ". The state of Mississippi tried two defendants, but they were speedily acquitted by an all-White jury . One hundred days after Emmett Till's murder, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus in Alabama—indeed, Parks told Emmett's mother Mamie Till that "the photograph of Emmett's disfigured face in the casket was set in her mind when she refused to give up her seat on
4200-423: A problem. But he dropped out because his job at a nightclub made it difficult to attend morning classes, and he felt pressure to earn money. Floyd later moved to St. Louis Park and lived with former colleagues. He continued to battle drug addiction and went through periods of use and sobriety. An influential member of his community, Floyd was respected for his ability to relate with others in his environment based on
4350-748: A process known as White flight . Despite discrimination, drawing cards for leaving the hopelessness in the South were the growth of African American institutions and communities in Northern cities. Institutions included Black oriented organizations (e.g., Urban League , NAACP ), churches, businesses, and newspapers, as well as successes in the development in African American intellectual culture, music, and popular culture (e.g., Harlem Renaissance , Chicago Black Renaissance ). The Cotton Club in Harlem
4500-569: A series of protests against police brutality , especially towards black people , quickly spread globally and across the United States. His dying words, " I can't breathe ", became a rallying slogan. Born in Fayetteville, North Carolina , Floyd grew up in Houston , Texas, playing football and basketball throughout high school and college. Between 1997 and 2005, he was convicted of eight crimes. He served four years in prison after accepting
4650-542: A settlement of $ 27 million to the Floyd family after a wrongful death lawsuit . Chauvin was fired and charged with second-degree murder , third-degree murder and second-degree manslaughter . He was found guilty on all three murder and manslaughter charges on April 20, 2021. On May 12, Hennepin county district judge Peter Cahill allowed the prosecution to seek a greater prison sentence for Chauvin after finding that he treated Floyd "with particular cruelty". On June 25, Judge Cahill sentenced Chauvin to twenty-two and
George Floyd - Misplaced Pages Continue
4800-491: A shared experience of hardships and setbacks, having served time in prison and living in a poverty-stricken project in Houston. In a video addressing youth in his neighborhood, Floyd reminded his audience that he had his own "shortcomings" and "flaws" and that he was not better than anyone else. He also expressed his disdain for violence taking place in the community, advising his neighbors to put down their weapons and remember that they were loved by him and God. In May 2019, Floyd
4950-425: A small cash payment called "freedom dues". Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom. They raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or European settlers . By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown , and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640,
5100-617: A son of the same name who plays Division 2 football in college as a running back. Christopher Juel Barriere, professionally known as Mr. 3-2 , was a member of the Screwed Up Click. While signed to Rap-A-Lot Records he was involved with three groups, The Convicts, Southside Playaz and Blac Monks, and released one solo album. After leaving Rap-A-Lot, Mr. 3-2 released albums on "N Yo Face" and "Street Game Records." He has collaborated on tracks with UGK , Scarface , South Park Mexican , Too $ hort , 8Ball & MJG . He has done numerous underground mixtapes that circulate throughout underground rap in
5250-406: A song about the death of his close friend and mentor Fat Pat. Yungstar is a member of the Screwed Up Click who began rapping around age ten. In the early 1990s, he began working with DenDen, CEO of Straight Profit Records. He emerged nationally with a guest appearance on Lil' Troy's " Wanna Be a Baller ". He then went on to release the hit song "Knocking Pictures Off The Wall" with Lil' Flex. DJ Zo
5400-532: A video on YouTube which included a warning that it might be seen as "inappropriate for some viewers". The video featured footage of protesters and police clashing violently in 2020 and 1968. YouTube eventually removed the video, claiming it violated their community guidelines. On September 18, 2020, the Minneapolis City Council approved designating the section of Chicago Avenue between 37th and 39th Streets as George Perry Floyd Jr. Place , with
5550-423: A year, compared with 41 percent in 1960. In 1965, 19 percent of Black Americans had incomes equal to the national median, a proportion that rose to 27 percent by 1967. In 1960, the median level of education for Blacks had been 10.8 years, and by the late 1960s, the figure rose to 12.2 years, half a year behind the median for Whites. Politically and economically, African Americans have made substantial strides during
5700-447: Is DJ Screw's second cousin. He was also an affiliated DJ for Chalie Boy. Today, he continues to work as an on-air personality for radio stations and puts out CDs. He also owns a mobile DJ company. Joseph Wayne McVey, better known by his stage names Z-Ro and The Mo City Don, is a member of the Screwed Up Click. In 1998, Z-Ro released his debut album, Look What You Did to Me . He celebrated his 22nd birthday at DJ Screw's house, recording
5850-414: Is a member of the Screwed Up Click who was also DJ Screw's and many of the other members’ personal barber. He was also the one to introduce some rappers to Screw, such as Dat Boy Grace, who later joined the group. He released an album titled Screwed Up Fo Life in 2004. Curtis Donnell Davis, better known by his stage name Big Mello, was a member of the Screwed Up Click. He debuted as Big Mello in 1992 with
6000-427: Is a member of the Screwed Up Click. Though not biologically, he is commonly known as DJ Screw's brother. His first album release is "Home Of The Free" from 1995 and has released other projects since then. Current single via digital only release is Ballaz Featuring – E.S.G., Griddy Vocalz, Mo City Don. 2015 will see the release of his new album yet to be announced. John Edward Hawkins, better known as H.A.W.K. or Big Hawk
6150-407: Is a rapper and member of the Screwed Up Click. He gained early popularity from the title "The Freestyle King", given to him by Screw himself. In 2000, Lil' Flip independently released his first album titled The Leprechaun In 2002, Columbia Records offered Flip a contract and Suckafree a distribution deal. Lil Flip released his debut studio album Undaground Legend on August 27, 2002. The album
George Floyd - Misplaced Pages Continue
6300-412: Is a rapper originally from Bogalusa, Louisiana . He helped to popularize the "chopped and screwed" style of rap music. His debut album Ocean of Funk was released in 1994 and he released albums regularly since then. Patrick Lamark Hawkins, better known by his stage name Fat Pat, was a member of Dead End Alliance with his brother John "Big Hawk" Hawkins , DJ Screw and Kay-K, all original members of
