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75-817: First conceived in 1551 by Saint Ignatius of Loyola , the Spanish founder of the Society of Jesus and active during the Protestant Reformation and the subsequent Catholic Counter-Reformation , the Gesù was also the home of the Superior General of the Society of Jesus until the wide suppression of the order in 1773. The church having been subsequently regained by the Jesuits, the adjacent palazzo

150-737: A Magisterium from the University of Paris at the age of forty-three in 1535. In later life, he would often be called "Master Ignatius" because of this. In 1539, with Peter Faber and Francis Xavier, Ignatius formed the Society of Jesus, which was approved in 1540 by Pope Paul III . He was chosen as the first Superior General of the order and invested with the title of "Father General" by the Jesuits. Ignatius sent his companions on missions across Europe to create schools, colleges, and seminaries. Juan de Vega , then ambassador of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, met Ignatius there and having formed

225-408: A cave nearby where he practised rigorous asceticism , praying for seven hours a day, and formulating the fundamentals of his Spiritual Exercises . Íñigo also experienced a series of visions in full daylight while at the hospital. These repeated visions appeared as "a form in the air near him and this form gave him much consolation because it was exceedingly beautiful ... it somehow seemed to have

300-473: A close comparison between Vignola's balanced composition in three superimposed planes and Della Porta's dynamically fused tension bound by its strong vertical elements. Vignola's rejected design remains in an engraving of 1573. The design of this church set a pattern for Jesuit churches that lasted into the twentieth century; its innovations require enumerating. Aesthetics across the Catholic Church as

375-413: A dead body", meaning that a Jesuit should be as empty of ego as is a corpse. However the overarching Jesuit principle became: Ad maiorem Dei gloriam ("for the greater glory of God"). Ignatius died in Rome on 31 July 1556, probably of the " Roman Fever ", a severe variant of malaria which was endemic in Rome throughout medieval history. An autopsy revealed that he also had kidney and bladder stones,

450-608: A degree in theology. As a result, he was singled out for interrogation by the Inquisition but was later released. Following these risky activities, Íñigo (by this time, he had changed his name to Ignatius, probably to make it more acceptable to other Europeans) adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the Basque village of Loyola where he was born. moved to France to study at the University of Paris . He attended first

525-522: A good impression of the Jesuits, invited them to travel with him to his new appointment as Viceroy of Sicily . As a result, a Jesuit college was opened in Messina , which proved a success, so that its rules and methods were later copied in subsequent colleges. In a letter to Francis Xavier before his departure to India in 1541, Ignatius famously used the Latin phrase "Ite, inflammate omnia", meaning, "Go, set

600-487: A group linked in their zeal and spirituality to Franciscan reforms, but they had incurred mounting suspicion from the administrators of the Inquisition. Once when Íñigo was preaching on the street, three of these devout women began to experience ecstatic states. "One fell senseless, another sometimes rolled about on the ground, another had been seen in the grip of convulsions or shuddering and sweating in anguish." The suspicious activity took place while Íñigo had preached without

675-461: A human body. On the other side stands a statue of St Ignatius of loyola. The upper section is divided with four pairs of pilasters and no statues. Upper and lower sections are joined by a volute on each side. The first high altar is believed to have been designed by Giacomo della Porta. It was removed during the renovations in the 19th century and its tabernacle was subsequently purchased by archbishop Patrick Leahy for his new cathedral where it

750-490: A name which he believed was a simple variant of his own, for use in France and Italy where it was better understood. Íñigo adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the Basque village of Loyola where he was born. Soon after the birth of Íñigo, his mother died. Maternal care fell to María de Garín, the wife of the local blacksmith. In 1498, his second eldest brother, Martin, heir to the estate, took his new wife to live in

825-401: A probable cause of the abdominal pains he suffered from in later life. The anatomist Matteo Colombo was present at the necropsy of St. Ignatius. He describes the results in his De re anatomica libre XV : I have taken out innumerable stones with my own hands, with various colors found in the kidneys, in the lungs, in the liver, and in the portal vein. For I saw stones in the ureters, in

