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48-550: Georgia Baptist College was a private grade school and college in Macon, Georgia , United States. It was founded in 1899 as Central City College and was renamed in 1938. It closed due to financial difficulties in 1956. The idea for the school arose in the 1890s due to disagreements between some African American Baptists in the state and the American Baptist Home Mission Society (ABHMS),

96-408: A primary and secondary school for its first few decades of operation, adding a college department in 1920. In 1921, a fire destroyed much of the school, though it was later rebuilt. The school struggled financially for much of its existence and in 1937, it went into foreclosure . The school continued on for several years after this, but finally closed in 1956. The idea for the school originated in

144-704: A Baptist organization that was affiliated with the Atlanta Baptist Seminary (now Morehouse College , a historically black college in Atlanta ). They argued that Atlanta Baptist should have more African American representation in its leadership, and in 1899, Central City College was formed as an African American-led alternative to Atlanta Baptist, with the project spearheaded by noted Baptist preacher Emanuel K. Love of Savannah, Georgia . William E. Holmes , an instructor from Atlanta Baptist, served as its first president. The school functioned primarily as

192-809: A board of governors, the pressure group, or the owner. The United Kingdom allows elementary education to be delivered in church schools , whereas in France this is illegal as there is strict separation of church and state . This can be through informal assessment by the staff and governors such as in Finland, or by a state run testing regime such as Ofsted in the United Kingdom. John Hope (educator) Determined to finish his education after having had to leave school to help support his family after his father's death, Hope went North: graduating from Worcester Academy and Brown University . He returned to

240-652: A college, though African Americans were still largely excluded from leadership positions, a trend that would continue through 1899. That year, Love announced the formation of an African American Baptist college to rival the ABHMS-affiliated Atlanta Baptist. Love, acting under the auspices of the Missionary Baptist Convention of Georgia (a statewide Baptist group that Love was the president of), acquired about 235 acres (95 ha) of land near Macon, Georgia to serve as

288-451: A professor of Classics at Atlanta Baptist College, (now Morehouse College ), a historically Black college . He moved with his family to Georgia. In 1906 Hope was unanimously chosen to be president of Atlanta Baptist College , the first man of African descent to serve in that position. In 1913 the institution was renamed as Morehouse College . Hope joined W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter , northern activists, as founders of

336-500: A single phase where programmes are typically designed to provide fundamental skills in reading, writing, and mathematics and to establish a solid foundation for learning. This is ISCED Level 1 : Primary education or first stage of basic education. Within the English speaking world, there are three widely used systems to describe the age of the child. The first is the "equivalent ages"; then countries that base their education systems on

384-622: A small number of students participated in it. From its beginning, the school attempted to follow the educational model found in the liberal arts colleges of New England , in opposition to the industrial education favored by noted African American leader Booker T. Washington . The primary school offered sources in geometry, grammar, history, mathematics, penmanship, and reading, while the high school courses included additional history courses, advanced mathematics, bookkeeping, physiology, physics, and language courses on English, Greek , and Latin . Only two faculty members held college degrees—Holmes and

432-448: A synonym, "elementary school" has specific meanings in different locations. School building design does not happen in isolation. The building (or school campus) needs to accommodate: Each country will have a different education system and priorities. Schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from

480-537: Is sometimes used in the US, although both this term and elementary school may refer to the first eight grades, in other words both primary education and lower secondary education . The term primary school is derived from the French école primaire , which was first used in an English text in 1802. In the United Kingdom, "elementary education" was taught in "elementary schools" until 1944, when free elementary education

528-645: The General Education Board (GEB, a private organization that supported schools for African Americans) and the Reverend M. W. Reddick (president of the Missionary Baptist Convention), who came to discuss the possible future of the school. While they stated that the school was "poorly managed, and educationally amounts to very little", they were interested in redeveloping the school as "a good secondary school, linked up with

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576-675: The Niagara Movement to work for civil rights for Blacks. He was also active in the succeeding organization, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), founded in 1909, and became considered a national race leader. He supported full civil rights for Blacks and promoted college education, becoming known for that as Booker T. Washington of the Tuskegee Institute was known for vocation education. Hope and Du Bois both agreed that Blacks must have

