This is the 1003-1018 German-Polish War. For a list of all Polish-German Wars, see Polish-German Wars .
46-397: (Redirected from German-Polish War ) German–Polish War may refer to: German–Polish War (1003–1018) German–Polish War (1028–1031) German–Polish War (1109) See also [ edit ] Invasion of Poland (1939), during World War II List of wars involving Germany List of wars involving Poland Topics referred to by
92-650: A Lutici prince, in order to expand his influence to the Lusatian and Meissen marches . King Henry in turn renewed his Bavarian fellowship with the Přemyslid rulers of Bohemia, old-time enemies of the Polish Piast dynasty. After the death of duke Boleslaus II "the Pious" of Bohemia , a fratricidal war erupted between his three sons Boleslaus III , Jaromír , and Oldřich . Boleslaus III initially managed to secure
138-579: A campaign to Poznań , where a peace was concluded. As a result, Bolesław, unlike his ally Henry of Schweinfurt, refused to submit to King Henry, but had to give up his earlier conquests in Lusatia and Meissen. In 1007, Bolesław, possibly preempting an attack by Henry, once again marched against the Luitici tribes. His campaign took him up to the gates of Magdeburg and he regained control of eastern Lusatia and Meissen. After several unsuccessful campaigns by
184-579: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages German%E2%80%93Polish War (1003%E2%80%931018) Polish victory The German–Polish War consisted of a series of struggles in 1003–1018, between the Ottonian king Henry II of Germany ( Holy Roman Emperor from 1014) and the Polish Piast ruler Bolesław I the Brave . The locus of conflict
230-611: The Iron Crown of Lombardy as King of Italy . Finally, he would travel to Rome and be crowned Emperor by the Pope. Because it was rarely possible for the elected King to proceed immediately to Rome for his crowning, several years might elapse between election and coronation, and some Kings never completed the journey to Rome at all. As a suitable title for the King between his election and his coronation as Emperor, Romanorum Rex would stress
276-811: The Margrave of Brandenburg . After the Investiture Controversy , Charles intended to strengthen the legal status of the Rex Romanorum beyond Papal approbation . Consequently, among his successors only Sigismund and Frederick III were still crowned Emperors in Rome and in 1530 Charles V was the last king to receive the Imperial Crown at the hands of the Pope (in Bologna ). The Golden Bull remained effective as constitutional law until
322-678: The Obotrites . The Ottonian emperors had also supported Polish expansion against the Přemyslids , in the Baltic areas and against Kyivan Rus' since the 970s. The Polish ruler also allied with Margrave Eckard of Meissen to contain the influence of the Přemyslid dukes of Bohemia . In 1000 Bolesław and Otto met at the Congress of Gniezno and solemnly celebrated their mutual recognition and friendship, with Bolesław called 'brother and cooperator of
368-537: The Oder River. In 1017 Henry renewed his campaign, while Yaroslav attacked Poland from the eastern side. The emperor's troops besieged Niemcza in Silesia , however, with the help of outside reinforcements the city held out and Henry was eventually forced to retreat. The war spread over to Bohemia, where Mieszko's forces ravaged the lands and, while Bolesław again lost control over Kiev, peace efforts were resumed by
414-600: The Schweinfurter Fehde [ de ] , Henry of Schweinfurt rose up against Henry II with the backing of Bolesław, but Henry II crushed this revolt. After Bolesław had invaded Bohemia to depose Duke Boleslaus III , he was combated both by the Bohemian nobility and Boleslaus' brother Jaromír on the side of the German king. The fighting did not stop until Henry, with Bohemian and Lutici support, launched
460-467: The Vršovci clan, so that Bohemian opinion turned against him. Then Bolesław of Poland imprisoned and blinded Boleslaus III, and assumed personal rule over Bohemia. Müller-Mertens (1995) divided the conflict between Henry II and Bolesław I into three campaigns: 1003–5, 1007–13, and 1015–18. At the beginning of 1003, Bolesław seized Bohemia; Henry demanded that Bolesław pay homage to him to be invested with
506-586: The Bohemian dukedom, but Bolesław refused. During Easter 1003 in Quedlinburg , Henry II forged an alliance with the Luitici tribes against Bolesław to drive him out of the Saxon eastern marches and out of Poland. Because the Duchy of Poland had recently officially converted to Christianity , but the Luitici people were still overwhelmingly pagan, the German king's alliance with the Luitici was heavily criticised by
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#1732772841206552-511: The Empire in 1056 he adopted Romanorum Rex as a title to emphasize his sacred entitlement to be crowned Emperor by the Pope. Pope Gregory VII insisted on using the derogatory term Teutonicorum Rex ("King of the Germans") in order to imply that Henry's authority was merely local and did not extend over the whole Empire. Henry continued to regularly use the title Romanorum Rex until he finally
