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66-661: Ghazi Stadium was built during the reign of King Amanullah Khan in 1923, who is regarded as Ghazi (Hero) for the Afghan victory in the Third Anglo-Afghan War and gaining independence for his nation after the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 . It was last renovated in 2011. The stadium has the capacity to accommodate 25,000 spectators. The first international football event held in Ghazi Stadium

132-911: A military base for the NATO forces . In 2011, the U.S. Embassy in Kabul announced that it plans to establish a consulate in Jalalabad. In March 2007, US marines murdered 19 unarmed civilians and wounded 50 near Jalalabad, in an incident compared by the New York Times to the Haditha massacre . None of those responsible received any serious punishment. Many suicide attacks by jihadist insurgents have taken place, including in August 2013 , April 2015 , January 2018 , July 2018 , September 2018 , October 2019 and August 2020 . The groups responsible for

198-665: A backlash and a reactionary uprising known as the Khost rebellion which was suppressed in 1925. Amanullah met with many followers of the Baháʼí Faith in India and Europe, from where he brought back books that are still to be found in the Kabul Library . This association later served as one of the accusations against him when he was overthrown. The failure of Amanullah Khan's reforms, like that of any other major political phenomena,

264-497: A life of poverty in his exile, at least during and post World War II. One of the reasons Nazi officials hesitated from inviting him to Berlin was because they suspected he would ask for money. Moreover, a British Intelligence Officer, who visited Khan after the Allies had captured Rome, described his household, 'His Majesty from time to time rubbing his hand from cold. Her Majesty huddled in a ghastly gilt arm-chair, gracefully draped in

330-513: A mink coat. Pimp-like princelings and over-painted Royal Aunts from time to time taping the conversation towards kilowatts and the lack of scruples shown by black marketeers.' Neverthelesss, people in Rome's Prati neighbourhood, where Khan lived, claimed that he arrived with "crates of jewels" which he slowly sold. After fleeing to British India , King Amanullah Khan sought asylum in Italy because he

396-460: A more gradual program of reform. Nevertheless, Amanullah still had a group of staunch supporters in Afghanistan. These Amanullah loyalists unsuccessfully attempted several times in the 1930s and 1940s to bring him back to power. During World War II , Germany had extensive plans to reinstall Amanullah to his throne. Khan, while aware and keen to regain his throne, knew little more about

462-742: A population of about 356,274, and serves as the capital of Nangarhar Province in the eastern part of the country, about 130 kilometres (80 mi) from the capital Kabul . Jalalabad is located at the junction of the Kabul River and the Kunar River in a plateau to the south of the Hindu Kush mountains. It is linked by the Kabul-Jalalabad Road to the west and Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan , to

528-542: A result, Islamic conservatives and opponents led by Habibullāh Kalakāni rose up against his rule and new western inspired modernisation policies. On 14 December 1928 Kalakāni, a leader of the " Saqqawists " opposition movement accompanied by groups of Kohistanis, led an attack on Kabul, which was repelled after nine days of fighting and retreated to Paghman . He launched another attack on 7 January 1929 and successfully took Kabul. On 14 January 1929 Amanullah abdicated and went into temporary exile in then British India passing

594-467: Is also a popular hangout for those with cars. The province is represented in domestic cricket competitions by the Nangarhar province cricket team. National team member Hamid Hasan was born in the province and he currently represents Afghanistan in international cricket. The Ghazi Amanullah International Cricket Stadium is the first international standard cricket stadium in Afghanistan. It is located in

660-513: Is also has a Hindu minority. Jalalabad is the regional hub in eastern Afghanistan, close to the border with Pakistan. Agriculture is the predominant land use at 44%, higher density of dwellings is found in Districts 1–5 and vacant plots are largely clustered in District 6. Districts 1–6 all have a grid network of roads. Jalalabad's climate is hot desert ( Köppen : BWh), and it is one of

726-576: Is enclosed by a garden facing Seraj-ul-Emart. The Sulemankhils , a Pashtun family famous for their scientific research , is from Jalalabad. Other celebrated Pashtun families originate from the villages near Jalalabad too. In the 1960s and 1970s, construction started on a new planned city called Reg-e Shamshad Khan. From 1978 to early 1990s, the city served as a strategic location for the Soviet -backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan . In March 1989, two Mujahideen rebel factions backed by Pakistan and

