100-597: The George Washington Carver Bridge is located in Des Moines , Iowa over the Raccoon River . Part of the Martin Luther King Jr. Parkway , the bridge provides three roadway lanes in one direction and two roadway lanes and one bikeway/pedestrian lane in the opposite direction framed by two arches. The main supporting structures and free standing arches are visible at the roadway level. The roadway
200-648: A tariff . Based on the quality of Carver's presentation at their convention, they asked the African-American professor to testify on the tariff issue before the Ways and Means Committee of the United States House of Representatives . Due to segregation , it was highly unusual for an African American to appear as an expert witness, but Carver appeared and unpacked numerous exhibits and samples to make his case for greater food and industrial uses for
300-531: A Horse" (1932), in The American Magazine , and its 1937 reprint in Reader's Digest , contributed to this myth about Carver's influence. Other popular media tended to exaggerate Carver's impact on the peanut industry. From 1933 to 1935, Carver worked to develop peanut oil massages to treat infantile paralysis ( polio ). Ultimately, researchers found that the massages, not the peanut oil, provided
400-596: A botanist. Carver received his Master of Science degree in 1896. Carver taught as the first African American faculty member at Iowa State. Despite occasionally being addressed as "doctor", Carver never received an official doctorate , and in a personal communication with Pammel, he noted that it was a "misnomer", given to him by others due to his abilities and their assumptions about his education. Though he did not have an earned doctorate, both Simpson College and Selma University awarded him honorary doctorates of science in his lifetime. In addition, Iowa State awarded him
500-528: A broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims , especially those of Arab or Berber ancestry, whether living in North Africa or Iberia. Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Sub-Saharan Africans and Europeans alike. Isidore of Seville , writing in the 7th century, claimed that the Latin word Maurus
600-429: A claim near Beeler , where he maintained a small conservatory of plants and flowers and a geological collection. He manually plowed 17 acres (69,000 m ) of the claim, planting rice, corn, Indian corn and garden produce, as well as various fruit trees, forest trees, and shrubbery. He also earned money by odd jobs in town and worked as a ranch hand . In early 1888, Carver obtained a $ 300 (~$ 10,173 in 2023) loan at
700-548: A degree in Agriculture was "Plants as Modified by Man", dated 1894. Iowa State University professors Joseph Budd and Louis Pammel convinced Carver to continue there for his master's degree . Carver did research at the Iowa Experiment Station under Pammel during the next two years. His work at the experiment station in plant pathology and mycology first gained him national recognition and respect as
800-462: A father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian . In response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish". Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more African women than men. The female slaves were often put to work in domestic service and agriculture. The men interpreted
900-661: A history of discrimination. These descendants of the Zanj have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of their population. According to Alamin M. Mazrui et al., generally in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, most of these communities identify as both black and Arab. Afro-Iranians are people of black African ancestry residing in Iran. During
1000-615: A liar and party to such hellish deception it is more than I can bear, and if your committee feel that I have willfully lied or [was] party to such lies as were told my resignation is at your disposal." During Washington's last five years at Tuskegee, Carver submitted or threatened his resignation several times: when the administration reorganized the agriculture programs, when he disliked a teaching assignment, to manage an experiment station elsewhere, and when he did not get summer teaching assignments in 1913–14. In each case, Washington smoothed things over. Carver started his academic career as
1100-511: A master's in a scientific field from a "white" institution, some faculty perceived him as arrogant. Unmarried faculty members normally had to share rooms, with two to a room, in the spartan early days of the institute. One of Carver's duties was to administer the Agricultural Experiment Station farms. He had to manage the production and sale of farm products to generate revenue for the institute. He soon proved to be
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#17327942623061200-756: A national conference of the Peanut Growers Association in 1920 and in testimony before Congress in 1921 to support passage of a tariff on imported peanuts, brought him wide publicity and increasing renown. In these years, he became one of the most well-known African Americans of his time. Carver developed techniques to improve soils depleted by repeated plantings of cotton . Together with other agricultural experts, he urged farmers to restore nitrogen to their soils by practicing systematic crop rotation : alternating cotton crops with plantings of sweet potatoes or legumes , such as peanuts , soybeans and cowpeas . These crops both restored nitrogen to