598-683: The Empire's dissolution in 1806. After his election, the new king would be crowned as King of the Romans ( Romanorum Rex ), usually at Charlemagne's throne in Aachen Cathedral by the Archbishop of Cologne in a solemnly celebrated ceremony. The details of Otto's coronation in 936 are described by the medieval chronicler Widukind of Corvey in his Res gestae saxonicae . The kings received the Imperial Crown from at least 1024, at
644-438: The Empire. To enforce Bolesław's submission, Henry had his son Mieszko II taken hostage and did not release him until 1014 following pressure from Saxon nobles. Bolesław consistently refused to come before the German king. As a result, in 1015 Henry, supported by his pagan Liutician allies, launched another armed expedition against him. He attempted to cross into Greater Poland but was stopped by Bolesław's troops at Krosno on
690-612: The German king from 1010 onwards, another peace was agreed to in Merseburg in 1013. This time Bolesław kept eastern Lusatia and the Milceni lands around Bautzen as Imperial fiefs. He also received military aid from Henry for his intervention in the Kievan succession crisis . In return, Bolesław swore an oath of allegiance, promised to support Henry's bid for the crown of Holy Roman Emperor and aid him in his Italian campaigns. To confirm
736-748: The Milsko/Milzener land around Budziszyn (now Bautzen ) after the death of Eckard, presumably in agreement with the Ekkehardings, and when Bolesław participated in the renewed election of Henry II by the Saxon princes on July 1002 at the Kaiserpfalz in Merseburg , Henry gave Bolesław these lands as fiefs. In return, Bolesław recognised Henry as king. Bolesław's claims for enfeoffment of Meissen were rejected; these passed on to Eckard's brother Gunzelin, Margrave of Meissen . Bolesław left
782-465: The Romans ( Latin : Rex Romanorum ; German : König der Römer ) was the title used by the king of East Francia following his election by the princes from the reign of Henry II (1002–1024) onward. The title originally referred to any German king between his election and royal coronation until he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope . The title was also used to designate the successor to
828-523: The Saxon nobility, and only reluctantly and without enthusiasm participated in Henry's wars against Poland. In turn, Henry had Margrave Gunzelin of Meissen , Eckard's brother, arrested and reached the commitment of several Saxon bishops. Bolesław could rely on the support by Margrave Henry of Schweinfurt , whose expectations to become Bavarian duke in return for supporting Henry's kingship had been disappointed by Henry. In August 1003, in an episode known as
874-722: The Saxon nobility. In January 1018 Archbishop Gero of Magdeburg , Bishop Arnulf of Halberstadt, Margrave Herman of Meissen, the Wettin margrave Theodoric II of Lusatia , and Henry's ministeriales declared the Peace of Bautzen , which left eastern Lusatia and the Milceni lands (later Upper Lusatia ) with Bolesław. On the other hand, Bohemia remained in Ottonian hands as part of the Holy Roman Empire. The contemporary chronicle by Thietmar of Merseburg does not give details of
920-552: The [Holy Roman] Empire, friend and ally of the Roman people'. The circumstances changed significantly, when in January 1002 Emperor Otto III suddenly died at the age of 21, leaving no heirs nor any succession arrangements. The Bavarian duke Henry IV, member of a cadet branch of the Ottonian dynasty, raised claims to become King of the Romans – against rivalling duke Herman II of Swabia and margrave Eckard of Meissen . The latter
966-550: The alliance, Bolesław's son Mieszko II Lambert married the German noblewoman Richeza of Lotharingia , a distant relative of King Henry. After Merseburg, Bolesław got entangled in the Kievan succession crisis backing his son-in-law Sviatopolk I against Henry's candidate Yaroslav the Wise . He thereby failed to support Henry in Italy and also refused to acknowledge Meissen and Lusatia as fiefs; he believed he held them independently of
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#17327728412061012-476: The candidate be an adult male, a Catholic Christian, and not in holy orders. The kings were elected by several Imperial Estates (secular princes as well as Prince-Bishops ), often in the imperial city of Frankfurt after 1147, a custom recorded in the Schwabenspiegel code in about 1275. Originally all noblemen present could vote by unanimous acclamation, but later a franchise was granted to only
1058-619: The coronation of Conrad II . In 1198 the Hohenstaufen candidate Philip of Swabia was crowned Rex Romanorum at Mainz Cathedral (as was King Rupert centuries later), but he had another coronation in Aachen after he had prevailed against his Welf rival Otto IV . At some time after the ceremony, the king would, if possible, cross the Alps , to receive coronation in Pavia or Milan with