6450-508: Is also responsible for artists like Big Baby Flava and his son Little Mike d. This is a list of all of the known past and present members who joined the Screwed Up Click after its creation. George Floyd was raised in Houston and briefly rapped with the group in the mid-1990s. He later joined a group called Presidential Playas which released one album in 2000. On May 25, 2020, he was murdered in police custody in Minneapolis in an incident that led to worldwide protests and riots . Big Jut
6600-519: Is an American hip hop collective based in Houston, Texas , that was led by DJ Screw . Its most notable members include DJ Screw , Big Hawk , Big Mello , Big Moe , Big Pokey , the Botany Boyz , E.S.G. , Fat Pat , Lil' Flip , Lil' Keke , Lil' O , and Z-Ro . In addition, Devin the Dude , K-Rino, Lil' Troy , South Park Mexican and UGK are considered to be "Screwed Up Affiliated". Many of
6750-799: Is on the side of Scott Food Mart in the Third Ward , while the other is on the property of The Breakfast Klub restaurant in Midtown . A childhood friend of Floyd's said that Floyd would never "have imagined that this is the tragic way people would know his name." A GoFundMe account to support Floyd's funeral costs and benefit his family broke the site's record for number of individual donations. By June 6, murals had been created in many cities, including Manchester , Dallas , Miami , Idlib , Los Angeles , Nairobi , Oakland , Strombeek-Bever , Berlin , Pensacola , and La Mesa . The mural in Manchester
6900-566: The American South , with four million enslaved people only liberated during and at the end of the Civil War in 1865. During Reconstruction , they gained citizenship and adult-males the right to vote ; however, due to the widespread policy and ideology of White supremacy , they were largely treated as second-class citizens and found themselves soon disenfranchised in the South . These circumstances changed due to participation in
7050-506: The Black racial groups of Africa . African Americans constitute the second largest ethno-racial group in the US after White Americans . The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of Africans enslaved in the United States . Most African Americans are descendants of enslaved people within the boundaries of the present United States. While some Black immigrants or their children may also come to identify as African American,
7200-685: The Civil War , eight serving presidents had owned slaves, a practice that was legally protected under the US Constitution. By 1860, the number of enslaved Black people in the US had grown to between 3.5 to 4.4 million, largely as a result of the Atlantic slave trade . In addition, 488,000–500,000 Black people lived free (with legislated limits) across the country. With legislated limits imposed upon them in addition to "unconquerable prejudice" from Whites according to Henry Clay . In response to these conditions, some free Black people chose to leave
7350-754: The Great Awakening . By 1775, Africans made up 20% of the population in the American colonies , which made them the second largest ethnic group after English Americans . During the 1770s, Africans, both enslaved and free, helped rebellious American colonists secure their independence by defeating the British in the American Revolutionary War . Blacks played a role in both sides in the American Revolution. Activists in
7500-598: The Irish and Germans . According to the 2010 census , nearly 3% of people who self-identified as Black had recent ancestors who immigrated from another country. Self-reported non-Hispanic Black immigrants from the Caribbean , mostly from Jamaica and Haiti, represented 0.9% of the US population, at 2.6 million. Self-reported Black immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa also represented 0.9%, at about 2.8 million. Additionally, self-identified Black Hispanics represented 0.4% of
7650-1031: The New York City metropolitan area still has the largest African American metropolitan population in the United States and the only to have over 3 million African Americans. Among cities of 100,000 or more , South Fulton, Georgia had the highest percentage of Black residents of any large US city in 2020, with 93%. Other large cities with African American majorities include Jackson, Mississippi (80%), Detroit, Michigan (80%), Birmingham, Alabama (70%), Miami Gardens, Florida (67%), Memphis, Tennessee (63%), Montgomery, Alabama (62%), Baltimore, Maryland (60%), Augusta, Georgia (59%), Shreveport, Louisiana (58%), New Orleans, Louisiana (57%), Macon, Georgia (56%), Baton Rouge, Louisiana (55%), Hampton, Virginia (53%), Newark, New Jersey (53%), Mobile, Alabama (53%), Cleveland, Ohio (52%), Brockton, Massachusetts (51%), and Savannah, Georgia (51%). Screwed Up Click The Screwed Up Click (or S.U.C. )
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#17327651328747800-514: The Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles recommended Floyd be posthumously pardoned for this conviction but withdrew the recommendation (and also withdrew 24 other clemency recommendations) in December 2021, citing "procedural errors and lack of compliance with board rules", while announcing that it would reconsider these recommendations. In 2007, Floyd faced charges for aggravated robbery with
7950-666: The Western states. The west does have a sizable Black population in certain areas, however. California, the nation's most populous state, has the fifth largest African American population, only behind New York, Texas, Georgia, and Florida. According to the 2000 census, approximately 2.05% of African Americans identified as Hispanic or Latino in origin , many of whom may be of Brazilian , Puerto Rican , Dominican , Cuban , Haitian , or other Latin American descent. The only self-reported ancestral groups larger than African Americans are
8100-485: The Winyah Bay area of present-day South Carolina ), founded by Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526. The ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans . De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterward, due to an epidemic and the colony was abandoned. The settlers and
8250-446: The colony of Georgia to come to Florida as a refuge, promising freedom in exchange for conversion to Catholicism . King Charles II issued a royal proclamation freeing all slaves who fled to Spanish Florida and accepted conversion and baptism. Most went to the area around St. Augustine , but escaped slaves also reached Pensacola. St. Augustine had mustered an all-Black militia unit defending Spanish Florida as early as 1683. One of
8400-425: The military conflicts of the United States , substantial migration out of the South , the elimination of legal racial segregation , and the civil rights movement which sought political and social freedom. However, racism against African Americans and racial socioeconomic disparity remain a problem into the 21st century. In the 20th and 21st centuries, immigration has played an increasingly significant role in
8550-554: The transatlantic slave trade were people from several Central and West Africa ethnic groups. They had been captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids, or sold by other West Africans, or by half-European "merchant princes" to European slave traders, who brought them to the Americas. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo in the Caribbean to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony (most likely located in