1300-474: A poor administrator and clashed with other faculty members, especially George Ruffin Bridgeforth . In 1900, Carver complained that the physical work and the letter-writing required were too much. In 1904, an Institute committee reported that Carver's reports on yields from the poultry yard were exaggerated, and Washington confronted Carver about the issue. Carver replied in writing, "Now to be branded as
1400-575: A posthumous doctor of humane letters degree in 1994. In 1896, Booker T. Washington , the first principal and president of the Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University ), invited Carver to head its Agriculture Department. Carver taught there for 47 years, developing the department into a strong research center and working with two additional college presidents during his tenure. He taught methods of crop rotation, introduced several alternative cash crops for farmers that would also improve
1500-518: A professor at Tuskegee Institute , Carver developed techniques to improve types of soils depleted by repeated plantings of cotton. He wanted poor farmers to grow other crops, such as peanuts and sweet potatoes , as a source of their own food and to improve their quality of life. Under his leadership, the Experiment Station at Tuskegee published over forty practical bulletins for farmers, many written by him, which included recipes; many of
1600-699: A public figure. During the last two decades of his life, Carver seemed to enjoy his celebrity status. He was often on the road promoting Tuskegee University , peanuts , sweet potatoes, and racial harmony. Although he only published six agricultural bulletins after 1922, he published articles in peanut industry journals and wrote a syndicated newspaper column, "Professor Carver's Advice". Business leaders came to seek his help, and he often responded with free advice. Three American presidents— Theodore Roosevelt , Calvin Coolidge and Franklin Roosevelt —met with him, and
1700-823: A public figure. President Theodore Roosevelt publicly admired his work. Former professors of Carver's from Iowa State University were appointed to positions as Secretary of Agriculture: James Wilson , a former dean and professor of Carver's, served from 1897 to 1913. Henry Cantwell Wallace served from 1921 to 1924. He knew Carver personally because his son Henry A. Wallace and the researcher were friends. The younger Wallace served as U.S. Secretary of Agriculture from 1933 to 1940, and as Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's vice president from 1941 to 1945. The American industrialist, farmer, and inventor William C. Edenborn of Winn Parish , Louisiana , grew peanuts on his demonstration farm. He consulted with Carver. In 1916, Carver
1800-580: A researcher and teacher. In 1911, Washington wrote a letter to him complaining that Carver had not followed orders to plant particular crops at the experiment station. This revealed Washington's micro-management of Carver's department, which he had headed for more than 10 years by then. Washington at the same time refused Carver's requests for a new laboratory, research supplies for his exclusive use, and respite from teaching classes. Washington praised Carver's abilities in teaching and original research but said this about his administrative skills: When it comes to
1900-482: A slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa people of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically, people of Nilotic ancestry). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens. The government
2000-599: A teaching job in California. In her 2015 biography, Christina Vella reviews his relationships and suggests that Carver was bisexual and constrained by mores of his historic period. When he was 70, Carver established a friendship and research partnership with the scientist Austin W. Curtis Jr. This young black man, a graduate of Cornell University , had some teaching experience before coming to Tuskegee. Carver bequeathed to Curtis his royalties from an authorized 1943 biography by Rackham Holt. After Carver died in 1943, Curtis
2100-486: Is a racialized classification of people, usually a political and skin color -based category for specific populations with a mid- to dark brown complexion . Not all people considered "black" have dark skin ; in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification in the Western world , the term "black" is used to describe persons who are perceived as dark-skinned compared to other populations. It
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#17327942623062200-478: Is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture , although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based on her anomalous appearance disrupted her family and adult life. She was the subject of the 2008 biographical dramatic film Skin , which won numerous awards. During
2300-457: Is merely scratching the surface of scientific investigations of the possibilities of the peanut and other Southern products. In 1932, the writer James Saxon Childers wrote that Carver and his peanut products were almost solely responsible for the rise in U.S. peanut production after the boll weevil devastated the American cotton crop beginning about 1892. His article, "A Boy Who Was Traded for
2400-442: Is most commonly used for people of sub-Saharan African ancestry, Indigenous Australians and Melanesians , though it has been applied in many contexts to other groups, and is no indicator of any close ancestral relationship whatsoever. Indigenous African societies do not use the term black as a racial identity outside of influences brought by Western cultures. Contemporary anthropologists and other scientists, while recognizing