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900-404: A putto – on the left side – tearing pages from heretical books by Luther, Calvin and Zwingli), and Faith defeats idolatry by Jean-Baptiste Théodon . The St. Ignatius Chapel also hosts the restored macchina barocca or baroque machine of Andrea Pozzo . During daytime the statue of St. Ignatius is hidden behind a large painting, but every day at 17.30 triumphal music is played and the painting

975-406: A single nave without aisles, so that the congregation is assembled and attention is focused on the high altar . In place of aisles there are a series of identical interconnecting chapels behind arched openings, to which entrance is controlled by decorative balustrades with gates. Transepts are reduced to stubs that emphasize the altars of their end walls. The plan synthesizes the central planning of

1050-429: A sword and dagger at his waist". According to another he was "a fancy dresser, an expert dancer, a womanizer, sensitive to insult, and a rough punkish swordsman who used his privileged status to escape prosecution for violent crimes committed with his priest brother at carnival time." In 1509, aged 18, Íñigo took up arms for Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke of Nájera . His diplomacy and leadership qualities earned him

1125-512: A whole were strongly influenced by the Council of Trent . Although the Council itself said little about church architecture, its suggestion of simplification prompted Charles Borromeo to reform ecclesiastical building practise. Evidence of attention to his writings can be found at the Gesù. There is no narthex in which to linger: the visitor is projected immediately into the body of the church,

1200-490: Is divided by six pairs of pilasters (with a mix of columns and pilasters framing the main door). The main door is well decorated with low relief, the papal coat of arms, and a shield with the initialism SPQR , tying this church closely to the people of Rome. The main door stands under a curvilinear tympanum and over it a large medallion with the letters IHS representing the Christogram and an angel. The letters IHS are

1275-585: Is lowered by the machine into the altar, revealing the statue, with spotlights used to highlight various aspects of the Ignatian Altar, while describing aspects of the history and spirituality of the Society of Jesus. The last chapel on the far end of the nave, to the left of the high altar, is the Chapel of the Madonna della Strada . The name derives from a medieval icon, once found in a now-lost Church in

1350-523: Is named for him. In India , Loyola College, Chennai is named after him. This college was founded in 1925 by the French Jesuit priest Francis Bertram (originally known as Père François Bertrand), along with other European Jesuits. The Shield of Oñaz-Loyola is a symbol of the Ignatius family's Oñaz lineage, and is used by many Jesuit institutions around the world. As the official colours of

1425-487: Is now a residence for Jesuit scholars from around the world studying at the Gregorian University in preparation for ordination to the priesthood . Although Michelangelo , at the request of the Spanish cardinal Bartolomeo de la Cueva , offered, out of devotion, to design the church for free, the endeavor was funded by Cardinal Alessandro Farnese , grandson of Pope Paul III , the pope who had authorized

1500-414: Is why the church was constructed with a single nave, and a dome at the nave, transept intersection. Everywhere inlaid polychrome marble revetments are relieved by gilding, frescoed barrel vaults enrich the ceiling and rhetorical white stucco and marble sculptures break out of their tectonic framing. The example of the Gesù did not eliminate the traditional basilica church with aisles, but after its example

1575-600: The Holy Land to "kiss the earth where our Lord had walked", and to do stricter penances . He thought that his plan was confirmed by a vision of the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus he experienced one night, which resulted in much consolation to him. In March 1522, he visited the Benedictine monastery of Santa Maria de Montserrat . There, he carefully examined his past sins , confessed , gave his fine clothes to

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1650-468: The Madonna with child and beatified Jesuits replaces the original altarpiece by Scipione Pulzone . The program of paintings is indebted to Giuseppe Valeriano and painted by Gaspare Celio . The altar has a bronze urn with the remains of 18th century Jesuit St. Giuseppe Pignatelli , canonized by Pius XII in 1954. Medals on the wall commemorate P. Jan Roothaan (1785–1853) and P. Pedro Arrupe (1907–1991),

1725-683: The Military Ordinariate of the Philippines , the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore , in his native Basque Country, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Antwerp , Belo Horizonte, Junín, and Rome. Numerous institutions across the world are named for him, including many educational institutions and Ateneo University institutions in the Philippines. In 1852, Loyola University Maryland was