8700-439: The "Blue 22" tape. These things helped to escalate Z-Ro's popularity throughout the South and by 2002 his talent and hard work caught the attention of Rap-A-Lot ’s founder and CEO James Prince , who offered him a deal. In 2004, Z-Ro released his critically acclaimed Rap-A-Lot debut titled The Life of Joseph W. McVey . The record was a huge success and helped expand Z-Ro’s fan base beyond the South. In 2005, Z-Ro released Let
8850-429: The 1790s, Governor Francisco Luis Héctor, baron of Carondelet reinforced local fortifications and recruit even more free Black men for the militia. Carondelet doubled the number of free Black men who served, creating two more militia companies—one made up of Black members and the other of pardo (mixed race). Serving in the militia brought free Black men one step closer to equality with Whites, allowing them, for example,
9000-633: The 1900 Hampton Negro Conference , Reverend Matthew Anderson said: "...the lines along most of the avenues of wage earning are more rigidly drawn in the North than in the South." Within the housing market, stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx, resulting in a mix of "targeted violence, restrictive covenants , redlining and racial steering ". While many Whites defended their space with violence, intimidation, or legal tactics toward African Americans, many other Whites migrated to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions,
9150-542: The 1995 album 3 'n the Mornin' (Part Two) as no. 13 on its list of the 25 best Houston rap albums of all time. The newspaper credited the release for the way it helped shape Houston's hip-hop culture. The newspaper also referred to Chopped and Screwed music as the second most likely type of music to be associated with Texas, an example of DJ Screw's influence in the region. Cedric Dormaine Hill, better known by his stage name E.S.G. (which stands for Everyday Street Gangsta),
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#17327651328749300-608: The 2004 drug raid that led to Floyd's criminal conviction. Floyd was the oldest of five siblings and had five children, including two daughters (aged 6 and 22 at the time of his murder) and an adult son. He also had two grandchildren. In August 2017, Floyd met his girlfriend Courteney Ross in Minneapolis. In early 2020, the two separated. Appears on (as Big Floyd): African American African Americans , also known as Black Americans , formerly also called Afro-Americans , are an American racial or ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from any of
9450-683: The African slave trade, Spanish rule introduced a new law called coartación , which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others. Although some did not have the money to do so, government measures on slavery enabled the existence of many free Blacks. This caused problems to the Spaniards with the French creoles (French who had settled in New France ) who had also populated Spanish Louisiana. The French creoles cited that measure as one of
9600-564: The African-American community. As of 2022, 10% of Black Americans were immigrants, and 20% were either immigrants or the children of immigrants. In 2008, Barack Obama became the first, and so far only, African American to be elected president of the United States. Kamala Harris became the nation's first African-American vice president in 2020. African-American culture has had a significant influence on worldwide culture, making numerous contributions to visual arts , literature ,
9750-507: The American Revolution. They fought in the 1779 battle in which Spain captured Baton Rouge from the British. Gálvez also commanded them in campaigns against the British outposts in Mobile , Alabama , and Pensacola , Florida. He recruited slaves for the militia by pledging to free anyone who was seriously wounded and promised to secure a low price for coartación (buy their freedom and that of others) for those who received lesser wounds. During
9900-716: The Atlantic to the Western Hemisphere . After arriving in the Americas , they were sold as slaves to European colonists and put to work on plantations , particularly in the southern colonies . A few were able to achieve freedom through manumission or escape, and founded independent communities before and during the American Revolution . After the United States was founded in 1783, most Black people continued to be enslaved , primarily concentrated in
10050-673: The COVID-19 pandemic." Religious leaders have also been called upon to address violence taking place against black Americans. The length of time that Chauvin was initially believed to have had his knee on Floyd's neck, eight minutes 46 seconds , was widely commemorated as a "moment of silence" to honor Floyd. Floyd's murder was featured prominently in The Economist , with the magazine running an obituary , multiple articles, and numerous reader letters, ultimately making Floyd's legacy its June 13 cover story. It wrote that his legacy "[is]
10200-670: The City of Minneapolis settled a wrongful death lawsuit with Floyd's family for $ 27 million. Chauvin was convicted on two counts of murder and one count of manslaughter on April 20, 2021, and on June 25, 2021, was sentenced to 22 + 1 ⁄ 2 years in prison. The other three officers at the scene were also later convicted of violating Floyd's civil rights . Floyd was born on October 14, 1973, in Fayetteville, North Carolina, to George Perry (1949–2002) and Larcenia "Cissy" Jones Floyd (1947–2018). He had four siblings. When Floyd
10350-481: The Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson , would later own one of the first Black "slaves", John Casor , resulting from the court ruling of a civil case. The popular conception of a race-based slave system did not fully develop until the 18th century. The Dutch West India Company introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of eleven Black slaves into New Amsterdam (present-day New York City ). All
10500-508: The English language, philosophy , politics, cuisine , sports , and music . The African-American contribution to popular music is so profound that most American music , including jazz , gospel , blues , rock and roll , funk , disco , house , techno , hip hop , R&B , trap , and soul , has its origins either partially or entirely in the African-American community. The vast majority of those who were enslaved and transported in
10650-659: The International Wall in Belfast commissioned by Festival of the People ( Féile an Phobail ) and Visit West Belfast ( Fáilte Feirste Thiar ) featured a large portrait of Floyd above a tableau showing Chauvin kneeling on Floyd's neck while the three other officers turn their backs and each covers his eyes, ears, or mouth in the manner of the Three wise monkeys ("See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil"). One Houston mural