2500-822: Is reported that African immigrants in Turkey regularly face economic and social challenges, notably racism and opposition to immigration by locals. The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan . Members are descended from the Bantu peoples of Southeast Africa . Some were merchants, sailors, indentured servants , slaves or mercenaries. The Siddi population is currently estimated at 270,000–350,000 individuals, living mostly in Karnataka , Gujarat , and Hyderabad in India and Makran and Karachi in Pakistan. In
2600-581: Is suspended by cables from two steel arches, painted blue to complement the site's abundant greenery and to clearly mark the river crossing. The arches, with their concrete superstructures, appear to float over the water framing the views of the skyline and Iowa's tallest skyscraper, creating a welcoming gateway to the city from the airport. The George Washington Carver Bridge was completed in 2004 with Boston -based transportation architect Miguel Rosales of Rosales + Partners providing concept development, preliminary aesthetic design, and community participation for
2700-648: Is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i.e., "little black person"); it is what the Spaniards called the aborigines that they encountered in the Philippines . The term Negrito itself has come under criticism in countries like Malaysia, where it is now interchangeable with the more acceptable Semang , although this term actually refers to a specific group. They have dark skin, often curly-hair and Asiatic facial characteristics, and are stockily built. Negritos in
2800-785: The AP Stylebook , changed their guides to capitalize the 'b' in 'black', following the 2020 murder of George Floyd , an African American . The ASA Style Guide says that the 'b' should not be capitalized. Some perceive the term 'black' as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result neither use nor define it, especially in African countries with little to no history of colonial racial segregation . Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa , some dating from prehistoric communities. Others descend from migrants via
2900-573: The Crown Prince of Sweden studied with him for three weeks. From 1923 to 1933, Carver toured white Southern colleges for the Commission on Interracial Cooperation . With his increasing notability, Carver became the subject of biographies and articles. Raleigh H. Merritt contacted him for his biography published in 1929. Merritt wrote: At present not a great deal has been done to utilize Dr. Carver's discoveries commercially. He says that he
3000-682: The Makran strip of the Sindh and Balochistan provinces in southwestern Pakistan , these Bantu descendants are known as the Makrani. There was a brief "Black Power" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry. Negritos , are a collection of various, often unrelated peoples, who were once considered a single distinct population of closely related groups, but genetic studies showed that they descended from
3100-750: The Negev town of Dimona . Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum. Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea , particularly the Niger-Congo -speaking Nuba groups of
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3200-537: The Netherlands who are of Black African or Afro-Caribbean ancestry. They tend to be from the former and present Dutch overseas territories of Aruba , Bonaire , Curaçao , Sint Maarten and Suriname . The Netherlands also has sizable Cape Verdean and other African communities. As of 2021, there were at least 232,000 people of recent Black-African immigrant background living in Portugal . They mainly live in
3300-602: The Qajar dynasty , many wealthy households imported black African women and children as slaves to perform domestic work. This slave labor was drawn exclusively from the Zanj, who were Bantu -speaking peoples that lived along the African Great Lakes , in an area roughly comprising modern-day Tanzania , Mozambique and Malawi . About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel , amounting to just over 2% of
3400-454: The Quran to permit sexual relations between a male master and his enslaved females outside of marriage (see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex ), leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she was considered as umm walad or "mother of a child", a status that granted her privileged rights. The child was given rights of inheritance to
3500-795: The Southall Black Sisters , which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association , which has a membership of "African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin". As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia . Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many black Africans. This extended beyond
3600-697: The Western Cape ). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary political position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa. It imposed a system of legal racial segregation, a complex of laws known as apartheid . The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce
