The German Black Pied Dairy (German: Schwarzbuntes Milchrind (SMR)) was a dairy cattle breed of the former GDR , created through combination breeding.
49-408: In 1963, Georg Schönmuth suggested that Jersey bulls from Denmark be crossed with German Black Pied cows. The descendants of this crossing were to be crossed with Holsteins . The goal of this three-breed cross was to create a cattle breed with high milk production, high milk fat content, and also sufficient beef performance. With respect to the economic conditions in the former GDR, the breed SMR
98-673: A chief minister and eleven ministers, elected from among the members of the Assembly, and are known collectively as the Council of Ministers . Ministers are accountable to the Assembly for the conduct of their departments. The legislature derives its name from the estates (French: états ) of the Crown (represented by the Bailiff and Jurats), the Church (the rectors of the parishes) and
147-522: A fire alarm). The Assembly has variously met outside. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the States have met either online using Microsoft Teams or at Fort Regent . Very few changes have been made to the chamber since it opened. In the 2000s, a major refurbishment led the Bailiff's offices to be moved elsewhere in the complex and improvements for States Members' facilities. The States Assembly
196-454: A law to add 14 deputies to the assembly to counterbalance the mismatch of population and voting power between town and country. The first deputies were elected 12 January 1857. The first election by secret ballot was held 1 December 1891. Until the constitutional reforms brought about in 1948 to strengthen the separation between legislature and judiciary, jurats were the senior politicians, elected for life by island-wide suffrage, and were
245-635: A lighter band around their muzzles, a dark switch (long hair on the end of the tail), and black hooves, although in recent years, colour regulations have been relaxed to allow a broadening of the gene pool. The cows are calm and docile; bulls may be unpredictable or aggressive. Jersey cattle have a greater tendency towards postparturient hypocalcaemia (or " milk fever ") in dams, and tend to have frail calves that require more attentive management in cold weather than other dairy breeds due to their smaller body size (which results in an increased surface area-to-mass ratio, increasing heat loss). After 2008, there
294-658: Is a British breed of small dairy cattle from Jersey , in the British Channel Islands . It is one of three Channel Island cattle breeds, the others being the Alderney – now extinct – and the Guernsey . The milk is high in butterfat and has a characteristic yellowish tinge. The Jersey adapts well to various climates and environments, and unlike many breeds originating in temperate climates, tolerates heat well. It has been exported to many countries of
343-439: Is a unicameral parliament composed of 54 members, of which 49 have an unconditional vote. 37 deputies are elected for a four-year term from nine constituencies by multi-member plurality voting . Constituencies have four members by default, though three have more or less adjusted to the size of their population. Before 2022, 29 deputies were elected to represent their parish or a district within their parish. The Connétables of
392-504: Is evidence the breed is related to the African buffalo , possibly the Bos brachyceros. The breed was isolated from outside influence for over 200 years, with a ban from 1789 to 2008. Farmers Weekly stated the ban began in 1763 until 2008 or 245 years. In December 2022 a dairy was struck with a virus that killed around half the dairy cows, Woodlands Farm. The exact cause has been stated as
441-570: Is said to be "that of independent critique which holds ministers to account and constructively engages with policy which is deficient". BBC Radio Jersey broadcasts the main States sittings live on their medium wave frequency 1026 mW in Jersey, replacing the normal BBC Radio Jersey output which is a straight mirror of the FM output. The raw feed of the States Members talking is provided by
490-546: Is the parliament of Jersey , formed of the island's 37 deputies and the Connétable of each of the twelve parishes . The origins of the legislature of Jersey lie in the system of self-government according to Norman law guaranteed to the Channel Islands by John, King of England , following the division of Normandy in 1204. The States Assembly has exercised uncontested legislative powers since 1771, when
539-410: The "most likely" cause of death was botulism. The exact number of cows, listed as over 100 was also stated as 112 cows and 132 cows, which was more than half the dairy herd. Before 1789, cows would be given as dowry for inter-island marriages between Jersey and Guernsey. This was, however, not widespread. In 1789, imports of foreign cattle into Jersey were forbidden by law to maintain the purity of
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#1732802360301588-399: The Assembly are responsible for scrutinizing the work of the Council of Ministers , ministers and their departments. Scrutiny panels of backbench members of the Assembly have been established to examine: Review Panels are also in operation to examine the following areas: A Public Accounts Committee (PAC) also scrutinizes the spending of public finances. The real utility of the panels