1800-746: The Saints Peter and Paul Church , Kraków (1597–1619), the Cathedral of Córdoba (Argentina) (1582–1787) as well as the Church of St. Ignatius of Loyola in Buenos Aires (1710–1722), the Church of Saints Peter and Paul in Tbilisi (1870–1877), and the Church of the Gesù in Philadelphia (1879–1888). Various parishes also share the name of the Church of the Gesù in Rome. In 1965, the Church of

1875-573: The Treaty of Tolentino , 1797. Originally the project was designed by Giacomo della Porta, then by Cortona; but ultimately Pozzo won a public contest to design the altar. A canvas of the Saint receives the monogram with the name of Jesus from the celestial resurrected Christ attributed to Pozzo. The urn of St. Ignatius is a bronze urn by Algardi that holds the body of the saint; below are two groups of statues where Religion defeats heresy by Legros (with

1950-690: The 21st and 28th Superior General of the Society of Jesus . The third chapel to the right is the Cappella degli Angeli , which has a ceiling fresco of the Coronation of the Virgin and the altarpiece of Angels worshiping the Trinity by Federico Zuccari . He also painted the canvases on the walls, Defeat of the rebel angels on right, and Angels liberate souls from Purgatory on the left. Other frescoes represent Heaven, Hell, and Purgatory. The angles in

2025-485: The Earth, was thought to be the largest piece in the world but is actually mortar decorated with lapis lazuli. The four lapis lazuli-veneered columns enclose the colossal statue of the saint by Pierre Legros . The latter is a copy, probably by Adamo Tadolini working in the studio of Antonio Canova . Pope Pius VI had the original silver statue melted down, ostensibly to pay the war reparations to Napoleon , as established by

2100-645: The Florentine Jesuit painter, Giovanni Battista Fiammeri . Painted with assistants was the Baptism of Christ on the right wall. The Transfiguration on the left wall and the Abraham with three angels on the right oval were by Durante Alberti . God the Father behind a chorus of angels in the left oval and in the pinnacles angels with God's attributes were completed by Ventura Salimbeni . The reliquary on

2175-444: The Gesù was made a titular church , to be held by a cardinal-deacon . Footnotes Citations Ignatius of Loyola Ignatius of Loyola SJ ( / ɪ ɡ ˈ n eɪ ʃ ə s / ig- NAY -shəs ; Basque : Ignazio Loiolakoa ; Spanish : Ignacio de Loyola ; Latin : Ignatius de Loyola ; born Íñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola ; c.  23 October 1491 – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola ,

2250-474: The High Renaissance, expressed by the grand scale of the dome and the prominent piers of the crossing , with the extended nave that had been characteristic of the preaching churches, a type of church established by Franciscans and Dominicans since the thirteenth century. The Jesuits relied heavily on the acoustics of the church; they wanted the faithful to clearly hear the words of the sermon. This

2325-523: The Latin form of the first three letters of the Greek spelling of the name Jesus, indicative of both the central figure of Christianity and the Jesuit's formal name, Society of Jesus. The two other doors have triangle pediments, and in the higher part of this first level, two statues are set in the alignment of each of these doors. A statue of St Francis Xavier stands on the right of the façade. His left foot on

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2400-573: The Loyola family are maroon and gold , the Oñaz shield consists of seven maroon bars going diagonally from the upper left to the lower right on a gold field. The bands were granted by the King of Spain to each of the Oñaz brothers, in recognition of their bravery in battle. The Loyola shield features a pair of rampant grey wolves flanking each side of a cooking pot. The wolf was a symbol of nobility, while

2475-538: The Maria della Strada Church on 1 August 1556. In 1568 the church was demolished and replaced with the Church of the Gesù . Ignatius' remains were reinterred in the new church in a new coffin. Ignatius was beatified by Pope Paul V on 27 July 1609, and canonized by Pope Gregory XV on 12 March 1622. His feast day is celebrated annually on 31 July, the day he died. He is venerated as the patron saint of Catholic soldiers,

2550-465: The Name of Jesus (1678-1679) by Giovanni Battista Gaulli . Gaulli also frescoed the cupola, including lantern and pendentives, central vault, window recesses, and transepts' ceilings. The first chapel to the right of the nave is the Cappella di Sant'Andrea , so named because the church previously on the site, which had to be demolished to make way for the Jesuit church, was dedicated to St. Andrew . All