3700-592: The İzmir area through the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, or indirectly from Ayvalık in pursuit of work. Apart from the historical Afro-Turk presence Turkey also hosts a sizeable immigrant black population since the end of the 1990s. The community is composed mostly of modern immigrants from Ghana, Ethiopia, DRC, Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya, Eritrea, Somalia and Senegal. According to official figures 1.5 million Africans live in Turkey and around 25% of them are located in Istanbul . Other studies state
3800-517: The ANC ( African National Congress )". In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendants) are to be reclassified as "Black people," solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination. Chinese people who arrived in the country after
3900-600: The Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practicing Arab apartheid. In the Sahara , the native Tuareg Berber populations kept " negro " slaves. Most of these captives were of Nilo-Saharan extraction, and were either purchased by
4000-624: The Bank of Ness City for education. By June he left the area. In 1890, Carver started studying art and piano at Simpson College in Indianola, Iowa . His art teacher, Etta Budd, recognized Carver's talent for painting flowers and plants; she encouraged him to study botany at Iowa State Agricultural College (now Iowa State University) in Ames . When he began there in 1891, he was the first black student at Iowa State. Carver's bachelor's thesis for
4100-575: The Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was of those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush and, hence, those who migrated between 1948 and 1970 are known as the Windrush generation . The preferred official umbrella term is "black, Asian and minority ethnic" ( BAME ), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism , as in
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4200-699: The Carver Museum and to the George Washington Carver Foundation. On his grave was written, "He could have added fortune to fame, but caring for neither, he found happiness and honor in being helpful to the world." Carver believed he could have faith both in God and science and integrated them into his life. He testified on many occasions that his faith in Jesus was the only mechanism by which he could effectively pursue and perform
4300-529: The European colonialists acquired control of territory, they generally pushed the mixed-race and African populations into second-class status. During the first half of the 20th century, the white-dominated government classified the population according to four main racial groups: Black , White , Asian (mostly Indian ), and Coloured . The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European ancestry (with some Malay ancestry, especially in
4400-480: The George Washington Carver Foundation at Tuskegee in 1938 to continue agricultural research. He donated nearly US$ 60,000 (equivalent to $ 1,298,723 in 2023) in his savings to create the foundation. Carver headed the modern organic movement in the southern agricultural system. Carver's background for his interest in organic farming sprouted from his father being killed during the Civil War, and when his mother
4500-591: The Horn of Africa and then sold off to slave merchants. The earliest representation of this tradition dates from a seventh or eighth century BC inscription belonging to the Kingdom of Damat . These captives and others of analogous morphology were distinguished as tsalim barya (dark-skinned slave) in contrast with the Afroasiatic-speaking nobles or saba qayh ("red men") or light-skinned slave; while on
4600-614: The Philippines frequently face discrimination. Because of their traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle, they are marginalized and live in poverty, unable to find employment. While census collection of ethnic background is illegal in France , it is estimated that there are about 2.5 – 5 million black people residing there. As of 2020, there are approximately one million black people living in Germany. Afro-Dutch are residents of
4700-795: The Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc . Due to the slave trade in the Ottoman Empire that had flourished in the Balkans , the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community. In 1878, that community consisted of about 100 people. Indigenous Australians have been referred to as "black people" in Australia since the early days of European settlement . While originally related to skin colour ,
4800-672: The State of Bahia, in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world , including Arabs in North Africa, self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America . He claims that darker-toned Arabs, much like darker-toned Latin Americans , consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese ( Sudanese Arab ) woman and
4900-837: The Tuareg nobles from slave markets in the Western Sudan or taken during raids. Their origin is denoted via the Ahaggar Berber word Ibenheren (sing. Ébenher ), which alludes to slaves that only spoke a Nilo-Saharan language. These slaves were also sometimes known by the borrowed Songhay term Bella . Similarly, the Sahrawi indigenous peoples of the Western Sahara observed a class system consisting of high castes and low castes. Outside of these traditional tribal boundaries were "Negro" slaves, who were drawn from
5000-420: The Tuskegee Agricultural school. Although the emancipation allowed Black families 40 acres and a mule , President Johnson revoked this and gave the land to white plantation owners instead. This prompted Black farmers to exchange what was once their land, and in turn, a small part of the land's harvest. This led to sharecropping. Carver soon realized that farmers were not obtaining enough food to survive, and how