624-578: The "English model" use one of two methods to identify the year group; while countries that base their systems on the "American K–12 model" refer to their year groups as "grades". Canada also follows the American model, although its names for year groups are put as a number after the grade: For instance, "Grade 1" in Canada, rather than "First Grade" in the United States. This terminology extends into

672-546: The 1890s due to internal conflicts among African American Baptists in the U.S. state of Georgia . At the time, the American Baptist Home Mission Society (ABHMS), a New York City -based Baptist organization, was an influential group that supported several African American Baptist institutions throughout the state, including several institutions of higher learning such as the Atlanta Baptist Seminary . However, many African American Baptists were critical of

720-608: The African American community and devoted his life to its education and advancement in the postwar segregated South. Hope was eight when his father died, and his family struggled financially; the executors failed to carry out his father's plans for support of him and his mother. The youth left school after eighth grade to work, but five years later John Hope was determined to get educated. He managed to go north for his education, graduating from Worcester Academy in 1890. He went on to Brown University , graduating in 1894. Hope

768-626: The GEB did not offer the school its financial support. In late 1933, Gadson launched a large fundraising campaign for improvements to the school that would elevate it to the same level of prestige as Atlanta University , another African American educational institute in Atlanta. During a trip to New York City, he was able to secure donations from the National Baptist Convention , and he committed his entire year's salary of $ 1,800 to

816-538: The Morehouse-Americus-Spelman system". In 1924, Holmes retired as president of the school and was replaced by the Reverend J. H. Gadson, who had been an educator at a school in Rome, Georgia for about 18 years. Gadson requested support from the GEB to help fund Central City and even proposed a new direction for the school to focus more on industrial education at the high school level, though ultimately

864-919: The Niagara Movement, the succeeding National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and the Southern-based Commission on Interracial Cooperation . In addition, he was active in the National Urban League , the YMCA and the National Association of Teachers in Colored Schools . In 1936, he was awarded the NAACP's Spingarn Medal . John Hope was born in 1868 in Augusta, Georgia ,

912-507: The Reverend James M. Nabrit , who also held a bachelor's degree from Atlanta Baptist. By the school's third year of operation, it had an enrollment of 365 students, and by 1908 it employed 11 teachers and enrolled 325 students. The school struggled financially for most of its existence, with one biography of the school by historian Willard Range stating that it "remained perpetually on the verge of bankruptcy and closure". By 1908,

960-509: The South to teach, and in 1906 became the first African American president of Atlanta Baptist College . He served as president until his death in 1936. After the college's affiliation with Atlanta University , Hope was selected in 1929 as the university's first African-American president; he worked to develop that institution's graduate programs to ensure higher education for Blacks. Hope was active in national civil rights organizations, including

1008-446: The US, he organized the southern-based Commission on Interracial Cooperation , and served as its first president. Hope continued as president of Morehouse College until his death in 1936. In 1928, Morehouse and Spelman College , a college for women, became affiliated with Atlanta University , also a historically Black college. In 1929 Hope was selected as Atlanta University's first African-American president. He concentrated on building

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1056-589: The United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, South Africa, and Singapore ), elementary school , or grade school (in North America and the Philippines) is a school for primary education of children who are 4 to 10 years of age (and in many cases, 11 years of age). Primary schooling follows preschool and precedes secondary schooling . The International Standard Classification of Education considers primary education as

1104-497: The cause. For the fall semester that year, the school enrolled 204 students, with classes being held in tents set up on the campus. 161 students commuted, while the 43 who lived on campus stayed either in the president's house or in tents. Fundraising efforts continued through at least 1923. Shortly before Christmas 1921, Holmes was visited at Central City College by Hope (who by this time was president of Atlanta Baptist, which had since been renamed to Morehouse College), E. C. Sage of

1152-409: The chance for full academic education to develop leaders for their people. Hope also became active in the National Urban League , the "Colored Men's Department" of the YMCA , and the National Association of Teachers in Colored Schools . During World War I, Hope went to France, where he served the United States as a YMCA secretary with American Black soldiers from 1918 until 1919. After his return to