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792-407: Is estimated to be 280,685 in year 2021. It has six districts and a total land area of 12,796 hectares (31,620 acres). The total number of dwellings in this city is 39,586. Nearly all residents of Jalalabad are Muslim , followers of Sunni Islam . Jalalabad is also a center of the country's Sikhs , although the community has dwindled in the city (and nationwide) since the wars began. Similarly it

858-405: Is local vatani variety of sugarcane. It contains 15% sugar by weight. Jalalabad also has the largest date farm in Afghanistan. The Jalalabad Airport (also known as Nangarhar Airport) is located roughly 3 miles (4.8 km) southeast from the city's center. It is a domestic airport for civilian use. It serves the population of Nangarhar and neighboring provinces. There are proposals for

924-659: Is reference to a village near Jalalabad where the local king had Muslim, Buddhist and Hindu wives. The region became part of the Ghaznavid Empire in the 10th century. Sabuktigin annexed the land all the way west of the Neelum River in Kashmir. "The Afghans and Khiljies who resided among the mountains having taken the oath of allegiance to Sabuktigin, many of them were enlisted in his army, after which he returned in triumph to Ghazni ." The Ghurids succeeded

990-423: Is the most common one which has yellow skin and its taste is a combination of orange and grapefruit. The grapefruits grown here have a diameter of eight or nine inches. Per year 1800 tonnes of pomegranates, 334 tonnes of grapes, and 7750 tonnes of mulberries are produced in Jalalabad. The fruits are either sold in local markets or transported to Kabul markets from where they are exported. The second most common crop

1056-634: The Afghan Civil War began to escalate. From British India , he went to Europe , where after 30 years in exile, he died in Zürich , Switzerland on 26 April 1960. His body was brought to Afghanistan and buried in Jalalabad near his father Habibullah Khan 's tomb. Amanullah Khan was born on 1 June 1892, in Paghman near Kabul , Afghanistan to a Pashtun family. He was the favoured and

1122-745: The Ghazi Amanullah Town , a modern suburb on the southeastern fringe of Jalalabad in Nangarhar Province. Construction on the stadium began in March 2010 when the foundation stone was laid by Minister of Finance and president of the Afghanistan Cricket Board , Omar Zakhilwal. The project, which was developed on 30 acres of land donated by the developer constructing the Ghazi Amanullah Town, cost up

1188-686: The Mughal Empire : Babur . Babur had chosen the site for this city which was built by his grandson in 1560. It remained part of the Mughal Empire until around 1738 when Nader Shah and his Afsharid forces defeated the Mughals. Nader Shah's forces were accompanied by the young Ahmad Shah Durrani and his 4,000-strong Afghan army from southern Afghanistan. In 1747, he founded the Durrani Empire (Afghan Empire) after re-conquering

1254-614: The Second Anglo-Afghan War , the British again invaded and set up camps in Jalalabad but withdrew two years later. Jalalabad is considered one of the most important cities of the Pashtun culture . Seraj-ul-Emarat, the residence of Amir Habibullah and King Amanullah was destroyed in 1929 when Habibullah Kalakani rose to power; the other sanctuaries however, retain vestiges of the past. The mausoleum of both rulers

1320-681: The Taliban took control of the city until they were toppled by the US-backed Afghan forces in late 2001. Al-Qaeda had been building terrorist training camps in Jalalabad. The city returned to Afghan government control under Hamid Karzai . The economy of Jalalabad gradually increased in the last decade. Many of the city's population began joining the Afghan National Security Forces . Construction has also increased. The Jalalabad Airport has long served as

1386-528: The Academy of Basic Medical Sciences, as well as more than 320 schools, were established across all provinces. These schools initially had Indian instructors who were then replaced by French teachers. Primary education became obligatory, and literacy courses were developed to foster and improve reading abilities. Later, courses for teaching religious subjects and modern sciences were developed, with Amanullah Khan himself teaching some of them. Despite Dari being