5100-420: The United Kingdom, "black" was historically equivalent with " person of color ", a general term for non-European peoples. While the term "person of color" is commonly used and accepted in the United States , the near-sounding term " colored person " is considered highly offensive, except in South Africa, where it is a descriptor for a person of mixed race . In other regions such as Australasia , settlers applied
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#17327942623065200-408: The United States, they are also called "black Asians" or "Blasians". Historically, Afro-Asian populations have been marginalized as a result of human migration and social conflict. In the medieval Arab world, the ethnic designation of "Black" encompassed not only Zanj , or Africans, but also communities like Zutt , Sindis and Indians from the Indian subcontinent . Historians estimate that between
5300-456: The adjective "black" to the indigenous population. It was universally regarded as highly offensive in Australia until the 1960s and 70s. "Black" was generally not used as a noun, but rather as an adjective qualifying some other descriptor (e.g. "black ****"). As desegregation progressed after the 1967 referendum, some Aboriginals adopted the term, following the American fashion, but it remains problematic. Several American style guides, including
5400-407: The advent of Islam in 650 CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million black Africans (known as the Zanj) were enslaved by east African slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the number of slaves who were taken to the Americas. Slavery in Saudi Arabia and slavery in Yemen
5500-428: The alternative crops. He founded an industrial research laboratory, where he and assistants worked to popularize the new crops by developing hundreds of applications for them. They did original research as well as promoting applications and recipes, which they collected from others. Carver distributed his information as agricultural bulletins. Carver's work was known by officials in the national capital before he became
5600-441: The apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black". The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townships located away from the cities as areas for Blacks. In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared
5700-420: The art of science. Carver became a Christian when he was still a young boy, as he wrote in connection to his conversion in 1931: I was just a mere boy when converted, hardly ten years old. There isn't much of a story to it. God just came into my heart one afternoon while I was alone in the 'loft' of our big barn while I was shelling corn to carry to the mill to be ground into meal. Black people Black
5800-402: The benefits of maintaining some mobility to paralyzed limbs. From 1935 to 1937, Carver participated in the USDA Disease Survey. Carver had specialized in plant diseases and mycology for his master's degree. In 1937, Carver attended two chemurgy conferences, an emerging field in the 1930s, during the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl , concerned with developing new products from crops. He
5900-536: The black community. He was widely recognized and praised in the white community for his many achievements and talents. In 1941, Time magazine dubbed Carver a "Black Leonardo ". Color film of Carver shot in 1937 at the Tuskegee Institute by African American surgeon Allen Alexander was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2019. The 12 minutes of footage includes Carver in his apartment, office and laboratory, as well as images of him tending flowers and displaying his paintings. Carver
6000-424: The bulletins contained advice for poor farmers, including combating soil depletion with limited financial means, producing bigger crops, and preserving food. Apart from his work to improve the lives of farmers, Carver was also a leader in promoting environmentalism . He received numerous honors for his work, including the Spingarn Medal of the NAACP . In an era of high racial polarization, his fame reached beyond
6100-410: The city of Des Moines . The lead engineering firm for the bridge was Earth Tech Inc . George Washington Carver George Washington Carver ( c. 1864 – January 5, 1943) was an American agricultural scientist and inventor who promoted alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion . He was one of the most prominent black scientists of the early 20th century. While
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#17327942623066200-451: The classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be considered Coloured or Black, the " pencil test " was used. A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil, rather than having it pass through, as it would with smoother hair. If so, the person was classified as Black. Such classifications sometimes divided families. Sandra Laing
6300-655: The country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians". Some affirmative action policies favor "Africans" over "Coloureds" in terms of qualifying for certain benefits. Some South Africans categorized as "African Black" say that "Coloureds" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. "Coloured" South Africans are known to discuss their dilemma by saying, "we were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under
