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63-533: The Gespensterbuch (literally 'Ghost Book' or 'Book of Spectres') is a collection of German ghost stories written by August Apel and Friedrich Laun and published in seven volumes between 1810 and 1817. Volumes five to seven were also published under the title Wunderbuch ( ' Book of Wonders ' ). The final volume was published after Apel's death, with stories by his friends Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and Carl Borromäus von Miltitz . Laun, Fouqué, Miltitz, and Caroline de la Motte Fouqué followed up on

126-481: A 1945 film , places a more humorous slant on the phenomenon of haunting of individuals and specific locations. During the late 1890s the depiction of ghost and supernatural events appear in films. With the advent of motion pictures and television, screen depictions of ghosts became common, and spanned a variety of genres. The works of Shakespeare, Dickens and Wilde have all been made into cinematic versions, as well as adaptations of other playwrights and novelists. One of

189-684: A Headless Horseman . It has been adapted for film and television many times, such as Sleepy Hollow , a successful 1999 feature film. Irving also wrote "The Adventure of the German Student" and Edgar Allan Poe wrote some stories which contain ghosts, such as " The Masque of the Red Death " and "Morella". In the later 19th century, mainstream American writers such as Edith Wharton , Mary E. Wilkins Freeman and F. Marion Crawford all wrote ghost fiction. Henry James also wrote ghost stories, including " The Jolly Corner " and The Turn of

252-434: A collection of Japanese ghost stories which was also adapted into a film . The book "is seen as the first introduction of Japanese superstition to European and American audiences". Ghost Stories magazine, which contained almost nothing but ghost stories, was published from 1926 to 1932. Beginning in the 1940s, Fritz Leiber wrote ghost tales set in modern industrial settings, such as "Smoke Ghost" (1941) and "A Bit of

315-434: A ghost story are, to me, the atmosphere and the nicely managed crescendo. ... Let us, then, be introduced to the actors in a placid way; let us see them going about their ordinary business, undisturbed by forebodings, pleased with their surroundings; and into this calm environment let the ominous thing put out its head, unobtrusively at first, and then more insistently, until it holds the stage." Another aspect James considered

378-545: A hobby wherein reportedly haunted places are explored. The ghost hunting theme has been featured in paranormal reality television series , such as A Haunting , Ghost Adventures , Ghost Hunters , Ghost Hunters International , Ghost Lab , and Most Haunted . It is also represented in children's television by such programs as The Ghost Hunter based on the book series of the same name and Ghost Trackers . The Indian television series Aahat featured ghost and supernatural stories written by B. P. Singh . It

441-670: A house in Athens by a ghost bound in chains, an archetype that would become familiar in later literature. Ghosts often appeared in the tragedies of the Roman writer Seneca , who would later influence the revival of tragedy on the Renaissance stage, particularly Thomas Kyd and Shakespeare . The One Thousand and One Nights , sometimes known as Arabian Nights , contains a number of ghost stories , often involving jinn (also spelled as djinn), ghouls and corpses . In particular,

504-652: A lighthearted adaptation of the children's character Casper the Friendly Ghost , originally popular in cartoon form in the 1950s and early 1960s, in the feature film Casper . Asian cinema has also produced horror films about ghosts, such as the 1998 Japanese film Ringu (remade in the US as The Ring in 2002), and the Pang brothers' 2002 film The Eye . Indian ghost movies are popular not just in India, but in

567-408: A method of story-telling which has since become known as Jamesian, which involved abandoning many of the traditional Gothic elements of his predecessors. The classic Jamesian tale usually includes the following elements: According to James, the story must "put the reader into the position of saying to himself, 'If I'm not very careful, something of this kind may happen to me! ' " He also perfected

630-637: A requisite was "that the ghost should be malevolent or odious: amiable and helpful apparitions are all very well in fairy tales or in local legends, but I have no use for them in a fictitious ghost story." Despite his suggestion in the essay "Stories I Have Tried to Write" that writers employ reticence in their work, many of James's tales depict scenes and images of savage and often disturbing violence. Influenced by British and German examples, American writers began to produce their own ghost stories. Washington Irving 's short story " The Legend of Sleepy Hollow " (1820), based on an earlier German folktale, features