2625-521: The Portuguese Simão Rodrigues and Peter Faber , a Savoyard , the latter two becoming his first companions, and his closest associates in the foundation of the future Jesuit order. "On the morning of the 15th of August, 1534, in the chapel of church of Saint Peter , at Montmartre, Loyola and his six companions, of whom only one was a priest, met and took upon themselves the solemn vows of their lifelong work." Ignatius gained

2700-469: The altar holds the right arm of the polish Jesuit St. Andrew Bobola , martyred in 1657 and canonized by Pius XI in 1938. The imposing and luxurious St. Ignatius Chapel with the saint's tomb is located on the left side of the transept and is the church's masterpiece, designed by Andrea Pozzo between 1696 and 1700. The altar by Pozzo shows the Trinity on top of a globe. The lapis lazuli , representing

2775-587: The ascetic Collège de Montaigu , moving on to the Collège Sainte-Barbe to study for a master's degree. He arrived in France at a time of anti-Protestant turmoil which had forced John Calvin to flee France. Very soon after, Ignatius had gathered around him six companions, all of them fellow students at the university. They were the Spaniards Alfonso Salmeron , Diego Laynez , Francis Xavier and Nicholas Bobadilla , with

2850-537: The aureole are the work of Francesco Benaglia and Filippo Gnaccarini (1804–1875). The altarpiece, representing the Circumcision of Jesus , was painted by Alessandro Capalti (1810–1868). The ceiling of the apse is adorned by the painting Glory of the Mystical Lamb by Baciccia (Giovanni Battista Gaulli). The most striking feature of the interior decoration is the ceiling fresco , the grandiose Triumph of

2925-455: The bladder, in the colon, in the hemorrhoidal veins as well as in the umbilicus. Also in the gall bladder I found stones of various shapes and colors. From the facts presented, the exact cause of death cannot be established. The stones mentioned in the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and gall bladder appear to indicate nephrolithiasis and cholelithiasis . The so-called stones in the veins appear to be thrombosed haemorrhoids. Those mentioned in

3000-516: The castle, and instead, his beloved sister-in-law, Magdalena de Araoz brought him the lives of Christ and of the saints. The religious work which most particularly struck him was the De Vita Christi of Ludolph of Saxony . This book would influence his whole life, inspiring him to devote himself to God and follow the example of Francis of Assisi and other great monks. It also inspired his method of meditation, since Ludolph proposes that

3075-437: The castle, and she became mistress of the household. Later, the seven-year-old boy Íñigo returned to Casa Loyola. Anticipating his possible ecclesiastic career, Don Beltrán had Íñigo tonsured . Instead, Íñigo became a page in the service of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, treasurer ( contador mayor ) of the kingdom of Castile . During his time in the household of Don Velázquez, Íñigo took up dancing, fencing, gambling,

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3150-598: The church in the chapel of Ignatius on the left side of the altar. Construction of the church began on 26 June 1568 to Vignola's design. Vignola was assisted by the Jesuit Giovanni Tristano, who took over from Vignola in 1571. When he died in 1575 he was succeeded by the Jesuit architect Giovanni de Rosis. Giacomo della Porta was involved in the construction of the cross-vault , dome , and the apse . The revision of Vignola's façade design by della Porta has offered architectural historians opportunities for

3225-615: The church, Loyola instituted a fourth vow for Jesuits of obedience to the Pope, to engage in projects ordained by the pontiff. Jesuits were instrumental in leading the Counter-Reformation . As a former soldier, Ignatius paid particular attention to the spiritual formation of his recruits and recorded his method in the Spiritual Exercises (1548). In time, the method has become known as Ignatian spirituality . He

3300-608: The church. Two ornamented façades flank the transept walls (Swell and Great on the left and Choir and Pedal on the right) and a small antiphonal division is located above the liturgical west entrance. The Church of the Gesù was the model of numerous churches of the Society of Jesus throughout the world, starting from the Church of St. Michael in Munich (1583–1597), the Corpus Christi Church in Nyasvizh (1587–1593),