637-573: The Bailiff. Other sources state that the Bailiff was in fact appointed initially by the Warden in 1235. The existing Norman customs and laws were allowed to continue and there was no attempt to introduce English law. The formerly split administrative system was replaced with a centralised legal system (the basis of the 'States'), of which the head was the King of England rather than the Duke of Normandy. The law
686-495: The Connétables in the States dates to the establishment of the parliament. The States was formed as a meeting of the Bailiff with the Connétables, Rectors and Jurats. Since however, Jurats and Rectors have been removed. Previously, Connétables and Deputies also sat alongside a number of Senators, who were elected by a whole-island constituency on a multi-member plurality vote. There are also five non-voting members appointed by
735-672: The Crown: The clerk of the Assembly is known as the Greffier of the States . The Viscount is the executive officer of the States (but is no longer a member of the Assembly). Under the States of Jersey Law 2005, a Council of Ministers is selected from the States Assembly, whose members are the chief minister and at least seven ministers. During the 2008–2011 Assembly, 17 members sat on scrutiny panels, six sit only on
784-660: The Lieutenant Governor were also removed then. The original structure of the island's government was a committee-style government. The committees were formerly always presided by a jurat (being the most senior member). The States Chamber sits on the southern side of the Royal Square in St Helier. It is part of a complex comprising the Royal Court, Bailiff's Chambers and Judicial Greffe. Until 1887,
833-633: The Lieutenant-Governor of the Island, wrote to the Jurats, instructing them to send two Burgesses for the isle. However, no further steps seemed to have been taken since the letter did not arrive in front of the States Assembly until the day the elected persons were required to arrive in London. In the early seventeenth century separate minutes of the States of Jersey were first recorded. When
882-666: The Planning Applications panel or the Privileges and Procedures Committee; and seven had no role other than as a member. Following widespread criticisms of the system of ministerial government introduced in December 2005, the assembly of the States of Jersey agreed in March 2011 to establish an independent electoral commission to review the make-up of the Assembly and government . A main type of legislation made by
931-700: The Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society, where the best of the parish shows competed. The colour of the rosette secured by a prize-winning cow was said to determine its export value. Today, the RJAHS holds two shows a year, where usually five or six of the remaining 23 herds compete against each other for the top prizes. A Jersey cattle show is also held in Jersey, by the West Show Association. In February 2010, semen from an impure breed Jersey bull had been imported into
980-515: The States Assembly using Hansard , similar to the UK parliament . These transcriptions are available on the States of Jersey website. On 15 July 2015 the States Assembly voted 31 in favour and 13 against a proposal that cameras would be installed in the States Chamber in order to provide a live and on-demand video stream through the States Assembly website. The video feed will also be provided to
1029-581: The States dates from 1524. The States are mentioned in a document of 1497 regarding the endowments of the grammar schools; by 1526 attendance by members at the assembly was evidently a requirement, as in that year the Rector of St Mary was fined for failure to attend. In 1541, the Privy Council, which had recently given a seat to Calais, intended to give two seats in Parliament to Jersey. Seymour,
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#17328023603011078-407: The States had no meeting place of their own. They used to meet in the Royal Court on the Royal Square. The present chamber was opened in 1887, after a proposition was lodged au Greffe eleven years earlier providing for the establishment of a States Room above the Royal Court extension. The first president of a States meeting in its new home was not the bailiff, who was on sick leave at the time. Instead
1127-635: The States is known in English simply as a 'Law' , and in French as a Loi (not an 'Act' as in the United Kingdom—in Jersey an Act or Acte of the States is an administrative enactment and may be in the nature of secondary legislation ). After a Law is adopted by the States it must receive royal assent and be registered with the Royal Court of Jersey before it is 'passed'. Members of
1176-601: The States of Jersey and goes through a desk in the BBC Radio Jersey Studio in the States Chamber where it is mixed by the States Reporter on duty that day. Broadcasting of the States debates began experimentally on 30 September 1986 and was made a permanent feature on 25 November the same year. Since December 2005 the States of Jersey have released a complete written record of everything that members say during question time, statements and debates in
1225-468: The States of Jersey took the historic step of ending the ban on imports, and allowing the import of bull semen from any breed of cattle, although only semen that is genetically pure enables the resultant progeny to be entered in the Jersey Herd Book. For many decades, each of the 12 parishes in Jersey held cattle shows in the spring, summer, and autumn, followed in turn by the main shows held by
