Misplaced Pages

#548451

37-459: The exhibition portrays the beginnings of the shoe industry in the nearby town of Pirmasens dating to around 1800, when discharged soldiers made shoes to earn a living. By the mid-19th century Pirmasens had developed into the most important site of the German shoe industry. This affected the little village of Hauenstein, which at the time consisted mainly of small farmers and forest workers. In 1886

74-488: A collection of over 3,000 pairs of historic shoes owned by a shoe collector from Viersen , Ernst Tillmann. The presentation of period and social history on the second floor covers the years 1918 to 1945. Here there is a still fully working "modern" shoe factory, which is in operation daily. On the lower floor, the years from 1945 until now are covered. Here the museum shows the impact of the Second World War on

111-466: A garrison. In 1763, Pirmasens was granted city rights by Ludwig IX, who stayed in his small residence even after taking office in Hesse-Darmstadt after his father's death in 1768. The garrison was continuously expanded, a town hall, two churches and a large exercise hall were erected. Residence and garrison abruptly ended with the landgrave's death in 1790. In 1793, Pirmasens was the location of

148-408: A serious structural crisis in the German shoe industry, resulting in numerous businesses being closed. The German Shoe Museum is housed in one of these former production facilities. A circular walk runs through the museum. The ground floor covers the early days of shoe manufacturing from 1740 to 1918, from steam engines to typical accommodations for the workers in a shoe factory. The top floor houses

185-695: A treaty signed in 1606, it was agreed that Bitsch would revert to Lorraine and Hanau-Lichtenberg would retain Lemberg. This corresponded approximately to the religious realities of the territories. Since then, Pirmasens was part of the Amt Lemberg in the County of Hanau-Lichtenberg . Before the Thirty Years War , Pirmasens had 59 families and about 235 inhabitants resident, whereas in Lemberg were counted 54 families (about 215 people). When counting it

222-658: Is a West Central German dialect spoken by a minority in the northern part of the region. This is distinct from the neighbouring Alsatian language , although the two are often confused. Neither has any form of official recognition. Lorrain is a Romance dialect spoken by a minority in the southern part of the region. The duchy produced a number of important painters, including Claude Lorrain , Georges de La Tour and Jean LeClerc . Like most of France's regional languages (such as Breton , Franco-Provençal , Occitan , Alsatian , Catalan , Basque and Flemish ), Lorrain and Lorraine Franconian were largely replaced by French with

259-516: The Alemannic language once spoken in Lorraine, the -ingen suffix signified a property; thus, in a figurative sense, "Lotharingen" can be translated as "Land belonging to Lothair", or more simplified *Lothair's realm*. As Lothair II had without heirs, his territory was divided by the 870 Treaty of Meerssen between East and West Francia and finally came under East Frankish rule as a whole by

296-759: The Battle of Pirmasens between Prussia and the French Corps of the Vosges . The French lost the battle, but their opponents' internal divisions nevertheless enabled them to return and occupy Pirmasens by the end of the year: between 1798 and 1814, the town was included in the French département of Mont-Tonnerre ( "Donnersberg-Département" in German). After the French defeat, it was made part of Bavaria together with

333-545: The County of Bitsch , the Lordship of Ochsenstein and half the Lordship of Lichtenberg (Philip's father had already held the other half). James's older brother, Simon V Wecker, had already died in 1540, also without a male heir. A dispute about the inheritance erupted between the husbands of Ludowika Margaretha and of her cousin Amalie, Philip V of Hanau-Lichtenberg and Philip I of Leiningen-Westerburg, respectively. Formally,

370-702: The Franco-Dutch War in 1677, the town was burned down again, this time by French troops. During the Nine Years' War , it was sacked by French troops under General de Ezéchiel Mélac , who devastated the Palatinate in 1689. In 1691, only 16 people lived in Pirmasens. At the same time, the part of Lemberg Castle that was still habitable after the Thirty Years' War, was completely destroyed. Thus,

407-661: The Middle Ages . In 1301, Count Henry III of Bar had to receive the western part of his lands ( Barrois mouvant ) as a fief by King Philip IV of France . In 1475, the Burgundian duke Charles the Bold campaigned for the Duchy of Lorraine, but was finally defeated and killed at the 1477 Battle of Nancy . In the 1552 Treaty of Chambord , a number of insurgent Protestant Imperial princes around Maurice, Elector of Saxony ceded

SECTION 10

#1732793338549

444-527: The Rhenish Palatinate . On 15 March 1945 Pirmasens was captured by US troops, and the following year it became part of the newly established German state Rhineland-Palatinate. During the occupation on Sept. 19, 1945, the Museum of Pirmasens announced that about 50 paintings, which had been stored in the air-raid shelter at Husterhoh School during the war, had been plundered during the arrival of