3375-400: The colon, liver, and lungs suggest the possibility of a malignant gastro-intestinal growth with metastases to the liver and lungs. Because of the inadequacy of the protocols of the sixteenth century, the exact final anatomical diagnosis on the autopsy of Ignatius cannot be established beyond doubt. His body was dressed in his priestly robes, placed in a wooden coffin and buried in the crypt of

3450-575: The entire design represented the family's generosity towards their military followers. According to legend, wolves had enough to feast on after the soldiers had eaten. Both shields were combined as a result of the intermarriage of the two families in 1261. Former coat of arms of the Argentine city, Junín, Buenos Aires used until 1941 bore Loyola shield under the Sun of May and surrounded by laurel wreath. Villoslada  [ es ; eu ] established

3525-754: The first university in the United States to bear his name. In 1949 he was the subject of a Spanish biographical film Loyola, the Soldier Saint starring Rafael Durán in the role of Ignatius. In 2016, he was the subject of a Filipino film, Ignacio de Loyola , in which he was portrayed by Andreas Muñoz . Ignatius of Loyola is honoured in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 31 July. The Saint Ignatius de Loyola Catholic Church , built in 1905 in El Paso, Texas ,

3600-670: The following detailed genealogy of Ignatius of Loyola: Martín García Óñez de Loyola , soldier and Governor of Chile killed by Mapuches at the Battle of Curalaba , is likely Ignatius's nephew. Giulio Antonio Santorio Giulio Antonio Santorio (6 June 1532 – 9 May 1602) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . Santorio was born in Caserta . He served as Archbishop of Santa Severina from 1566 until his death. On 12 March 1566, Santorio

3675-540: The former Spanish Duke of Gandia, who renounced his title to enter the Jesuit order, and become its third "Preposito generale". The altarpiece, Saint Francesco Borgia in Prayer by Pozzo , is surrounded by works by Gagliardi. Ceiling frescoes of (Pentecost) and lunettes (left Martyrdom of St. Peter , to sides Faith and Hope, and right Martyrdom of St. Paul ) with allegorical Religion and Charity are works of Nicolò Circignani (Il Pomarancio). Pier Francesco Mola painted

3750-533: The founding of the Society of Jesus. Ultimately, the main architects involved in the construction were Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola , architect of the Farnese family, and Giacomo della Porta . The church was built on the same spot as the previous church Santa Maria della Strada , where Saint Ignatius of Loyola had once prayed before an image of the Holy Virgin. This image, now adorned with gems, can be seen in

3825-480: The high altar, is the chapel of the Sacro Cuore ( Sacred Heart of Jesus ), and contains the famous Sacred Heart of Jesus painting by Pompeo Batoni . The sacristy is on the right. In the presbytery is a bust of Cardinal Robert Bellarmine by Bernini . The sculptor prayed daily in the church. The first chapel to the left, originally dedicated to the apostles, is now the Cappella di San Francesco Borgia ,

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3900-519: The left is the Cappella della Santissima Trinità , commissioned initially by the clerical patron Pirro Taro, named due to the main altarpiece by Francesco Bassano the Younger . The frescoes were completed mainly by three painters and assistants during 1588–1589; the exact attributions are uncertain, but it is said the Creation, the angels on the pilasters, and the designs of some of the frescoes are by

3975-437: The leg, with his bones set and rebroken. In the end, the operations left his right leg shorter than the other. He would limp for the rest of his life, with his military career over. While recovering from surgery, Íñigo underwent a spiritual conversion and discerned a call to the religious life. In order to divert the weary hours of convalescence, he asked for the romances of chivalry, his favourite reading, but there were none in

4050-455: The life of the saint, including Apotheosis of the saint in the center, Crucifixion , Saint lost at sea , and at left, Baptism of an Indian princess , by Giovanni Andrea Carlone. The silver reliquary conserves part of the saint's right arm (by which he baptized 300,000 people), his other remains are interred in the Jesuit church in Goa . The last chapel on the far end of the nave, to the right of