10800-456: The Jim Crow laws, to avoid racially motivated violence . To maintain self-esteem and dignity, African Americans such as Anthony Overton and Mary McLeod Bethune continued to build their own schools , churches , banks, social clubs, and other businesses. In the last decade of the 19th century, racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans began to mushroom in
10950-538: The Litter ". The following year, Pokey returned with " D-Game " 2000, another album of mid-tempo 808-driven beats featuring several of his Houston peers as guests. In 2005 he was featured in a song which was #93 on US Top 100 with Paul Wall called Sittin' Sidewayz . He has since released many other albums and mixtapes. He collapsed on stage in Beaumont, TX on June 17, 2023 and was pronounced dead. The Botany Boyz are
11100-747: The Montgomery bus." The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and the conditions which brought it into being are credited with putting pressure on presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson . Johnson put his support behind passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that banned discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and labor unions , and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which expanded federal authority over states to ensure Black political participation through protection of voter registration and elections. By 1966,
11250-772: The Patriot cause included James Armistead , Prince Whipple , and Oliver Cromwell . Around 15,000 Black Loyalists left with the British after the war, most of them ending up as free Black people in England or its colonies, such as the Black Nova Scotians and the Sierra Leone Creole people . In the Spanish Louisiana , Governor Bernardo de Gálvez organized Spanish free Black men into two militia companies to defend New Orleans during
11400-421: The S.U.C. had a reunion tour in 2010 which included Big Pokey , Lil' Keke , Lil' O and Z-Ro . In 2014, several members of the group appeared on the track "The Legendary DJ Screw" from Bun B 's fourth studio album Trill OG: The Epilogue , including a posthumous verse from Big Hawk. This is a list of all of the original members of the Screwed Up Click. Albert Driver, better known by his stage name Al-D,
11550-455: The Screwed Up Click, in which he developed a long time friendship with DJ Screw. He was introduced to Screw by his barber, Big Jut, a fellow Screwed Up Click member. Grace died in 2017. Enjoli, also known as First Lady of the SUC, earned her title by rapping on DJ Screw's Underground Chapters. She was a close friend of fellow Houston rapper Big Moe and appeared on his albums City of Syrup , on
11700-414: The Screwed Up Click. He released two albums with Wreckshop Records in 1998, Ghetto Dreams and Throwed In Da Game , On February 3, 1998, Hawkins was fatally shot in Houston, TX, after going to a promoter's apartment to collect an appearance fee. Eight years later, his brother rapper Big Hawk was also shot to death. Kay-K also known as Shakey Red was an original member of the Screwed Up Click and
11850-546: The South sparked the Great Migration during the first half of the 20th century which led to a growing African American community in Northern and Western United States. The rapid influx of Blacks disturbed the racial balance within Northern and Western cities, exacerbating hostility between both Blacks and Whites in the two regions. The Red Summer of 1919 was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across
12000-495: The South. On November 10, 2016, he was shot in the back of the head at a Southwest Houston gas station. Viper considers himself a loose associate of the Screwed Up Click. He notably appeared in the film Fifth Ward alongside DJ Screw - Fifth Ward itself was directed by his brother, Greg Carter . Viper then also appeared on the 5th Ward Soundtrack Vol 2, under the alias J-Ride, alongside more Screwed Up Click acts. Later in his career he mentions DJ Screw in his song Leanin’ Low,
12150-624: The Truth Be Told , which was well received. Z-Ro's 2006 album I'm Still Livin' was released while he was imprisoned for drug possession , to positive reviews. It was called "a great album... powerful" but "relentlessly bleak" by The Village Voice and "one of the best rap albums to come out of Houston" by the Houston Chronicle . He was named one of America's most underrated rappers by The New York Times in 2007. In 2010 he released his next album titled Heroin , which
12300-521: The US Census Bureau, evidence from the 2000 census indicates that many African and Caribbean immigrant ethnic groups do not identify as "Black, African Am., or Negro". Instead, they wrote in their own respective ethnic groups in the "Some Other Race" write-in entry. As a result, the census bureau devised a new, separate "African American" ethnic group category in 2010 for ethnic African Americans. Nigerian Americans and Ethiopian Americans were
12450-661: The US and emigrate to Liberia in West Africa. Liberia had been established in 1821 as a settlement by the American Colonization Society (ACS), with many abolitionist members of the ACS believing Black Americans would have greater opportunities for freedom and equality in Africa than they would in the US. Slaves not only represented a significant financial investment for their owners, but they also played
12600-506: The US as a result of race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities, such as the Chicago race riot of 1919 and the Omaha race riot of 1919 . Overall, Blacks in Northern and Western cities experienced systemic discrimination in a plethora of aspects of life. Within employment, economic opportunities for Blacks were routed to the lowest-status and restrictive in potential mobility. At
12750-407: The US. As a result of this large-scale forced movement, countless individuals lost their connection to families and clans, and many ethnic Africans lost their knowledge of varying tribal origins in Africa. The 1863 photograph of Wilson Chinn , a branded slave from Louisiana, along with the famous image of Gordon and his scarred back, served as two of the earliest and most powerful examples of how
12900-423: The United States . In June 2021, Juneteenth , a day which commemorates the end of slavery in the US, became a federal holiday. In 1790, when the first US census was taken, Africans (including slaves and free people) numbered about 760,000—about 19.3% of the population. In 1860, at the start of the Civil War , the African American population had increased to 4.4 million, but the percentage rate dropped to 14% of
13050-477: The United States population, at about 1.2 million people, largely found within the Puerto Rican and Dominican communities. Self-reported Black immigrants hailing from other countries in the Americas, such as Brazil and Canada, as well as several European countries, represented less than 0.1% of the population. Mixed-race Hispanic and non-Hispanic Americans who identified as being part Black, represented 0.9% of
13200-763: The United States, a period often referred to as the " nadir of American race relations ". These discriminatory acts included racial segregation—upheld by the United States Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896—which was legally mandated by southern states and nationwide at the local level of government, voter suppression or disenfranchisement in the southern states, denial of economic opportunity or resources nationwide, and private acts of violence and mass racial violence aimed at African Americans unhindered or encouraged by government authorities. The desperate conditions of African Americans in