693-524: A story written by Apel about a hunter making a pact with the devil. Johann Georg Theodor Grässe traced the origin of this story to a 1730 book called Monatliche Unterredungen aus dem Reich der Geister ( ' Monthly Conversations from the Spirit-World ' ) which contained a similar story taken from a 1710 court session in Bohemia . Laun owned a copy of this book, and Grässe theorised that he brought

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756-486: A time and location near to the audience of the story. The modern short story emerged in Germany in the early decades of the 19th century. Kleist 's "The Beggar Woman of Locarno", published in 1810, and several other works from the period lay claim to being the first ghost short stories of a modern type. E. T. A. Hoffmann 's ghost stories include "The Elementary Spirit" and "The Mines of Falun". The Russian equivalent of

819-478: A white mist. Belief in ghosts is found in all cultures around the world, and thus ghost stories may be passed down orally or in written form. The campfire story , a form of oral storytelling, often involves recounting ghost stories, or other scary stories. Some of the stories are decades old, with varying versions across multiple cultures. Many schools and educational institutions encourage ghost storytelling as part of literature . In 1929, five key features of

882-558: Is a form of Japanese ghost story. Kaidan entered the vernacular when a game called Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai became popular in the Edo period . The popularity of the game, as well as the acquisition of a printing press , led to the creation of a literary genre called Kaidanshu . Kaidan are not always horror stories, they can "be funny, or strange, or just telling about an odd thing that happened one time". Lafcadio Hearn published Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things in 1904 as

945-402: Is precisely their gross materiality. They appear to us conspicuously clothed." In Spain , the legend of Catalina Lercaro stands out, a young woman from the 16th century, who committed suicide so as not to have to marry a man she did not love. From here, many people claim to see her ghost. Ghosts figured prominently in traditional British ballads of the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly

1008-624: Is that "at the historical point at which ghosts themselves become increasingly implausible, at least to an educated elite, to believe in them at all it seems to be necessary to assert their immateriality, their invisibility. [...] The drapery of ghosts must now, indeed, be as spiritual as the ghosts themselves. This is a striking departure both from the ghosts of the Renaissance stage and from the Greek and Roman theatrical ghosts upon which that stage drew. The most prominent feature of Renaissance ghosts

1071-533: Is to ensure that the binder can order the pages and sections in the correct order. Often the letters of the Latin alphabet were used. The practice has been superseded by advances in printing and bookbinding technology. As a result, signature marks are rarely found in modern books. A number of symbols traditionally used as binding signature marks were encoded in ISO 5426-2 and from there (to enable migration of data from

1134-616: The Gespensterbuch story that it was based on – also called " Der Freischütz " – was translated into English several times. The first translation was by Thomas De Quincey (1823), followed by Walter Sholto Douglas (1825), George Godfrey Cunningham (1829), an anonymous translation (1833), and Jacob Wrey Mould (1849). Several more Gespensterbuch stories were translated individually, mostly in magazines and annuals : "The Raven: A Greek Tale" (1823), "The Lamia: Greek Tradition" (1824), "The Spectre Unmasked" (1824), "The Dance of

1197-464: The Gespensterbuch . They tried to add variety to the book by including the comic fairy tales " König Pfau " (Apel's retelling of Madame d'Aulnoy 's " La Princesse Rosette ") and " Das Ideal " (an original tale by Laun) in the first volume. The response to these stories was negative, and they did not include fairy tales in later volumes. The first volume also included " Der Freischütz ",

1260-460: The Edwardian era , Algernon Blackwood (who combined the ghost story with nature mysticism ), Oliver Onions (whose ghost stories drew on psychological horror ), and William Hope Hodgson (whose ghost tales also contained elements of the sea story and science fiction ) helped move the ghost story in new directions. Kaidan (怪談), which literally means "supernatural tale" or "weird tale",

1323-465: The English ghost story were identified in "Some Remarks on Ghost Stories" by M. R. James . As summarized by Frank Coffman for a course in popular imaginative literature, they were: The introduction of pulp magazines in the early 1900s created new avenues for ghost stories to be published, and they also began to appear in publications such as Good Housekeeping and The New Yorker . Ghosts in