4125-590: The municipality of Azpeitia , Gipuzkoa, in the Basque region of Spain . His parents, Don Beltrán Ibáñez de Oñaz y Loyola and Doña María (or Marina) Sáenz de Licona y Balda, who were of the minor nobility, from the clan of Loyola, were involved in the Basque war of the bands . Their manor house was demolished on the orders of the King of Castile in 1456 for their depredations in Gipuzkoa, with Iñigo's paternal grandfather being expelled to Andalusia by Henry IV . Íñigo

4200-621: The niches of the pilasters were completed by both Silla Longhi and Flaminio Vacca . The larger Saint Francis Xavier Chapel , in the right transept, was designed by Pietro da Cortona , originally commissioned by Cardinal Giovanni Francesco Negroni . The polychromatic marbles enclose a stucco relief representing Francis Xavier welcomed to heaven by angels . The altarpiece shows the Death of Francis Xavier in Shangchuan Island by Carlo Maratta . The arches are decorated with scenes from

4275-619: The painted works were completed by the Florentine Agostino Ciampelli . The frescoes on the arches depict the male martyrs saints Pancrazio, Celso, Vito, and Agapito, while the pilasters depict the female martyred saints Cristina, Margherita, Anastasia, Cecilia, Lucy, and Agatha. The ceiling is frescoed with the Glory of the Virgin surrounded by martyred saints Clemente, Ignazio di Antiochia, Cipriano, and Policarpo . The lunettes are frescoed with Saints Agnes & Lucy face

4350-629: The piazza Altieri, venerated by Saint Ignatius. The interior is designed and decorated by Giuseppe Valeriani, who painted scenes from the life of the Virgin . The cupola frescoes were painted by G.P. Pozzi. The painting depicting the death of Saint John Francis Regis by Jacopo Zoboli is located in the sacristy rooms. The pipe organ was built by the Italian firm, Tamburini. It is a large, three manual instrument with 5 divisions (pedal, choir, great, swell, and antiphonal). The swell and choir are enclosed. The pipes are split into three separate locations within

4425-421: The poor he met, wore a "garment of sack-cloth", then hung his sword and dagger at the Virgin 's altar during an overnight vigil at the shrine. From Montserrat he walked on to the nearby town of Manresa ( Catalonia ), where he lived for about a year, begging for his keep, and then eventually doing chores at a local hospital in exchange for food and lodging. For several months he spent much of his time praying in

4500-419: The pursuit of the young ladies, and duelling. Íñigo was keen on military exercises and was driven by a desire for fame. He patterned his life after the stories of El Cid , the knights of Camelot , The Song of Roland and other tales of romantic chivalry. He joined the army at seventeen, and according to one biographer, he strutted about "with his cape flying open to reveal his tight-fitting hose and boots;

4575-534: The reader place himself mentally at the scene of the Gospel story, visualising the crib at the Nativity, etc. This type of meditation, known as Simple Contemplation, was the basis for the method that Ignatius outlined in his Spiritual Exercises . Aside from dreaming about imitating the saints in his readings, Íñigo was still wandering off in his mind about what "he would do in service to his king and in honour of

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4650-656: The roof, the Celestial celebration on the nativity of Christ , on the pinnacles are David , Isaiah , Zechariah and Baruch , on the right lunette an Annunciation to the Shepherds , and on the left a Massacre of the Innocents . Also are frescoes on Presentation of Jesus to the Temple and Adoration by Magi . Four allegorical statues represent Temperance, Prudence on right; and Fortitude and Justice. The third chapel to

4725-403: The royal lady he was in love with". Cautiously he came to realize the after-effects of both kinds of his dreams. He experienced desolation and dissatisfaction when the romantic heroism dream was over, but, the saintly dream ended with much joy and peace. It was the first time he learned about discernment . After he had recovered sufficiently to walk again, Íñigo resolved to begin a pilgrimage to

4800-411: The shape of a serpent and had many things that shone like eyes, but were not eyes. He received much delight and consolation from gazing upon this object ... but when the object vanished he became disconsolate". He came to interpret this vision as diabolical in nature. In September 1523, Íñigo made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with the aim of settling there. He remained there from 3 to 23 September but

4875-448: The storm and St. Stephen and the Deacon St. Lawrence . The altarpiece depicts the Martyrdom of St Andrew . The second chapel to the right is the Cappella della Passione , with lunette frescoes depicting scenes of the Passion: Jesus in Gethsemane , Kiss of Judas , and six canvases on the pilasters: Christ at the column Christ before the guards , Christ before Herod , Ecce Homo , Exit to Calvary , and Crucifixion . The altarpiece of