13350-695: The United States, continuing to flourish until the 1860s. Historians estimate that nearly one million individuals were subjected to this forced migration, which was often referred to as a new "Middle Passage". The historian Ira Berlin described this internal forced migration of enslaved people as the "central event" in the life of a slave during the period between the American Revolution and the Civil War. Berlin emphasized that whether enslaved individuals were directly uprooted or lived in constant fear that they or their families would be involuntarily relocated, "the massive deportation traumatized Black people" throughout
13500-524: The Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of lifetime slavery when they sentenced John Punch , a Negro, to lifetime servitude under his master Hugh Gwyn , for running away. In Spanish Florida , some Spanish married or had unions with Pensacola , Creek or African women, both enslaved and free, and their descendants created a mixed-race population of mestizos and mulattos . The Spanish encouraged slaves from
13650-532: The album "Bone Hard Zaggin'" on the Rap-A-Lot Records label. Shea Serrano of the Houston Press said that Big Mello was famous for "repping Hiram Clarke in the 90's[...]" On June 15, 2002, Mello, along with a passenger died after he lost control of his vehicle and hit a pillar in the 4500 block of South Loop West In Houston. Big Rue was a member of the Screwed Up Click. He was also one of
13800-509: The city's south side to rhyme on those mixes. He was also a member of the rap group Dead End Alliance. This eventually led to the formation of the Screwed Up Click. DJ Screw died on November 16, 2000, from a lethal combination of codeine and other drugs. Since his death, DJ Screw has had a considerable influence in the Houston scene, which is sometimes referred to as "Screwston" in his memory. His distinct musical stylings influenced countless rap acts. Alternative weekly The Houston Press named
13950-430: The colony's slaves, however, were freed upon its surrender to the English. Massachusetts was the first English colony to legally recognize slavery in 1641. In 1662, Virginia passed a law that children of enslaved women would take the status of the mother, rather than that of the father, as was the case under common law . This legal principle was called partus sequitur ventrum . By an act of 1699, Virginia ordered
14100-443: The current and former SUC members come from the neighborhoods of South Park, 3rd Ward, Sunnyside, Cloverland, Hiram Clarke and South Acres. In the early 1990s, a new type of music began gaining popularity in Houston , collectively called " Chopped and screwed ", which was pioneered by DJ Screw . The sound was created from a turntable technique in which Screw slowed down the tempo and torqued with parts of hip-hop anthems, giving them
14250-428: The deportation of all free Blacks, effectively defining all people of African descent who remained in the colony as slaves. In 1670, the colonial assembly passed a law prohibiting free and baptized Blacks (and Native Americans) from purchasing Christians (in this act meaning White Europeans) but allowing them to buy people "of their owne nation". In Spanish Louisiana , although there was no movement toward abolition of
14400-533: The door with a gun. Screw's friend Toe commissioned the first tape and then played it for Bird, who was among the first to commission a second round of tapes. One of the last added members of the Screwed Up Click. He is also part of the group Boss Hogg Outlawz with Slim Thug . Clay Doe is a rapper based out of Houston, Texas , who along with Mike D, Fat Pat and Mr. 3–2, formed the rap group Southside Playaz. Charles Grace, professionally known as Dat Boy Grace or Macc Grace, as well as his brother Lo$ , were members of
14550-539: The emergence of the Black Power movement, which lasted from 1966 to 1975, expanded upon the aims of the civil rights movement to include economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from White authority. During the post-war period, many African Americans continued to be economically disadvantaged relative to other Americans. Average Black income stood at 54 percent of that of White workers in 1947, and 55 percent in 1962. In 1959, median family income for Whites
14700-536: The first African American woman elected to the US Senate . There were 8,936 Black officeholders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970. In 2001, there were 484 Black mayors. In 2005, the number of Africans immigrating to the United States, in a single year, surpassed the peak number who were involuntarily brought to the United States during the Atlantic slave trade . On November 4, 2008, Democratic Senator Barack Obama —the son of
14850-497: The founding members of M.O.B. Style Protected. He is deceased. Big Steve, also known as Granpappy Mafioso, was a member of the Screwed Up Click. He was also a founding member of the group "Woss Ness" with Rasir X and Mista Luv. He was murdered two years after the group's debut album "Da Game Done Changed". Reggie "Bird" Oliver is a member of the Screwed Up Click. He met DJ Screw in 1989 and they became close friends. While Screw sold tapes out of his house, he asked Bird to stand behind
15000-570: The future United States) were "20 and odd negroes" who arrived in Jamestown , Virginia via Cape Comfort in August 1619 as indentured servants . As many Virginian settlers began to die from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. An indentured servant (who could be White or Black) would work for several years (usually four to seven) without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland
15150-402: The group as well as member B.G. Gator, who committed suicide on Mother's Day a year after his mom died. Robert Earl Davis, Jr. also known as DJ Screw was a central figure in the Houston hip hop community and was the creator of the now-famous Chopped and Screwed DJ technique. This creation led to his nickname of "The Originator". During the early 1990s, he invited some of the Houston emcees from
15300-513: The group. These tapes quickly gained popularity in the area, allowing many of the group's members to launch successful solo careers. At some point the business became too much for the house, so the group relocated its operations to a store in Missouri City that became known as "The Screw Shop". After years of success that took its members to new heights, the S.U.C. found itself surrounded by tragedy when two of its members died, Fat Pat who
15450-491: The hit single "Back Back", which led to a nationwide deal with Atlantic Records , which he later left in 2003. Michael Dixon, better known by his stage name Mike D (also known as Bosshog Corleone or Dickbone Corleone), is a rapper based out of Houston, Texas, who along with Clay Doe, Fat Pat and Mr. 3–2, formed the rap group Southside Playaz. Mike D was able to create a lot of tracks with Fat Pat before his death, which are still included on new Southside Playaz CDs to this day. He