1200-510: The control of the Georgia Baptist Missionary and Educational Convention. The next year, the school was renamed to Georgia Baptist College. The school continued to operate and promote fundraising efforts, including staging musical events before racially segregated audiences. During this time, noted theologian J. Deotis Roberts served on the school's faculty, and for one year he was the school's Dean of Religion. However,

1248-402: The education has to fulfill the needs of: The students, the teachers, the non-teaching support staff, the administrators and the community. It has to meet general government building guidelines, health requirements, minimal functional requirements for classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity and services, preparation and storage of textbooks and basic teaching aids. An optimum school will meet

1296-400: The floor area should be 350 m + 4.1 m /pupil place. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m . There are several main ways of funding a school: by the state through general taxation, by a pressure group such as a mosque or church, by a charity, by contributions from parents, or by a combination of these methods. Day-to-day oversight of the school can through

1344-439: The formation of the new school. Some time prior to this, Holmes had been involved in an effort to ouster Sale from his position as president, and Holmes's decision to accept the presidency at the new school may have been due in part to him being passed over for the presidency of Atlanta Baptist in favor of Sale in 1890. John Hope , a friend of Holmes's and fellow faculty member at Atlanta Baptist, opted to remain in Atlanta, where he

1392-453: The fundraising efforts. Additional contributions came from members of the Macon community and statewide Baptist groups, and James H. Porter, a local industrialist and philanthropist who was the head of Central City's white advisory board , donated $ 5,000. However, just a few years later in 1937, the school went into foreclosure and came under the ownership of Porter, who placed the school under

1440-493: The late 1800s and early 1900s to serve African Americans in the American South , with similar institutions including Guadalupe College and Morris College . In its initial form, the institution functioned primarily as a grade school , with the school offering a primary school, high school , and a three-year theology program. The school was coeducational , although the theology program was only offered to men, and only

1488-492: The minimum conditions and will have: Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establishing building costs. Future design plans are audited to ensure that these standards are met but not exceeded. Government ministries continue to press for the 'minimum' space and cost standards to be reduced. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula for primary schools in 2014. It said

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1536-545: The organization's leadership of these institutions, which were often led by white Americans . The Reverend Emanuel K. Love , a noted Baptist leader from Savannah, Georgia , was an outspoken advocate for more African American leadership in Baptist institutions and he had unsuccessfully sought positions on the board of trustees at both Atlanta Baptist and Spelman Seminary , another Baptist seminary located in Atlanta . Tensions were further inflamed in 1894 when Malcolm MacVicar ,

1584-573: The plant be sold and the work transferred to some of the stronger Baptist schools of the State". In 1919, the school had 14 instructors. By the following year, the school officially began its college department, and the number of teachers had risen to eight. However, in May of the following year, Central City College's school buildings were destroyed in a fire. According to Holmes, the fire, which had been started by someone accused of insanity , destroyed most of

1632-466: The predicted roll of the school and the area needed. According to standards used in the United Kingdom, a general classroom for 30 reception class or infant (Keystage 1) students needs to be 62 m , or 55 m for juniors (Keystage 2). Examples are given on how this can be configured for a 210 place primary with attached 26 place nursery and two-storey 420 place (two form entry) primary school with attached 26 place nursery. The building providing

1680-495: The research literature. In Canada, education is a provincial, not a federal responsibility. For example, the province of Ontario also had a " Grade 13 ", designed to help students enter the workforce or post-secondary education, but this was phased out in the year 2003. In most parts of the world, primary education is the first stage of compulsory education , and is normally available without charge, but may also be offered by fee-paying independent schools . The term grade school

1728-549: The school by saying it was created "in the spirit of antagonism" which left it "without universal sanction or support", which caused it "to fight for its existence" while "its work at higher learning remained a petty and pitiful affair". In 2003, the Georgia Historical Society erected a Georgia historical marker in Macon in honor of the school. Grade school A primary school (in Ireland, India,