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1386-569: The Old Testament in which the Witch of Endor calls the spirit of the prophet Samuel . The play Mostellaria , by the Roman playwright Plautus , is the earliest known work to feature a haunted dwelling, and is sometimes translated as The Haunted House . Another early account of a haunted place comes from an account by Pliny the Younger ( c. 50 AD). Pliny describes the haunting of

1449-456: The haunted house theme. The "classic" ghost story arose during the Victorian period, and included authors such as M. R. James , Sheridan Le Fanu , Violet Hunt , and Henry James . Classic ghost stories were influenced by the gothic fiction tradition, and contain elements of folklore and psychology. M. R. James summed up the essential elements of a ghost story as, "Malevolence and terror,

1512-639: The 1800s because an armoured ghost had to be moved about by complicated pulley systems or lifts, and eventually became clichéd stage elements and objects of ridicule. Ann Jones and Peter Stallybrass, in Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory , point out, "In fact, it is as laughter increasingly threatens the Ghost that he starts to be staged not in armor but in some form of 'spirit drapery'." An interesting observation by Jones and Stallybrass

1575-505: The 1831 edition of Frankenstein , and the death of Frankenstein's wife Elizabeth may have been inspired by the story, while " Die schwarze Kammer " ( ' The Black Chamber ' ) is similar to Mary Shelley's account of the dream that inspired Frankenstein , of a haunting figure standing at the bedside. Another of the Gespensterbuch stories in Fantasmagoriana , " Die Verwandtschaft mit der Geisterwelt " ( ' The Connection with

1638-549: The 1990 film Ghost , and the 1993 comedy Heart and Souls . In the horror genre, 1980's The Fog , and the A Nightmare on Elm Street series of films from the 1980s and 1990s are notable examples of the trend for the merging of ghost stories with scenes of physical violence. The 1990s saw a return to classic "gothic" ghosts, whose dangers were more psychological than physical. Examples of films are comedy and mystery from this period include 1984's Ghostbusters , 1999's The Sixth Sense and The Others . The 1990s also saw

1701-567: The Dark World" (1962). Shirley Jackson made an important contribution to ghost fiction with her novel The Haunting of Hill House (1959). A noted modern British writer of ghost fiction is Ramsey Campbell . Susan Hill also produced The Woman in Black (1983), a ghost novel that has been adapted for stage, television and film. Noël Coward 's play Blithe Spirit , later made into

1764-554: The Dead (1813), and again by Marjorie Bowen (1933–1935). The two remaining stories were translated by both A. J. Day (2005), and Anna Ziegelhof (2023). Some of these stories were also translated directly from the German, including Thomas De Quincey 's "The Black Chamber" (1823), and Robert Pearse Gillies ' "The Sisters" and "The Spectre Bride" (1826). Following the success of Carl Maria von Weber 's opera Der Freischütz (1821),

1827-719: The Dead" (1824), "New Year's Eve: The Omens" (1824), "Death Tokens" (1825), "The Veiled Bride" (1825), "Head Master Rhenfried and His Family" (1826), "The Bridal Ornaments" (1826), "The Piper of Neisse" (1829), "The Spirit's Summons" (1835), "The Silver Lady" (1837), "The Two New Year's Nights" (1839), "Fatal Curiosity" (1845), and "The Night-Mare" (1845). In addition to these translations, some authors adapted Gespensterbuch stories for an English-speaking audience, such as Walter Sholto Douglas ' "The Three Damsels" in Forget-Me-Not for 1827 (1826), based on part of " Die Bräutigamsvorschau ", and J. E. Preston Muddock 's "The Dance of

1890-654: The Dead" in Tales of Terror (1899), based on " Der Todtentanz ". Some translations were never published, such as Walter Sholto Douglas' translation of " Zauberliebe ", and a translation of " Der Gespensterläugner " started by De Quincey in autumn 1824. The first tale in the first volume is " Der Freischütz ", a retelling by Apel of the Freischütz folktale. It formed the inspiration for Weber 's opera Der Freischütz (1821). However, unlike Apel's version, in Weber's opera

1953-662: The Gothic novel in the 1830s and the start of the First World War. Sullivan argues that the work of Edgar Allan Poe and Sheridan Le Fanu inaugurated this "Golden Age". Irish author Sheridan Le Fanu was one of the most influential writers of ghost stories. Le Fanu's collections, such as In a Glass Darkly (1872) and The Purcell Papers (1880), helped popularise the short story as a medium for ghost fiction. Charlotte Riddell , who wrote fiction as Mrs. J. H. Riddell, created ghost stories which were noted for adept use of