15600-490: The hit song, "U Already Know", the album charted the Billboard 's list of top R&B and Rap Albums at #45. On May 1, 2006, Hawkins, 36, was shot to death outside of a home in Houston. Police were unable to find any witnesses that could provide information on a suspect or a motive for the shooting. Kenneth Doniell Moore, better known as Big Moe, was known for a softer and slower style than other Houston rappers, including
15750-553: The incident. In 2019, Floyd worked in security at the El Nuevo Rodeo club, where police officer Derek Chauvin also worked off-duty as a security guard. In 2020, Floyd was working part-time as a security guard at the Conga Latin Bistro club and began another job as a delivery driver. He lost the delivery driver job in January after being cited for driving without a valid commercial license and for being involved in
15900-426: The likelihood of death. A second autopsy, commissioned by Floyd's family, also found his death to be a homicide, specifically citing asphyxia due to neck and back compression; it ruled out the possibility that underlying medical problems contributed to Floyd's death and said that Floyd being able to speak while under Chauvin's knee did not mean he could breathe. On March 12, 2021, the Minneapolis city council approved
16050-443: The majority of first-generation immigrants do not, preferring to identify with their nation of origin. Most African Americans are of West African and coastal Central African ancestry, with varying amounts of Western European and Native American ancestry. African-American history began in the 16th century, with Africans from West Africa and coastal Central Africa being sold to European slave traders and transported across
16200-489: The most reported sub-Saharan African groups in the United States. Historically, African Americans have been undercounted in the US census due to a number of factors. In the 2020 census, the African American population was undercounted at an estimated rate of 3.3%, up from 2.1% in 2010. Texas has the largest African American population by state. Followed by Texas is Florida , with 3.8 million, and Georgia , with 3.6 million. After 100 years of African Americans leaving
16350-465: The newborn medium of photography could be used to visually document and encapsulate the brutality and cruelty of slavery. Emigration of free Blacks to their continent of origin had been proposed since the Revolutionary war. After Haiti became independent, it tried to recruit African Americans to migrate there after it re-established trade relations with the United States. The Haitian Union was
16500-732: The nickname "Da Fat Rat Wit Da Cheeze". While studying at Xavier University of Louisiana in New Orleans in 1997, he recorded “Can’t Stop”, which featured vocal contributions from the ladies that would go on to earn renown as Destiny's Child . The track soon became Lil’ O's debut single and went on to score an instant local hit. In 1999, he signed with the Houston-based indie label Game Face Entertainment, from which he released his debut album, Blood Money , which went on to sell 20,000 copies. In 2001, his album Da Fat Rat Wit Da Cheeze sold over 75,000. He collaborated with Big Hawk on
16650-569: The outpouring of protest regarding Floyd's murder. The phrase has been especially popular on social media platforms. Since Floyd's murder, there has also been a global outcry for memorials commemorating bigoted individuals to be demolished. A bill proposed by US Representative Sheila Jackson Lee , the George Floyd Law Enforcement Trust and Integrity Act , was designed to reduce police brutality and establish national policing standards and accreditations. In addition to
16800-451: The overall White vote, although he won a larger proportion of White votes than any previous non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate since Jimmy Carter . Obama was reelected for a second and final term , by a similar margin on November 6, 2012. In 2021, Kamala Harris , the daughter of a Jamaican father and Indian mother, became the first woman, the first African American, and the first Asian American to serve as Vice President of
16950-417: The overall population of the country. The vast majority were slaves, with only 488,000 counted as " freemen ". By 1900, the Black population had doubled and reached 8.8 million. In 1910, about 90% of African Americans lived in the South. Large numbers began migrating north looking for better job opportunities and living conditions, and to escape Jim Crow laws and racial violence. The Great Migration , as it
17100-545: The police officers involved in the murder of George Floyd be held accountable. The NAACP , which has already published a criminal justice fact sheet, issued a statement voicing their support for the protests taking place demanding justice for George Floyd. On May 21, 2021, Bridgett Floyd gave a $ 25,000 check from the George Floyd Memorial Foundation to Fayetteville State University in Fayetteville, North Carolina , to be used for scholarships. On
17250-452: The population. Of the 12.6% of United States residents who identified as Black, around 10.3% were "native Black American" or ethnic African Americans, who are direct descendants of West/Central Africans brought to the US as slaves. These individuals make up well over 80% of all Blacks in the country. When including people of mixed-race origin , about 13.5% of the US population self-identified as Black or "mixed with Black". However, according to
17400-509: The post-war Reconstruction era was initially a time of progress for African Americans, that period ended in 1876. By the late 1890s, Southern states enacted Jim Crow laws to enforce racial segregation and disenfranchisement . Segregation was now imposed with Jim Crow laws, using signs used to show Blacks where they could legally walk, talk, drink, rest, or eat. For those places that were racially mixed, non-Whites had to wait until all White customers were dealt with. Most African Americans obeyed
17550-510: The post–civil rights era. In 1967, Thurgood Marshall became the first African American Supreme Court Justice. In 1968, Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the US Congress . In 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African American elected governor in US history. Clarence Thomas succeeded Marshall to become the second African American Supreme Court Justice in 1991. In 1992, Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois became
17700-466: The rap group which included rappers Big D-E-Z, B.G. Duke, B.G. Gator, C-Note , D-Red, Lil' 3rd, Lil' Head, Pap-Pap and Will-Lean. One of the foremost contributors to the Houston screw scene, the group was part of the Screwed Up Click in the early to mid 1990s. The group name is a reference to Botany Lane in the Cloverland area of Houston where they resided. Their first album, Thought of Many Ways ,
17850-586: The ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865. While the Naturalization Act of 1790 limited US citizenship to Whites only, the 14th Amendment (1868) gave Black people citizenship, and the 15th Amendment (1870) gave Black men the right to vote. African Americans quickly set up congregations for themselves, as well as schools and community/civic associations, to have space away from White control or oversight. While