1274-558: The breed displayed greater variation than it does today, with white, dark brown, and mulberry beasts. However, since the honey-brown cows sold best, the breed was developed accordingly. In 1860, 1138 cows were exported via England, the average price being £16 per head. By 1910, over 1000 head were exported annually to the United States alone. In 1866, at the annual general meeting of the Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society, H.G. Shepard noted in his history that "it
1323-427: The breed, although exports of cattle and semen have been important economic resources for the island. The restriction on the import of cattle was initially introduced to prevent a collapse in the export price. The United Kingdom levied no import duty on cattle imported from Jersey. Cattle were being shipped from France to Jersey and then shipped onward to England to circumvent the tariff on French cattle. The increase in
1372-572: The concurrent law-making power of the Royal Court of Jersey was abolished. The Assembly passes and amends laws and regulations; approves the annual budget and taxation; appoints the chief minister, ministers and members of various committees and panels; debates matters proposed by the Council of Ministers, by individual States Members or by one of the committees or panels. Members are also able to ask questions to find out information and to hold ministers to account. Executive powers are exercised by
1421-431: The distinction between Senators and Deputies and the removal of the constables from the States. Under the proposals, all members of the States would have the title Member of the States of Jersey (MSJ). This was rejected, although proposals to revive it were made by Deputy Geoff Southern in 2013. Other aspects of the report, especially concerning the role of connétable , met with intense opposition at public meetings in
1470-547: The frequent absence of the Warden), the Bailiff and Jurats took on a much wider role, from jury to justice. Originally the Royal Court had legislative power but by the sixteenth century a legislative assembly within the Royal Court was convened. The Royal Court and the States both legislated until with the fixing in 1771 of the Code des Lois it was established that the States had a legislative monopoly. The earliest extant Act of
1519-595: The island despite strict laws and checks, and 100 cows had been impregnated with the semen. Their offspring was not recorded in the Jersey Herd Book. Jersey cattle were exported to the United States from about 1850. A breed society , the American Jersey Cattle Club, was formed in 1868. In the USA, a distinction is sometimes made between the "American Jersey", which is comparatively coarse and large and has been selectively bred mainly for milk yield, and
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1568-460: The lieutenant bailiff presided. The development and construction of the chamber were symbolic of the Assembly's increasing prominence and independence, and of Jersey's growing autonomy. Seating in the chamber is in Jacobean style, with the benches arranged in horseshoe form around the twin seats of the bailiff and lieutenant governor . The bailiff's seat is raised slightly higher than that of
1617-406: The lieutenant governor to demonstrate his precedence. The initial seating structure of the Assembly was, from the point of view of the president: Jurats to sit on the left, Rectors to sit on the right and the people's representatives to sit in the centre. In modern times (at least until the senators are abolished by electoral reform), the senators sit where the Jurats did before them (as they are now
1666-473: The monarchy was restored, King Charles II who had escaped to Jersey on his way to exile in France rewarded Jersey with the power to levy customs duties. This power, exercised by the Assembly of Governor, Bailiff and Jurats, was finally taken over by the States of Jersey in 1921, thereby enabling the States to control the budget independently of the Lieutenant Governor. The States voted on 6 November 1856 to adopt
1715-548: The most senior members), and then Connétables to their left and Deputies to their left (a reduction in seniority as one moves left to right). There is no requirement for the States to meet in a particular place. For example, during the Civil War, the Assembly met at Trinity Parish Church and in 1769 at Elizabeth Castle . The States also meet elsewhere (such as the Town Hall) during refurbishment works or once in 2014 during
1764-488: The original or "Island" type; the latter may also be called "Miniature Jersey". The Jersey is small. Cows in the island weigh some 350–400 kg and stand about 115–120 cm at the withers ; bulls weigh some 600–700 kg . Factors contributing to the popularity of the breed have been their greater economy of production, due to: Jerseys occur in all shades of brown, from light tan to almost black. They are frequently fawn in colour. All purebred Jerseys have
1813-544: The parishes. The ministerial system has been introduced in an amended form to that proposed by Clothier. The system of executive government was changed significantly by the States of Jersey Law 2005. On 3 December 2020, the Assembly agreed to pursue a system of electoral reform, championed by Deputy Russell Labey of the Privileges and Procedures Committee. Under the new system Senators and Deputies would be replaced with 37 representatives elected across 9 districts which are more proportional to population. The chief minister of