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2016-772: The Middle East, Africa, South East Asia and other parts of the world. Some Indian ghost movies such as the comedy / horror film Manichitrathazhu have been commercial successes, dubbed into several languages. Generally the films are based on the experiences of modern people who are unexpectedly exposed to ghosts, and usually draw on traditional Indian literature or folklore. In some cases the Indian films are remakes of western films, such as Anjaane , based on Alejandro Amenábar 's ghost story The Others . In fictional television programming, ghosts have been explored in series such as Ghost Whisperer , Medium , Supernatural ,

2079-718: The Royal Cadet (1885) includes "Judge's Song" about a ghost at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario. Oscar Wilde 's comic short story " The Canterville Ghost " (1887) has been adapted for film and television on several occasions. In the United States, prior to and during the First World War , folklorists Olive Dame Campbell and Cecil Sharp collected ballads from

2142-560: The Screw . The Turn of the Screw , his most famous ghost story, has appeared in a number of adaptations, notably a film, The Innocents , and an opera, Benjamin Britten 's The Turn of the Screw . The introduction of pulp magazines in the early 1900s created new avenues for ghost stories to be published, and they also began to appear in publications such as Good Housekeeping and The New Yorker . Oscar Telgmann 's opera Leo,

2205-519: The Spirit-World ' , translated as " L'Heure fatale ", ' The Fatal Hour ' ), may have been an inspiration for the Astarte scene in Byron's Manfred , which he began in late 1816. Joseph von Auffenberg 's 1824 play, Viola, oder die Vorschau ( ' Viola, or The Preview ' ) was based on Apel's " Die Bräutigamsvorschau " from volume 2 of Gespensterbuch . Ghost stories Colloquially,

2268-423: The book, the group decided to write their own ghost stories, with Mary Shelley writing Frankenstein , and Polidori writing The Vampyre , based on Byron's " Fragment of a Novel ". Two of the five Gespensterbuch stories in Fantasmagoriana had a significant influence on Frankenstein . " Die Todtenbraut " ( ' The Dead Bride ' ) was one of the two stories Mary Shelley described in her introduction to

2331-402: The classical world often appeared in the form of vapor or smoke, but at other times they were described as being substantial, appearing as they had been at the time of death, complete with the wounds that killed them. Spirits of the dead appear in literature as early as Homer 's Odyssey , which features a journey to the underworld and the hero encountering the ghosts of the dead, as well as

2394-403: The fifth volume, they decided to expand the scope from ghosts to anything that could not be explained by the laws of nature, and gave the series a second title: Wunderbuch ( ' Book of Wonders ' ). In another attempt to add variety, they decided to invite other authors to contribute, which led to Apel's friends Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and Carl Borromäus von Miltitz writing stories for

2457-420: The final bullet does not kill the protagonist's fiancée, but is deflected, and kills the huntsman who convinced him to cast the bullets instead. In June 1816, Lord Byron , Mary Shelley , Percy Bysshe Shelley , John William Polidori and Claire Clairmont read Fantasmagoriana (1812), a collection of German ghost stories translated into French, five of which were from the Gespensterbuch . Inspired by

2520-546: The final volume of the Wunderbuch . The first volume of Gespensterbuch was published in 1810 by G. J. Goschen in Leipzig , with a coloured frontispiece illustration of the story " Das Ideal " ( ' The Ideal ' ). Very few copies of this edition have survived, leading many sources to assume the series was published from 1811, when the first volume was reprinted (this time without the frontispiece), simultaneously with

2583-546: The ghost story is the bylichka . Notable examples of the genre from the 1830s include Gogol 's " Viy " and Pushkin 's " The Queen of Spades ", although there were scores of other stories from lesser known writers, produced primarily as Christmas fiction . The Vosges mountain range is the setting for most ghost stories by the French writing team of Erckmann-Chatrian . One of the earliest writers of ghost stories in English