18000-551: The rich promise of social reform ." In August 2020, musician John Mellencamp released the song "A Pawn in the White Man's Game", a reworking of Bob Dylan 's 1964 song " Only a Pawn in Their Game ", which reflected on the killing of Civil Rights activist Medger Evers . Mellencamp's version featured new lyrics that reflected the racial conflicts in the U.S. that followed in the wake of Floyd's murder. Mellencamp also posted
18150-468: The right to carry arms and boosting their earning power. However, actually these privileges distanced free Black men from enslaved Blacks and encouraged them to identify with Whites. Slavery had been tacitly enshrined in the US Constitution through provisions such as Article I, Section 2, Clause 3, commonly known as the 3/5 compromise . Due to the restrictions of Section 9, Clause 1 , Congress
18300-408: The same day, the city declared May 25 George Floyd Jr. Day. After Floyd's murder, a petition was started on the public benefit corporation website change.org , asking for "Justice for George Floyd". The petition quickly gathered more signatures than any other petition that had been placed on the site, amounting to roughly five million in the first few days. The petition was considered a "success" with
18450-467: The sentencing of Derek Chauvin. At the time that the petition was closed to new signers, it had attained close to twenty million signatures. In May 2022, a biography of Floyd titled His Name Is George Floyd was published, written by Washington Post journalists Robert Samuels and Toluse Olorunnipa . In 2022, the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles declined to issue a posthumous pardon for
18600-620: The slaves who had not escaped returned to the Island of Hispaniola , whence they had come. The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a free Black domestic servant from Seville , and Miguel Rodríguez, a White Segovian conquistador in 1565 in St. Augustine (Spanish Florida), is the first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in what is now the continental United States. The first recorded Africans in English America (including most of
18750-682: The south in large numbers seeking better opportunities and treatment in the west and north, a movement known as the Great Migration , there is now a reverse trend, called the New Great Migration . As with the earlier Great Migration, the New Great Migration is primarily directed toward cities and large urban areas, such as Charlotte , Houston , Dallas , Fort Worth , Huntsville , Raleigh , Tampa , San Antonio , New Orleans , Memphis , Nashville , Jacksonville , and so forth. A growing percentage of African Americans from
18900-741: The system's worst elements. First established in South Carolina in 1704, groups of armed White men— slave patrols —were formed to monitor enslaved Black people. Their function was to police slaves, especially fugitives. Slave owners feared that slaves might organize revolts or slave rebellions , so state militias were formed to provide a military command structure and discipline within the slave patrols. These patrols were used to detect, encounter, and crush any organized slave meetings which might lead to revolts or rebellions . The earliest African American congregations and churches were organized before 1800 in both northern and southern cities following
19050-529: The time, label president and A&R T. Farris said, "He is a legend here in Houston. He plays a big role in the whole style of rap that we make down here." Ore Magnus Lawson, better known by his stage name Lil' O, was born in Lagos, Nigeria and raised in Southwest Houston, Texas . He is an original member of Screwed Up Click. He is known for his short stature, being 5 feet tall, from which he earned
19200-592: The total population, declined until 1930 and has been rising since then. By 1990, the African American population reached about 30 million and represented 12% of the US population, roughly the same proportion as in 1900. At the time of the 2000 US census , 54.8% of African Americans lived in the South . In that year, 17.6% of African Americans lived in the Northeast and 18.7% in the Midwest , while only 8.9% lived in
19350-533: The track "I Wonder", and Purple World , on the track "The Letter". She also made an appearance on rapper Z-Ro's album Z-Ro vs. the World on the track "Dirty 3rd". The Herschelwood Hardheadz, named after the south side Houston Texas neighborhood they grew up in, is a group that was a part of the Screwed Up Click and was formed in 1993. Its members included Duke, Knocky, Archie Lee and formerly Lil' Keke . Wesley Eric Weston, Jr., better known by his stage name Lil' Flip,
19500-465: The video that circulated of it as "the largest protests in the United States since the Civil Rights era." Calls to defund and abolish the police were widespread. The protests became the first civil disorder event to exceed $ 1 billion in losses to the insurance industry. In some cities, protests were so violent that curfews were put in place. Several memorial services were held. On June 4, 2020,
19650-523: The west and north are migrating to the southern region of the US for economic and cultural reasons. The New York City , Chicago , and Los Angeles metropolitan areas have the highest decline in African Americans, while Atlanta , Dallas , and Houston have the highest increase respectively. Several smaller metro areas also saw sizable gains, including San Antonio; Raleigh and Greensboro, N.C.; and Orlando. Despite recent declines, as of 2020,
19800-485: The work of lawmakers, there has been an outcry from leaders in varieties of fields. Researcher Temitope Oriola, author of 'How police departments can identify and oust killer cops', wrote the piece intending to prevent more deaths mirroring Floyd's. Oxiris Barbot, former New York City Health Commissioner , wrote an article describing Floyd's murder as "collective moral injury" and compared it to "the sustained acuity of health inequities playing out in horrifying details through
19950-450: Was certified Platinum in December 2002. It contained his hit single " The Way We Ball ". When Lil' Flip's label Columbia tried to restructure Flip, he left, ending up at Sony Urban Music which he believed could promote his music better. The first single from the album was " Game Over (Flip) ". After that he quickly released his second single, " Sunshine " featuring Lea Sunshine. This album sold 198,000 domestic copies in its first week and
20100-543: Was $ 5,600 (equivalent to $ 58,532 in 2023), compared with $ 2,900 (equivalent to $ 30,311 in 2023) for non-White families. In 1965, 43 percent of all Black families fell into the poverty bracket, earning under $ 3,000 (equivalent to $ 29,005 in 2023) a year. The 1960s saw improvements in the social and economic conditions of many Black Americans. From 1965 to 1969, Black family income rose from 54 to 60 percent of White family income. In 1968, 23 percent of Black families earned under $ 3,000 (equivalent to $ 26,285 in 2023)