1776-578: The school had an annual operating expense of about $ 4,000, while records from 1916 show that the school collected only $ 307 in school fees , equal to about $ 5 per student at the time. The school received some financial support from the Missionary Baptist Association to help it continue its operations, and additionally, the school farmed some of its large campus. By 1908, of the school's 325-acre (132 ha) campus, approximately 100 acres (40 ha) were used as farmland. In 1914,

1824-481: The school never fully recovered financially, and it finally closed in 1956. In a 1975 book, historian James M. McPherson said the following regarding Central City College: "Hailed as a grand venture in self-help and independence, Central City College soon faded into a marginal secondary school and eventually collapsed". Range, in a 1951 book about historically black colleges and universities in Georgia, reflected on

1872-494: The school was visited by members of the United States Office of Education , who were collecting information on African American education in the United States. As part of their report, they recorded an enrollment of 40 primary school students and 25 high school students, though they stated that the number was usually larger in the winter months, taught by four full-time teachers and two volunteer teachers. They valued

1920-495: The school's assets, including the property, buildings, and materials, at about $ 16,000 and noted that the school was in $ 5,000 of debt due mostly to back pay and other general expenses. Assessing the state of education in Bibb County, Georgia as a whole, the report stated that, "The Central City College, a private school located in the suburbs, is of slight educational value to the community", and additionally recommended "[t]hat

1968-474: The school's infrastructure, as well as "our Records and nearly everything else we had". In the aftermath of the destruction, community farmers sold some of their produce to raise money for the school's reconstruction, collecting about $ 164.34 for the school, while the Reverend T. J. Goodall (preacher at First African Baptist Church in Savannah and a board member of Central City College) personally donated $ 50 to

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2016-403: The senior Hope moved south to Augusta, Georgia, where he became a successful businessman. He later formed a relationship with Mary Frances Taylor. State law prohibited interracial marriage, but they lived openly as a couple to the end of his life and had a family. Of majority European ancestry, their son John Hope was European in appearance and could have passed for white. But, he identified with

2064-538: The site of a new college. In September 1899, a representative of the school reached out to William E. Holmes , an African American faculty member from Atlanta Baptist, to offer him the position of president for this new college. Holmes had been the first African American faculty member at Atlanta Baptist and had worked there for over two decades at the time, and while he initially agreed to remain at Atlanta Baptist, he changed his mind and joined Love after then-Atlanta Baptist President George Sale asked him to publicly denounce

2112-578: The son of James Hope, a white Scots-American merchant, and Mary Frances Taylor, a free woman of color . Her mother was part of the class of free people of color well before the Civil War. The senior Hope was born in Langholm , Scotland in 1805, and migrated with his parents at age 12 to New York City in 1817. As a young man, he established a successful grocery business in Manhattan . In 1831,

2160-457: The white superintendent of education for the ABHMS, gave a speech where he said it would take a century before African Americans could be capable of managing their own churches and schools. In 1897, seeking to defuse the tension, the ABHMS agreed to work with African Americans to ensure increased representation on the colleges' boards of trustees. That same year, Atlanta Baptist was re-incorporated as

2208-490: Was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. John Hope returned to the South and began teaching at Roger Williams University in Nashville, Tennessee, a historically Black college founded after the Civil War. A few years after Hope got established, on December 29, 1897 he married the former Lugenia D. Burns of Nashville. They had children. Lugenia Burns Hope became a well-known social reformer. In 1898, Hope became

2256-521: Was now the only African American faculty member. He would later become Atlanta Baptist's first African American president in 1906. Additionally, while there had been concerns that Holmes would recruit students from Atlanta Baptist to the new school, many opted to remain at Atlanta Baptist. The new school, named Central City College, was officially established in October 1899. It was part of a regional trend of independent Baptist colleges that formed around

2304-568: Was proposed for students over 11: there were to be primary elementary schools and secondary elementary schools; these became known as primary schools and secondary schools. In some parts of the United States, "primary school" refers to a school covering kindergarten through to second grade or third grade (K through 2 or 3); the "elementary school" includes grade three through five or grades four to six. In Canada, "elementary school" almost everywhere refers to Grades 1 through 6; with Kindergarten being referred to as "preschool." Though often used as

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