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2646-458: The ghost transformed into a beautiful woman. The Flying Dutchman was a ghost ship that became the subject of many ghost stories. One of the key early appearances by ghosts was The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole in 1764, considered to be the first gothic novel . However, although the ghost story shares the use of the supernatural with the Gothic novel, the two forms differ. Ghost stories, unlike Gothic fiction, usually take place in

2709-471: The ghosts of Christmas Past, Christmas Present and Christmas Yet to Come. In a precursor to A Christmas Carol Dickens published " The Story of the Goblins Who Stole a Sexton ". Dickens also wrote " The Signal-Man ", another work featuring a ghost. David Langford has described British author M. R. James as writing "the 20th century's most influential canon of ghost stories". James perfected

2772-506: The glare of evil faces, 'the stony grin of unearthly malice', pursuing forms in darkness, and 'long-drawn, distant screams', are all in place, and so is a modicum of blood, shed with deliberation and carefully husbanded ...". Famous literary apparitions from the Victorian period are the ghosts of A Christmas Carol , in which Ebenezer Scrooge is helped to see the error of his ways by the ghost of his former colleague Jacob Marley , and

2835-710: The models for the revival of tragedy . Seneca's influence is particularly evident in Thomas Kyd 's The Spanish Tragedy and Shakespeare 's Hamlet , both of which share a revenge theme, a corpse-strewn climax, and ghosts among the cast. The ghosts in Richard III also resemble the Senecan model, while the ghost in Hamlet plays a more complex role. The shade of Hamlet's murdered father in Hamlet has become one of

2898-441: The more recognizable ghosts in English literature . In another of Shakespeare's works, Macbeth , the murdered Banquo returns as a ghost to the dismay of the title character. In English Renaissance theatre, ghosts were often depicted in the garb of the living and even in armour. Armour, being out-of-date by the time of the Renaissance, gave the stage ghost a sense of antiquity. The sheeted ghost began to gain ground on stage in

2961-399: The narrative as sentinels or prophets of things to come. A widespread belief concerning ghosts is that they are composed of a misty, airy, or subtle material. Anthropologists link this idea to early beliefs that ghosts were the person within the person (the person's spirit), most noticeable in ancient cultures as a person's breath, which upon exhaling in colder climates appears visibly as

3024-562: The people of the Appalachian Mountains, which included ghostly themes such as " The Cruel Ship's Carpenter ", " The Suffolk Miracle ", " The Unquiet Grave " and " The Wife of Usher's Well ". The theme of these ballads was often the return of a dead lover. These songs were variants of traditional British ballads handed down by generations of mountaineers descended from the people of the Anglo-Scottish border region. In

3087-416: The second World War, sentimental depictions of ghosts had become more popular in cinema than horror, and include the 1947 film The Ghost and Mrs. Muir , which was later adapted to television with a successful 1968–70 TV series . Genuine psychological horror films from this period include 1944's The Uninvited , and 1945's Dead of Night . The film Blithe Spirit , based on a play by Noël Coward ,

3150-403: The second and third volumes. Volume four was published later in the same year. The fifth volume was published in 1815 with two title pages: one giving the title as Gespensterbuch volume five, and another with the title Wunderbuch ( ' Book of Wonders ' ) volume one. This reflected Apel and Laun's decision to expand the scope of the books to include other supernatural stories. Volume six

3213-696: The series by publishing another book of ghost stories Aus der Geisterwelt ( ' From the Spirit-World ' ) (1818). According to Friedrich Laun 's memoirs, Laun had stayed a week at Apel's family estate at Ermlitz, near Schkopau . A few stories were told about ghosts that appeared there at and after dusk, from the times when a high court was located nearby. These stories made such an impression on Apel and Laun, that when they returned to Leipzig they recounted them to their friends over tea. This proved very popular, and they started to hold Gespensterthee ( ' ghost tea ' ) evenings from time to time, where ghost stories were told, and which led Apel and Laun to write

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3276-678: The story to the attention of Apel. Some characters in the stories may have been based on personal acquaintances, such Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Wagner (1770–1813), a police actuary, who may have inspired "Aktuarius Wermuth" in " Die schwarze Kammer ". Both Apel and Laun knew Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , whose play Claudine von Villa Bella (1776) may have influenced Laun's " Die Todtenbraut ". Scholar Robert Stockhammer notes that " Der Todtenkopf " contains characters inspired by Cagliostro , who Goethe had written on, and who may have been discussed when Laun visited Goethe in 1804. Goethe's " Erlkönig " (1782) also inspired Apel's poem " Alp ". For