481-695: The War of the Polish Succession , an agreement between France, the Habsburgs and the Lorraine House of Vaudémont assigned the Duchy to Stanisław Leszczyński , former king of Poland . He was also father-in-law to King Louis XV of France, and had recently lost out to a candidate backed by Russia and Austria in the War of the Polish Succession. The duke of Lorraine, Francis Stephen , betrothed to

518-729: The 880 Treaty of Ribemont . After the East Frankish Carolingians became extinct with the death of Louis the Child in 911, Lotharingia once again attached itself to West Francia, but was conquered by the German king Henry the Fowler in 925. Stuck in the conflict with his rival Hugh the Great , in 942 King Louis IV of France renounced all claims to Lotharingia. In 953, the German king Otto I had appointed his brother Bruno

555-775: The American troops. The paintings were returned in 2006. Evolution of population (since 1875): Town council as at August 2014: Pirmasens is twinned with: Husterhoeh Kaserne was a former (1945–1994) US military facility in Pirmasens, and is now a mostly closed Bundeswehr facility, which still hosts U.S. Army Medical Materiel Center – Europe. It was a constituent member of the Kaiserslautern Military Community . Duchy of Lorraine The Duchy of Lorraine ( French : Lorraine [lɔʁɛn] ; German : Lothringen [ˈloːtʁɪŋən] ), originally Upper Lorraine ,

592-595: The County of Bitsch and the district of Lemberg were fiefs of the Duchy of Lorraine and such fiefs could only be inherited in the male line. Philip V was initially successful in the dispute with Philip I about Zweibrücken-Bitsch. However, he introduced the Lutheran confession in his newly gained territories in 1572. This upset his powerful Catholic neighbour and liege lord, Duke Charles III of Lorraine . The Duke terminated

629-663: The Emperor's daughter Archduchess Maria Theresa , was compensated with the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , where the last Medici ruler had recently died without issue. France also promised to support Maria Theresa as heir to the Habsburg possessions under the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 . Leszczyński received Lorraine with the understanding that it would fall to the French crown on his death. The title of Duke of Lorraine

666-526: The Great Duke of Lotharingia. In 959, Bruno divided the duchy into Upper and Lower Lorraine ; this division became permanent following his death in 965. The Upper Duchy was further "up" the river system, that is, it was inland and to the south. Upper Lorraine was first denominated as the Duchy of Mosellane, both in charters and narrative sources, and its duke was the dux Mosellanorum . Lower Lorraine disintegrated into several smaller territories and only

703-655: The Imperial House of Habsburg . France returned the Duchy in the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick ending the Nine Years' War and Charles' son Leopold (1679–1729), became duke and was known as 'Leopold the Good;' in the 1701–1714 War of the Spanish Succession , parts of Lorraine, including the capital Nancy, were again occupied by France, but Leopold continued to reign at the Château de Lunéville . In 1737, after

740-521: The Seibel brothers founded the first shoe factory in Hauenstein. By 1914, twenty factories had been established, with more than 1,000 employees. Despite the pressures to combine that arose from the French occupation, economic crises, and the war years, the number of factories had grown by 1960 to 35. Thereafter, however, progressive automation and the relocation of production to foreign countries led to

777-471: The Three Bishoprics to King Henry II of France in turn for his support. Due to the weakening of Imperial authority during the 1618–1648 Thirty Years' War , France was able to occupy the duchy in 1634 and retained it until 1661 when Charles IV was restored. In 1670, the French invaded again, forcing Charles into exile; his nephew and heir Charles V (1643–1690) spent his life in the service of

SECTION 20

#1732793338549

814-585: The administrative centre of Amt Lemberg was moved to Pirmasens in 1697. This made Pirmasens the most important locality of the region. In 1736, Johann Reinhard III , the last count of Hanau-Lichtenberg, died without male heir and the duchy passed to his grandson, Landgrave Ludwig IX of Hesse-Darmstadt , the son of Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg , sole heir of the county of Hanau Lichtenberg, and Ludwig VIII , Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt. Landgrave Ludwig IX took residence in his grandfather's hunting lodge in Pirmasens, Schloss Pirmasens , and established

851-478: The border with France . It was famous for the manufacture of shoes . The surrounding rural district was called Landkreis Pirmasens from 1818 until 1997, when it was renamed to Südwestpfalz . The first mention of "Pirminiseusna", a colony of Hornbach Abbey , dates from 860. The name derives from St. Pirminius , the founder of the monastery. During the period it was under rule of the Bishopric of Metz . It

888-733: The fief and in July 1572 Lorraine troops occupied the county. Since Philip V's army was no match for Lorraine, he took his case to the Imperial Chamber Court in Speyer. During the trial, Lorraine argued that, firstly, a significant part of the territory of Zweibrücken-Bitsch had been obtained in an exchange with Lorraine in 1302 and, secondly, the Counts of Leiningen had sold their hereditary claims to Lorraine in 1573. In 1604, Hanau-Lichtenberg and Lorraine decided to settle out of court. In