20250-401: Was a Whites-only establishment, with Blacks (such as Duke Ellington ) allowed to perform, but to a White audience. Black Americans also found a new ground for political power in Northern cities, without the enforced disabilities of Jim Crow . By the 1950s, the civil rights movement was gaining momentum. A 1955 lynching that sparked public outrage about injustice was that of Emmett Till ,
20400-604: Was a member of the Screwed Up Click and younger brother of Macc Grace. Together the two formed Grace Boyz. Grace was a starting member of the Willowridge High School (Houston) 1994 Men's Basketball State Championship team. He was the teams feature three point shooter and best defensive guard. Introduced to Screw along with his brother, Los started rapping on Screw Tapes. More recently since the death of his brother, Macc Grace, Los has put out several new projects, most of which pay tribute to Macc and Screw. Los also has
20550-454: Was called, spanned the 1890s to the 1970s. From 1916 through the 1960s, more than 6 million Black people moved north. But in the 1970s and 1980s, that trend reversed , with more African Americans moving south to the Sun Belt than leaving it. The following table of the African American population in the United States over time shows that the African American population, as a percentage of
20700-480: Was certified double Platinum by August 2004. Lil' Flip released his third album I Need Mine in 2007. The album debuted at number 15 on the Billboard 200 with 43,000 copies sold in its first week. Lil' Flip has since left Columbia Records and gone back to being an independent artist, founding his own label Clover G records. His fourth album Ahead of My Time was originally set to be released as early as 2007, but
20850-542: Was co-captain of the basketball team, playing as a power forward . He was also on the football team as a tight end , and in 1992, his team went to the Texas state championships. The first of his siblings to go to college, Floyd attended South Florida Community College for two years on a football scholarship and also played on the basketball team. He transferred to Texas A&M University–Kingsville in 1995, where he also played basketball before dropping out. Floyd became
21000-583: Was convicted of possessing half a gram of crack cocaine in 2004 based on the sole testimony of police officer Gerald Goines. Later in 2019, Goines' involvement in the Harding Street raid led to Goines being investigated for a pattern of falsifying evidence. As a result, in April 2021, the district attorney of Harris County , Texas, requested a posthumous pardon for this particular conviction of Floyd's because of Goines' lack of credibility. In October 2021,
21150-508: Was defaced with graffiti, resulting in a Greater Manchester Police investigation into the incident. Beyond the creation of the mural, Floyd's murder has also brought attention to the presence of institutional racism within the United Kingdom . Protest graffiti has also been put up throughout Los Angeles, offering phrases such as "I Can't Breathe", "Say Their Names", and others. The phrase "Black Lives Matter" has also been used often in
21300-544: Was detained by Minneapolis police when an unlicensed car in which he was a passenger was pulled over in a traffic stop. Floyd was found with a bottle of pain pills. Officers handcuffed him and took him to the city's third police precinct station. Floyd told police he did not sell the pills and that they were related to his own addiction. When he appeared agitated, officers encouraged him to relax and helped calm him down, and they later called an ambulance as they grew worried about his condition. No charges were filed in connection with
21450-513: Was later turned into painted murals in many communities and used in other ways. Other viral social-media-based tributes to Floyd were made by Nikkolas Smith , Stormy Nesbit, Dani Coke, Robin Hilkey, and Miriam Mosqueda. Street artists globally created murals honoring Floyd. Depictions included Floyd as a ghost in Minneapolis, as an angel in Houston, and as a saint weeping blood in Naples . A mural on
21600-417: Was murdered and DJ Screw who overdosed from a lethal combination of codeine and other drugs. However, the group still continues to record new music with many of its members now focusing primarily on their solo careers. In later years, the group saw the deaths of other members including Big Hawk and Big Moe in 2006 and 2007 respectively, as well as the incarceration of others. More recently in 2010,
21750-529: Was one of the founding members of the Screwed Up Click. He grew up on the dead end block of MLK with younger brother, Patrick "Fat Pat" Hawkins and two sisters. He started rapping in 1992 when Fat Pat took him to DJ Screw's house, an upcoming mixtape producer and DJ in the southern area of Houston. In 1994 Hawk, Fat Pat , DJ Screw , and Kay-K, collaborated to form the group D.E.A. and Dead End Records. In late 1998 D.E.A. released an original independent album entitled, “Screwed For Life”. In 1999 Hawk participated in
21900-430: Was pushed back many times and was finally released on July 6, 2010. Lil' Flip released two "album-before-the-album's" in 2009 to help promote the release of Ahead of My Time . The two albums were: Respect Me and Underground Legend 2 . Lil' Flip released his fifth album The Black Dr. Kevorkian on October 31, 2013, which sold 10,000 copies in its first week. Carlos Grace, professionally known as Los or Loco Bush,
22050-518: Was released on their own label, Big Shot Records, in 1997; its follow-up, Forever Botany , was released in 1999 and managed to crack the Billboard Top R&;B/Hip-Hop charts at #99 in 2000 as the Houston rap scene became more popular across the US. Since then, the members have concentrated more on solo projects, with C-Note being the most successful. Since the group's creation members Big D-E-Z, Lil 3rd, Lil Head and Pap-Pap have left
22200-413: Was similar to slavery. Servants could be bought, sold, or leased, and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or attempting to running away. Unlike slaves, they were freed after their term of service expired or if their freedom was purchased. Their children did not inherit their status, and on their release from contract they received "a year's provision of corn, double apparel, tools necessary", and
22350-630: Was two, after his parents separated, his mother moved with the children to Houston, Texas. The family settled in the Cuney Homes public housing complex, known as the Bricks, in Houston's Third Ward , a historically African-American neighborhood . Floyd was called Perry as a child and also Big Floyd; being over six feet (183 cm) tall in middle school, he saw sports as a vehicle for improving his life. Floyd attended Ryan Middle School and graduated from Yates High School in 1993. While at Yates, he
22500-553: Was unable to pass an Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves until 1807. Fugitive slave laws (derived from the Fugitive Slave Clause of the Constitution— Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3 ) were passed by Congress in both 1793 and 1850 , guaranteeing the right of a slaveholder to recover an escaped slave anywhere within the US. Slave owners, who viewed enslaved people as property, ensured that it became
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