3339-757: The tale of "Ali the Cairene and the Haunted House in Baghdad" revolves around a house haunted by jinns . Other medieval Arabic literature , such as the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity , also contain ghost stories. The 11th century Japanese work The Tale of Genji contains ghost stories, and includes characters being possessed by spirits. In the mid-16th century, the works of Seneca were rediscovered by Italian humanists , and they became

3402-411: The technique of narrating supernatural events through implication and suggestion, letting his reader fill in the blanks, and focusing on the mundane details of his settings and characters in order to throw the horrific and bizarre elements into greater relief. He summed up his approach in his foreword to the anthology Ghosts and Marvels ( Oxford , 1924): "Two ingredients most valuable in the concocting of

3465-447: The television series adaptation of The Ghost and Mrs. Muir and Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) . In animated fictional television programming, ghosts have served as the central element in series such as Casper the Friendly Ghost , Danny Phantom , and Scooby-Doo , as well as minor roles in various other television shows. Popularized in part by the 1984 comedy franchise Ghostbusters , ghost hunting has been popularized as

3528-444: The term "ghost story" can refer to any kind of scary story. In a narrower sense, the ghost story has been developed as a short story format, within genre fiction . It is a form of supernatural fiction and specifically of weird fiction , and is often a horror story . While ghost stories are often explicitly meant to scare, they have been written to serve all sorts of purposes, from comedy to morality tales . Ghosts often appear in

3591-418: The well known short films was Haunted Castle directed by Georges Méliès in 1896. It is also considered as the first silent short film depicting ghost and supernatural events. In 1926 the novel Topper by Thorne Smith was published, which created the modern American ghost. When the novel was adapted into the 1937 movie Topper , it initiated a new film genre and would also influence television. After

3654-431: The “ Border Ballads ” of the turbulent border country between England and Scotland. Ballads of this type include " The Unquiet Grave ", " The Wife of Usher's Well ", and " Sweet William's Ghost ", which feature the recurring theme of returning dead lovers or children. In the ballad " King Henry ", a particularly ravenous ghost devours the king's horse and hounds before forcing the king into bed. The king then awakens to find

3717-467: Was Sir Walter Scott . His ghost stories, "Wandering Willie's Tale" (1824, first published as part of Redgauntlet ) and The Tapestried Chamber (1828) eschewed the "Gothic" style of writing and helped set an example for later writers in the genre. Historian of the ghost story Jack Sullivan has noted that many literary critics argue a "Golden Age of the Ghost Story" existed between the decline of

3780-445: Was also produced in this period. 1963 saw one of the first major adaptations of a ghost novel, The Haunting , based on the well known novel The Haunting of Hill House . The 1970s saw screen depictions of ghosts diverge into distinct genres of the romantic and horror. A common theme in the romantic genre from this period is the ghost as a benign guide or messenger, often with unfinished business, such as 1989's Field of Dreams ,

3843-428: Was first aired on 5 October 1995 and ran for more than a decade, ending on 25 November 2010 with more than 450 episodes. Signature mark A signature mark , in traditional bookbinding , is a letter, number or combination of either or both, which is printed at the bottom of the first page, or leaf , of a section . The section is itself referred to as a signature, also called collation or gathering. The aim

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3906-550: Was published in the same way in 1816. The final volume was published in 1817 only under the title Wunderbuch volume three, but the signature marks in page footers of some editions say Gespensterbuch 7 Theil ( ' Gespensterbuch Volume 7 ' ). The book has been reprinted several times since then. The Macklots published the last four volumes in Stuttgart from 1816–1818. Following the premiere of Weber 's Der Freischütz (1821), Apel's Der Freischütz eine Volkssage

3969-662: Was reprinted in its own volume by Fleischer in 1823. Gespensterbuch was reprinted by Philipp Reclam junior in Leipzig (1885), Belser in Stuttgart (1987–1990), and Aufbau-Taschenbuch in Berlin (1991). Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès translated five of the Gespensterbuch stories into French for his anthology Fantasmagoriana (1812). Three of these were translated from French to English by Sarah Elizabeth Utterson in Tales of

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