1104-564: The king might retain the title "King of the Romans" for his entire reign. The title Romanorum Rex ceased to be used for ruling kings after 1508, when the Pope permitted King Maximilian I to use the title of Electus Romanorum Imperator ("elected Emperor of the Romans") after he failed in a good-faith attempt to journey to Rome. At this time Maximilian also took the new title "King in Germania" ( Germaniae rex , König in Germanien ), but
1150-470: The late Salian period it was King of the Romans (German: König der Römer , Lat.: Rex Romanorum ). In the Modern Period, the title King in Germania (German: König in Germanien , Lat.: Germaniae Rex ) came into use. Finally, modern German historiography established the term Roman-German King ( Römisch-deutscher König ) to differentiate it both from the classical Roman Emperor as well as from
1196-479: The latter was never used as a primary title. Maximilian's titles read, in part: " Maximilian von Gots genaden erwelter Romischer Romischer kayser, zu allen zeiten merer des Reichs, in Germanien zu Hungern, Dalmatien, Croatien etc. kunig […] ("Maximilian, by God's grace Elected Roman Emperor, always Augustus, in Germany, of Hungary, Dalamatia, Croatia etc King […]" Beginning with Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor ,
1242-525: The modern German Emperor . The territory of East Francia was not referred to as the Kingdom of Germany or Regnum Teutonicum by contemporary sources until the 11th century. During this time, the king's claim to coronation was increasingly contested by the papacy , culminating in the fierce Investiture Controversy . After the Salian heir apparent Henry IV , a six-year-old minor, had been elected to rule
1288-750: The most eminent bishops and noblemen, and according to the Golden Bull of 1356 issued by Emperor Charles IV only the seven Prince-electors had the right to participate in a majority voting as determined by the 1338 Declaration of Rhense . They were the Prince-Archbishops of Mainz , Trier and Cologne as well as the King of Bohemia , the Count Palatine of the Rhine , the Saxon duke , and
1334-449: The oldest son of Eckard. Although Gunzelin had received his older brother Eckard's inheritance according to the principle of agnatic seniority – then still 'commonly respected among Slavic communities of the period' – Herman at the Merseburg council also seems to have pressed rights to his father's inheritance according to the newly emerging principle of agnatic primogeniture as Eckhard's firstborn son. Thietmar also suggested that Herman
1380-452: The plenitude of his authority over the Empire and his warrant to be future Emperor ( Imperator futurus ) without infringing upon the Papal privilege. Not all Kings of the Romans made this step, sometimes because of hostile relations with the Pope, or because either the pressure of business at home or warfare in Germany or Italy made it impossible for the King to make the journey. In such cases,
1426-463: The royal court with disappointment. Moreover, an attempt was made on Bolesław's life, which he escaped only with the help of Duke Bernard of Saxony , the Nordgau margrave Henry of Schweinfurt and several friendly German nobles. While it is not known for sure if the attack had been ordered by Henry and the contemporary chronicler Thietmar of Merseburg denied any complicity, Bolesław believed this
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1472-461: The rulers of the Empire no longer sought the Imperial coronation by the Pope and styled themselves "Emperors" without Papal approval, taking the title as soon as they were crowned in Germany or, if crowned in their predecessor's lifetime, upon the death of a sitting Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire was an elective monarchy . No person had an automatic legal right to the succession simply because he
1518-431: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title German–Polish War . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German–Polish_War&oldid=1240927043 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1564-520: The throne and expel his brothers and mother Emma, who in 1001 took refuge at the court of duke Henry IV of Bavaria (who became the German king Henry II 3 years later), but bishop Thiedag (Thiddag) of Prague and part of the nobility still opposed him. Although Thiedag fled to Eckard I, Margrave of Meissen , the hostile nobles deposed Boleslaus III and instead enthroned Vladivoj in May 1002. Vladivoj paid homage to German king Henry II as Bohemia's overlord, but
1610-500: The throne elected during the lifetime of a sitting Emperor. From the 16th century onwards, as German kings adopted the title of Emperor-elect and ceased to be crowned by the Pope, the title continued to be used solely for an elected successor to the throne during his predecessor's lifetime. The actual title varied over time. During the Ottonian period , it was King of the Franks (German: König der Franken , Latin: Rex Francorum ), from