6400-444: The end of apartheid do not qualify for such benefits. Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language , as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa . They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names. " Afro-Asians " or "African-Asians" are persons of mixed sub-Saharan African and Asian ancestry. In
6500-417: The farmers to use. These fertilizers were more sustainable to the planet and helped farmers to spend less money on fertilizers since they were recycling products. Carver pushed for woodland preservation, to help improve the quality of the topsoil. He urged farmers to feed their hogs acorns. The acorns contained natural pesticides and feeding them acorns was cheaper for the farms too. Carver's efforts towards
6600-412: The father's property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal , the children inherited their fathers' social status at birth and were born free. Some mixed-race children succeeded their respective fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur , who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of
6700-426: The former Spanish colony Equatorial Guinea . Today, there are an estimated 683,000 Afro-Spaniards in Spain . According to the Office for National Statistics , at the 2001 census there were more than a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0.8% as "Black African", and 0.2% as "Black other". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from
6800-402: The historical trans-Saharan trade or, after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, from slaves from the trans-Saharan slave trade in North Africa. In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Warrior King" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black soldiers, called his Black Guard . According to Carlos Moore , resident scholar at Brazil's University of
6900-476: The holistic and organic approach are still in practice today. In his research, Carver discovered Permaculture. Permaculture could be used to produce carbon from the atmosphere, produce a higher quantity of crops, and let crops flourish despite global warming. Carver never married. At age 40, he began a courtship with Sarah L. Hunt, an elementary school teacher and the sister-in-law of Warren Logan, Treasurer of Tuskegee Institute. This lasted three years until she took
7000-441: The industrialization of cotton had contaminated the soil. Carver wanted to find a way to organically transform Alabama's failing soil. He found that alternating nitrogen-rich crops would let the soil get back to its natural state. Keeping crops like sweet potatoes, peanuts, and cowpeas would produce more food surplus and different types of food for farmers. Carver worked to pioneer organic fertilizers like swamp muck and compost for
7100-418: The lives of Indigenous Australians – where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents. Aborigines were not allowed to vote and were often confined to reserves and forced into low paid or effectively slave labour. The social position of mixed-race or " half-caste " individuals varied over time. A 1913 report by Baldwin Spencer states that:
7200-456: The majority of Africans in Turkey lives in Istanbul and report Tarlabaşı , Dolapdere , Kumkapı , Yenikapı and Kurtuluş as having a strong African presence. Most of the African immigrants in Turkey come to Turkey to further migrate to Europe. Immigrants from Eastern Africa are usually refugees, meanwhile Western and Central African immigration is reported to be economically driven. It
7300-497: The most thoroughly scientific men of the Negro race with whom I am acquainted". After Washington died in 1915, his successor made fewer demands on Carver for administrative tasks. From 1915 to 1923, Carver concentrated on researching and experimenting with new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans, pecans, and other crops, as well as having his assistants research and compile existing uses. This work, and especially his speaking to
7400-503: The nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel , most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia . In addition, Israel is home to more than 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement that are ancestry of African Americans who emigrated to Israel in the 20th century, and who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in
7500-617: The organization of classes, the ability required to secure a properly organized and large school or section of a school, you are wanting in ability. When it comes to the matter of practical farm managing which will secure definite, practical, financial results, you are wanting again in ability. In 1911, Carver complained that his laboratory had not received the equipment which Washington had promised 11 months before. He also complained about Institute committee meetings. Washington praised Carver in his 1911 memoir, My Larger Education: Being Chapters from My Experience . Washington called Carver "one of
7600-589: The other hand, western racial category standards do not differentiate between saba qayh ("red men"—light-skinned) or saba tiqur ("black men"—dark-skinned) Horn Africans (of either Afroasiatic-speaking, Nilotic-speaking or Bantu origin) thus considering all of them as "black people" (and in some case "negro") according to Western society's notion of race. In South Africa , the period of colonisation resulted in many unions and marriages between European and Africans ( Bantu peoples of South Africa and Khoisans ) from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children. As