4950-521: The title "servant of the court", and made him very useful to the Duke. Under the Duke's leadership, Íñigo participated in many battles without injury. However at the Battle of Pamplona on 20 May 1521 he was gravely injured when a French-Navarrese expedition force stormed the fortress of Pamplona, and a cannonball ricocheting off a nearby wall fractured his right leg. Íñigo was returned to his father's castle in Loyola, where, in an era before anesthetics , he underwent several surgical operations to repair

5025-410: The walls, on left with St. Peter in jail baptizes saints Processo & Martiniano , to right is the Conversion of St. Paul . There are four monuments by Marchesi Ferrari. The second chapel on the left is dedicated to the Nativity and called Cappella della Sacra Famiglia , commissioned by patron Cardinal Cerri who worked for the Barberini family. The altarpiece of the nativity is by Circignani . In

5100-424: The world on fire", a phrase used in the Jesuit order to this day. With the assistance of his secretary, Juan Alfonso de Polanco , Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, which were adopted in 1553. They created a centralised organisation of the order, and stressed absolute self-denial and obedience to the Pope and to superiors in the Church hierarchy. This was summarised in the motto perinde ac cadaver – "as if

5175-403: Was beatified in 1609 and was canonized as a saint on 12 March 1622. His feast day is celebrated on 31 July. He is the patron saint of the Basque provinces of Gipuzkoa and Biscay as well as of the Society of Jesus. He was declared the patron saint of all spiritual retreats by Pope Pius XI in 1922. Ignatius of Loyola was born Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola in the castle at Loyola, in

5250-530: Was consecrated bishop by Scipione Rebiba with Annibale Caracciolo , Bishop of Isola , and Giacomo de' Giacomelli , Bishop Emeritus of Belcastro , serving as co-consecrators . Santorio was made Cardinal on 17 May 1570, and installed as the Cardinal-Priest of S. Bartolomeo all'Isola the same year, and subsequently became Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere in 1595 and finally in 1597 Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina . Through his own episcopal consecration of Girolamo Bernerio , Cardinal Santorio figures in

5325-399: Was a Basque Spaniard Catholic priest and theologian , who, with six companions, founded the religious order of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), and became its first Superior General , in Paris in 1541. Ignatius envisioned the purpose of the Society of Jesus to be missionary work and teaching . In addition to the vows of chastity, obedience and poverty of other religious orders in

5400-489: Was installed after some minor modifications. The present high altar, designed by Antonio Sarti (1797–1880), was constructed towards the middle of the 19th century. It is dominated by four columns under a neo-classical pediment . Sarti also covered the apse with marble and made the drawings of the tabernacle . The angels surrounding the IHS aureole were sculpted by Rinaldo Rinaldi (1793–1873). The two angels kneeling at each side of

5475-531: Was sent back to Europe by the Franciscans . He returned to Barcelona and at the age of 33 attended a free public grammar school in preparation for university entrance. He went on to the University of Alcalá, where he studied theology and Latin from 1526 to 1527. There he encountered a number of devout women who had been called before the Inquisition . These women were considered alumbrados –

5550-512: Was set, experiments in Baroque church floor plans, oval or Greek cross, were largely confined to smaller churches and chapels. The church was consecrated by Cardinal Giulio Antonio Santorio , the delegate of pope Gregory XIII , on 25 November 1584. The façade of the church was modified and done later by Giacomo Della Porta. We can see two main sections which are decorated with acanthus leaves on pilasters and column capitals. The lower section

5625-598: Was the youngest of their thirteen children. Their eldest son, Juan Pérez, had soldiered in forces commanded by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba , but died fighting in the Italian Wars (1494–1559). He was baptized "Íñigo" on honour of Íñigo of Oña , Abbot of Oña ; the name also is a medieval Basque diminutive for "My little one". It is not clear when he began using the Latin name "Ignatius" instead of his baptismal name "Íñigo". Historian Gabriel María Verd says that Íñigo did not intend to change his name, but rather adopted

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