1656-459: The treaty. Historians have differed in their interpretation whether these were granted to Bolesław as imperial fiefs, or if he held them with full sovereignty. Emperor Henry II did not renew the campaigns against Bolesław thereafter and the peace was confirmed by Bolesław's marriage with Oda of Meissen , daughter of Margrave Eckard I. King of the Romans King of
1702-561: Was attacked and killed by Saxon nobles a few weeks after. Henry was elected and crowned king in Mainz on 6 or 7 June 1002. Henry then launched an indecisive campaign against Herman of Swabia, but was recognised by the Thuringians, Saxons and lower Lotharingians in subsequent months, either by homage or renewed election. Herman of Swabia eventually submitted to king-elect Henry II on 1 October 1002. Bolesław occupied Lower Lusatia and
1748-452: Was crowned Emperor by Antipope Clement III in 1084. Henry's successors imitated this practice, and were also called Romanorum Rex before and Romanorum Imperator after their Roman coronations. Candidates for the kingship were at first the heads of Germanic stem duchies . As these units broke up, rulers of smaller principalities and even non-Germanic rulers were considered for the position. The only requirements generally observed were that
1794-514: Was in the same form as that of the senior ruler. In practice, however, the actual administration of the Empire was always managed by the Emperor (or Emperor elect), with at most certain duties delegated to the heir. When Napoleon I, Emperor of the French , had a son and heir, Napoleon II (1811–32), he introduced the title as King of Rome ( Roi de Rome ), styling his son as such at birth. The boy
1840-554: Was involved in the attempt on Bolesław's life, and that this was the reason why the Piast duke razed Strehla, the castle town owned by Herman's wife. Herman would eventually lose the Meissen inheritance struggle against his uncle Gunzelin, who was supported by Bolesław. The Piast ruler himself referred to both his former marriage with a daughter of the earlier deceased margrave Rikdag and his present marriage with Emnilda , daughter of
1886-567: Was often known colloquially by this title throughout his short life. However, from 1818 onward, he was styled officially as the Duke of Reichstadt by his maternal grandfather, Emperor Francis I of Austria . The following list shows all individuals bearing the title "Kings of the Romans". The regnal dates given are those between a king's election as "King of the Romans" and either becoming Emperor or ending their reign by deposition or death. Ruling kings are coloured in yellow, while those whose claim to
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1932-491: Was related to the current Emperor. However, the Emperor could, and often did, have a relative (usually a son) elected to succeed him after his death. This elected heir apparent bore the title "King of the Romans". During the Middle Ages, a junior King of the Romans was normally chosen only when the senior ruler bore the title of Emperor, so as to avoid having two, theoretically equal kings. Only on one occasion (1147–1150)
1978-490: Was the case. In any case Henry neither protected him, nor punished the assailants. Thietmar of Merseburg reported in his Chronicon that Bolesław set Strehla Castle in the Margraviate of Meissen ablaze on his way back to Poland, although it remains unclear why he did so. At the time, the castle town of Strehla (Polish: Strzała ) was in the possession of Regelinda , the new wife of Herman I, Margrave of Meissen ,
2024-560: Was the control of Lusatia , Upper Lusatia , as well as Bohemia , Moravia and Slovakia . The fighting ended with the Peace of Bautzen in 1018, which left Lusatia and Upper Lusatia as a fief of Poland, and Bohemia became a duchy in the Holy Roman Empire . Bolesław maintained good relations with Emperor Otto III ( r. 983/996–1002 ): together they fought against the West Slavic Lutici tribes and
2070-404: Was there both a ruling King of the Romans (King Conrad III ) and a King of the Romans as heir ( Henry Berengar ). This practice continued from the 16th century onwards as the rulers of the Empire assumed the title "Emperor elect" without Imperial coronation by the Pope. The title of a King of the Romans now exclusively refers to the elected successor during his predecessor's lifetime. The election
2116-588: Was unable to re-establish order to Bohemia during his brief reign (he died in January 1003 ). After his death, the Bohemian nobles invited Jaromír and Oldřich back from exile in Bavaria to take the throne. But then the Polish duke Bolesław I the Brave intervened by militarily invading and occupying Bohemia, and putting Boleslaus III (who had been in his custody) back in power as his vassal. Boleslaus III took bloody revenge on many nobles who had deposed him, especially
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