7700-475: The peanut. Southern congressmen mocked him, but as he talked about the importance of the peanut and its uses for American agriculture and manufacturing, committee members repeatedly extended the time for his testimony. The Fordney–McCumber Tariff was enacted in 1922, and included a duty on imported peanuts. Carver's testimony, including samples of peanut milk, peanut flour, industrial dyes made from peanuts, and other peanut-based products, made him widely known as
7800-434: The reality of biological variation between different human populations, regard the concept of a unified, distinguishable "Black race" as socially constructed . Different societies apply different criteria regarding who is classified "black", and these social constructs have changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for "blackness" vary. In
7900-603: The regions of Lisbon , Porto , Coimbra . As Portugal doesn't collect information dealing with ethnicity, the estimate includes only people that, as of 2021, hold the citizenship of a Sub Saharan African country or people who have acquired Portuguese citizenship from 2008 to 2021, thus excluding descendants, people of more distant African ancestry or people who have settled in Portugal generations ago and are now Portuguese citizens . The term " Moors " has been used in Europe in
8000-587: The same ancient East Eurasian meta-population which gave rise to modern East Asian peoples , and consist of several separate groups, as well as displaying genetic heterogeneity. They inhabit isolated parts of Southeast Asia , and are now confined primarily to Southern Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, and the Andaman Islands of India. Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito
8100-468: The soil and were good for human consumption. Following the crop rotation practice resulted in improved cotton yields and gave farmers alternative cash crops. To train farmers to successfully rotate and cultivate the new crops, Carver developed an agricultural extension program for Alabama that was similar to the one at Iowa State. To encourage better nutrition in the South, he widely distributed recipes using
8200-654: The soil of areas heavily cultivated in cotton, initiated research into crop products (chemurgy), and taught generations of black students farming techniques for self-sufficiency. Carver designed a mobile classroom to take education out to farmers. He called it a "Jesup wagon" after the New York financier and philanthropist Morris Ketchum Jesup , who provided funding to support the program. To recruit Carver to Tuskegee, Washington gave him an above average salary and two rooms for his personal use, although both concessions were resented by some other faculty. Because he had earned
8300-603: The southern Nuba Mountains ; some are illegal immigrants. Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire , tens of thousands of Zanj captives were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul , which gave rise to the Afro-Turk population in present-day Turkey . Some of their ancestry remained in situ , and many migrated to larger cities and towns. Other black slaves were transported to Crete , from where they or their descendants later reached
8400-493: The surrounding areas. In Ethiopia and Somalia , the slave classes mainly consisted of captured peoples from the Sudanese-Ethiopian and Kenyan-Somali international borders or other surrounding areas of Nilotic and Bantu peoples who were collectively known as Shanqella and Adone (both analogues to "negro" in an English-speaking context). Some of these slaves were captured during territorial conflicts in
8500-469: The term is used today to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry in general and can refer to people of any skin pigmentation. Being identified as either "black" or "white" in Australia during the 19th and early 20th centuries was critical in one's employment and social prospects. Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over
8600-421: The town, he found the school closed for the night. He slept in a nearby barn. By his own account, the next morning he met a kind woman, Mariah Watkins, from whom he wished to rent a room. When he identified himself as "Carver's George", as he had done his whole life, she replied that from now on his name was "George Carver". George liked Mariah Watkins and her words, "You must learn all you can, then go back out into
8700-649: The world and give your learning back to the people", made a great impression on him. At age 13, because he wanted to attend the academy there, he moved to the home of another foster family, in Fort Scott, Kansas . After witnessing the killing of a black man by a group of white people, Carver left the city. He attended a series of schools before earning his diploma at Minneapolis High School in Minneapolis, Kansas . During his time spent in Minneapolis, there
8800-581: Was abolished in 1962, slavery in Dubai in 1963, and slavery in Oman in 1970. Several factors affected the visibility of descendants of this diaspora in 21st-century Arab societies: The traders shipped more female slaves than males, as there was a demand for them to serve as concubines in harems in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. Male slaves were castrated in order to serve as harem guards. The death toll of black African slaves from forced labor