1862-519: The people (represented by the connétables ) from whom the Assembly was originally summoned. Today, the three estates still exist; however, all three now represent the island population (through the island, the parishes and their districts). Jersey's political history begins as part of the Duchy of Normandy . However, when the King of France stripped King John of England of the title ‘ Duke of Normandy ’,
1911-738: The people of Jersey and the other Channel Islands rebelled against the French king, maintaining the sovereignty of the 'rightful' duke. In 1259, Henry III signed the Treaty of Paris , resigning his claim to the Duchy of Normandy except the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands were not absorbed into the Kingdom of England but two offices were appointed; the Warden (the Monarch's representative) and
1960-511: The presidents of committees and sat in the Royal Court . In 1948 the Jurats were replaced in the legislature by Senators, who at first were elected on an island-wide basis for mandates of 9 years (subsequently reduced to 6 years). The Rectors were also removed from the States in 1948 (with the exception of the Dean of Jersey as Rector of St. Helier, who remained but lost his vote), and replaced by an increased number of Deputies. In terms of language,
2009-600: The supply of cattle, sometimes of inferior quality, was bringing the price down and damaging the reputation of Jersey cattle. The import ban stabilised the price and enabled a more scientifically controlled programme of breeding to be undertaken. Sir John Le Couteur studied selective breeding and became a Fellow of the Royal Society ; his work led to the establishment of the Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society in 1833. At that time,
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2058-408: The time, Senator John Le Fondré , wished to retain the role of Senators in the Assembly. An amendment was also proposed to hold a referendum on the reform before its implementation, but was rejected. The role of the Bailiff as the president of the States is debated. The Bailiff continues to sit as the president, but their powers of dissent and casting vote were removed in 2005. The powers of veto of
2107-483: The traditional official language of the States was always Jersey Legal French and all legislation was written in French. English was only allowed as a language in the Chamber from 1900, and laws only came to be written in English after 1945. A report produced in 2000, under the chairmanship of Sir Cecil Clothier, proposed a range of administrative reforms aimed at improving the machinery of government, including ending
2156-510: The twelve parishes of Jersey are elected by first-past-the-post for a four-year term by eligible parishioners. Where running unopposed, prospective and incumbent Connétables must run against a None of the Above option. As well as their role as the head of the civil parishes, Connétables are ex oficio States Members. Collectively, the Connétables form the Comité des Connétables. The position of
2205-492: The world; in some of them, including Denmark, France, New Zealand and the United States, it has developed into an independent breed. In Nepal, it is used as a draught animal . As its name implies, the Jersey was bred on the British Channel Island of Jersey. It apparently descended from cattle stock brought over from the nearby Norman mainland , and was first recorded as a separate breed around 1700. There
2254-576: Was conducted through 12 jurats, constables ( connétable ) and a bailiff ( Baillé ). The role of the Jurats when the King's court was mobile would have been preparatory work for the visit of the Justices in Eyre . It is unknown for how long the position of the Jurats has existed, with some claiming the position dates to time immemorial . After the cessation of the visits of the Justices in Eyre (and with
2303-598: Was resolved – on the motion of Col. Le Couteur, that the Hon. Secretary be hereby invited to open and to carry on a "herd book" in which the pedigree of bulls, cows, and heifers shall be entered for reference to all the members of the Society." In 1869 for the first time, prizes were awarded at the society's shows for herd book stock cattle. The States of Jersey took a census of stock in 1866, and Jersey then supported 12 037 head of cattle, of which 611 were bulls. In July 2008
2352-498: Was some pressure for Jersey dairymen to attempt to increase the milk production per cow. This led to possibly securing options from outside the island. From 2020 onward there was a further challenge with COVID-19 while seeking the "maximum productivity and business efficiencies". Jersey milk has 20% more calcium, 18% more protein, and 29% more milk fat than Holstein. States of Jersey The States Assembly ( French : Assemblée des États ; Jèrriais : Êtats d'Jèrri )
2401-541: Was very useful.both in milk production and in fecundity performances This breeding was continued as an "interse breeding" until 1990. After German reunification the German Black Pied Dairy cattle were displaced by German Holstein cattle . This Germany -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This cattle -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jersey cattle The Jersey
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