925-544: The same year. In 1525, during the German Peasants' War , Pirmasens was looted by peasants from Bitsch. In 1560, Ludowika Margaretha of Zweibrücken-Bitsch , daughter of Count James of Zweibrücken-Bitsch (1510–1570), the last male member of the House of Zweibrücken, was married to Philip V, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg . In 1570, Count James of Zweibrücken-Bitsch died without male heir and Ludowika Margaretha inherited

962-478: The shoe industry and types of shoes made. The visitor is led through a typical 1960s flat and they can see, in a completely equipped shoe salon, how the fit of new shoes was tested with a fluoroscope using X-rays . Also on the first floor is the largest pair of shoes in the world: a size 248. At the conclusion of the circular walk, the shoes of several prominent people, such as Angela Merkel and Joschka Fischer are displayed. The German Shoe Museum in Hauenstein

999-586: The title of a " Duke of Lothier " remained, held by Brabant . By the time Upper Lorraine came into the possession of René of Anjou , several territories had already split off, such as the County of Luxembourg , the Electorate of Trier , the County of Bar and the " Three Bishoprics " of Verdun , Metz and Toul . The border between the Empire and the Kingdom of France remained relatively stable throughout

1036-491: Was a duchy now included in the larger present-day region of Lorraine in northeastern France. Its capital was Nancy . It was founded in 959 following the division of Lotharingia into two separate duchies: Upper and Lower Lorraine , the westernmost parts of the Holy Roman Empire . The Lower duchy was quickly dismantled, while Upper Lorraine came to be known as simply the Duchy of Lorraine. The Duchy of Lorraine

1073-469: Was allotted to Emperor Lothair I , therefore called Lotharii Regnum . On his death in 855, it was further divided into three parts, of which his son Lothair II took the northern one. His realm then comprised a larger territory stretching from the County of Burgundy in the south to the North Sea . In French, this area became known as Lorraine , while in German, it was eventually known as Lothringen . In

1110-578: Was annexed by France and reorganized as the province of Lorraine and Barrois . Lorraine's predecessor, Lotharingia , was an independent Carolingian kingdom under the rule of King Lothair II (855–869). Its territory had originally been a part of Middle Francia , created in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun , when the Carolingian empire was divided between the three sons of Louis the Pious . Middle Francia

1147-505: Was assumed at that time that a family consisted of four to five people. In 1622, Pirmasens and Lemberg were ravaged by Spaniards and Croatian horsemen of the Imperial troops. The imperial army set fire to the village. Even the church was destroyed in a fire. After the withdrawal of the troops, the Pirmasens inhabitants began to rebuild it. It was again ravaged by imperial troops under Matthias Gallas . They also looted Lemberg Castle, which

German Shoe Museum - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-562: Was awarded an "excellent" grade in the European Museum competition because, in the view of the assessment panel, it brings together well the presentation of shoe culture and social history. Pirmasens Pirmasens ( German pronunciation: [ˈpɪʁmazɛns] ; Palatine German : Bärmesens (also Bermesens or Bärmasens )) is an independent town in Rhineland-Palatinate , Germany , near

1221-427: Was burned in 1636. Then the headquarters of the Lutheran parish of Lemberg was moved to Pirmasens. But Pirmasens was heavily damaged in the war. In 1657, only 9 families (about 40 people) lived there. The population then slowly increased through immigration of Reformed Swiss, Catholic Tyrolean as well as Franconian and Württembergian families, so that in 1661 21 families (about 87 people) were counted in Pirmasens. During

1258-492: Was coveted and briefly occupied by the dukes of Burgundy and the kings of France , but was ruled by the dukes of the House of Lorraine after 1473. In 1737, the duchy was given to Stanisław Leszczyński , the former king of Poland , who had lost his throne as a result of the War of the Polish Succession , with the understanding that it would fall to the French crown on his death. When Stanisław died on 23 February 1766, Lorraine

1295-455: Was given to Stanisław, but also retained by Francis Stephen, and it figures prominently in the titles of his successors (as a non-claimant family name), the House of Habsburg-Lorraine . When Stanisław died on 23 February 1766, Lorraine was annexed by France and reorganized as a province by the French government. Two regional languages survive in the region. Lorraine Franconian , known as francique or platt (lorrain) in French,

1332-403: Was passed to Diocese of Speyer in last the quarter of the 11th century, then was captured by County of Saarbrücken in 1100. In 1182, the County of Saarbrücken was divided by Simon II and Henry I, who were sons of Simon I. Pirmasens was given to Henry I and his dominion was named as County of Zweibrücken . He built Lemberg Castle to protect his dominion in 1198. During this period Pirmasens

1369-421: Was under the formal jurisdiction of the bishop of Metz, but the parish administration of Pirmasens was passed to the monastery of Hornbach after confirmation by John, Bishop of Metz, in 1225. In 1297, the County of Zweibrücken was divided and Pirmasens was passed to County of Zweibrücken-Bitsch, Eberhard I's dominion. He traded some localities with Duke Frederick III of Lorraine and took lordship of Bitsch in

#548451