8900-539: Was abolished, Moses Carver and his wife, Susan, raised George and his older brother, James, as their own children. They encouraged George to continue his intellectual pursuits, and "Aunt Susan" taught him the basics of reading and writing. Black people were not allowed at the public school in Diamond Grove. George decided to go to a school for black children 10 miles (16 km) south, in Neosho . When he reached
9000-432: Was accused of "deftly manipulating Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing . Sudanese Arabs are also black people in that they are culturally and linguistically Arabized indigenous peoples of Sudan of mostly Nilo-Saharan , Nubian , and Cushitic ancestry; their skin tone and appearance resembles that of other black people. American University economist George Ayittey accused
9100-832: Was another George Carver in town, which caused confusion over receiving mail. Carver chose a middle initial at random and began requesting letters to him be addressed to George W. Carver. Someone once asked if the "W" stood for Washington, and Carver grinned and said, "Why not?" However, he never used Washington as his middle name, and signed his name as either George W. Carver or simply George Carver. Carver applied to several colleges before being accepted at Highland University in Highland, Kansas . When he arrived, they refused to let him attend because of his race. In August 1886, Carver traveled by wagon with J. F. Beeler from Highland to Eden Township in Ness County, Kansas . He homesteaded
9200-460: Was born and when he was a week old, he, his sister, and his mother were kidnapped by night raiders from Arkansas . George's brother, James, was rushed to safety from the kidnappers. The kidnappers sold the trio in Kentucky . Moses Carver hired John Bentley to find them, but he found only the infant George. Moses negotiated with the raiders to gain the boy's return and rewarded Bentley. After slavery
9300-721: Was born into slavery , in Diamond Grove, (now Diamond , Newton County, Missouri ), near Crystal Palace, sometime in the early 1860s. The date of his birth is uncertain and was not known to Carver because it was before slavery was abolished in Missouri, which occurred in January 1865, during the American Civil War . His enslaver, Moses Carver , was a German American immigrant, who had purchased George's parents, Mary and Giles, from William P. McGinnis on October 9, 1855, for $ 700 (~$ 18,133 in 2023). Giles died before George
9400-815: Was derived from the Greek mauron , μαύρον, which is the Greek word for "black". Indeed, by the time Isidore of Seville came to write his Etymologies , the word Maurus or "Moor" had become an adjective in Latin, "for the Greeks call black, mauron". "In Isidore's day, Moors were black by definition..." Afro-Spaniards are Spanish nationals of West / Central African ancestry. Today, they mainly come from Cameroon , Equatorial Guinea , Ghana , Gambia , Mali , Nigeria and Senegal. Additionally, many Afro-Spaniards born in Spain are from
9500-479: Was fired from Tuskegee Institute. He left Alabama and resettled in Detroit . There he manufactured and sold peanut-based personal care products. Upon returning home one day, Carver suffered a bad fall down a flight of stairs; he was found unconscious by a maid who took him to a hospital. Carver died January 5, 1943, at the age of 78 or 79 from complications ( anemia ) resulting from this fall. His death came when he
9600-450: Was high. The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners' families under the patrilineal kinship system . As a result, few distinctive Afro-Arab communities have survived in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1.2 million black people ( Afro-Iraqis ), and they attest to
9700-533: Was invited by Henry Ford to speak at the conference held in Dearborn, Michigan , and they developed a friendship. That year Carver's health declined, and Ford later installed an elevator at the Tuskegee dormitory where Carver lived, so that the elderly man would not have to climb stairs. Carver had been frugal in his life, and in his seventies he established a legacy by creating a museum of his work, as well as
9800-578: Was kidnapped by Confederate slave raiders. Now an orphan, Carver found comfort in botany when he was just 11 years old in Kansas. Carver learned about herbal medicine, natural pesticides, and natural fertilizers that yielded plentiful crops from his caretaker. When crops and house plants were dying, he would use his knowledge and go and nurse them back to health. As a teenager, he was termed the "plant doctor". When his study about infection in soybean reached Booker T. Washington, he invited him to come and teach at
9900-589: Was made a member of the Royal Society of Arts in England, one of only a handful of Americans at that time to receive this honor. Carver's promotion of peanuts gained him the most notice. By 1920, the U.S. peanut farmers were being undercut by low prices on imported peanuts from the Republic of China . In 1921, peanut farmers and industry representatives planned to appear at Congressional hearings to ask for
10000-421: Was sitting up in bed while painting a Christmas card which said, “Peace on earth and goodwill to all men.” Carver biographer Prema Ramakrishnan said of him that "His death was characteristic of him and his entire life’s work." He was buried next to Booker T. Washington at Tuskegee University. Due to his frugality, Carver's life savings totaled $ 60,000, all of which he donated in his last years and at his death to
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