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1452-734: The Amanullah underwent an emergency tonsillectomy . The royal train with the Emir back on board arrived in the Polish border town of Zbąszyń on 28 April. The next day it pulled into Warsaw to be met by Polish ministers, the speaker of the Sejm and the country's president Ignacy Mościcki . At his request Amanullah was granted an audience with the First Marshal of Poland Józef Piłsudski . The Afghan party departed from Warsaw travelling east across

1518-698: The Ghaznavids and expanded the Islamic empire further into Hindustan. The region around Jalalabad later became part of the Khalji territory, followed by that of the Timurids . It is said that the original name of Jalalabad was Adinapur or Nagar(a)hara . Jalalabad was named in the last decade of the sixteenth century in honour of Mughal ruler Jalal-uddin Mohammad Akbar , the grandson of the founder of

1584-467: The Quran that no harm would come to Nasrullah if he returned to Kabul and then he could do as he pleased. On 28 February 1919, Amanullah proclaimed himself Emir. On 3 March 1919, fearing that Nasrullah's supporters would rise against Amanullah, he subsequently went against his word. Nasrullah was arrested and imprisoned by Amanullah's forces. On 13 April 1919, Amanullah held a Durbar (a royal court under

1650-639: The U.S. assaulted the city during the Battle of Jalalabad . However government forces managed to drive them out within two months, which was a major setback to the resistance fighters and the ISI. The city was heavily bombarded and hundreds of civilians were killed. Many buildings, such as schools, hospitals and public buildings were destroyed during the 2-month battle. After the resignation of President Najibullah , Jalalabad quickly fell to mujahideen rebels of Yunus Khalis on April 19, 1992. On September 12, 1996,

1716-499: The abolishment of the veil, changing Friday which is a weekend and sacred day of worship in Islamic countries to a working day and making Thursday a non-working day instead. He also ordered people to replace their traditional Afghan attire with new western clothes (at a time when majority of the people could only afford with difficulty the basic necessities like food) and to tip their hats when greeting others like in Western countries. As

1782-637: The area. The Afghan army has long used the city while going back and forth during their military campaigns into the Indian-subcontinent . In 1834, Dost Mohammad Khan subjugated Jalalabad in his campaign to Jalalabad . The British-Indian forces invaded Jalalabad in 1838, during the First Anglo-Afghan War . In the 1842 Battle of Jellalabad , Akbar Khan besieged the British troops on their way to Jalalabad. In 1878, during

1848-554: The attacks include the Taliban, Haqqani Network , al-Qaeda, and ISIS (Daesh). On August 15, 2021, the Taliban again took control of the city. Its capture cut off the last highway from Kabul to the outside world, and the city fell later the same day. Three days later on August 18, protestors took down the Afghan Taliban flag and replaced it with a tricolor flag of the previous Afghan government . The city population

1914-574: The city are in early 1st millennium CE accounts by visiting Chinese Buddhist monks. In or about 400 CE, Faxian visited "Nagarhara" and worshiped at sacred Buddhist sites, such as the "Cave of the Buddha's Shadow” (佛影窟). In 630 CE, Xuan Zang , visited "Adinapur" and other locations nearby. The Buddhist era began to end after the region was conquered by Muslim forces during the late 1st Millennium. However, conversions to Islam evidently did not occur quickly. In Hudud-al-Alam , written in 982 CE, there

1980-531: The city was favored by Afghan kings and it has a cultural significance in Afghan poetry . During Timur Shah 's reign of the Durrani Empire , Jalalabad served as the Afghan winter capital . Known at the time by names such as Nagarhara and Adinapur, Jalalabad was a major center of Greco-Buddhist culture during the late 1st millennium BCE , focused on sites such as Ahin Posh . The first surviving references to

2046-441: The city which has lower elevation are welcoming places to winds from the north and west cooling the parts in summer months. Jalalabad has the highest relative humidity in summer compared to other Afghan cities. However the moderate temperatures of winter has led to various people down the history establishing their settlements in the city. Because of its warm temperature relative to most of Afghanistan, Jalalabad (alongside Peshawar )

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2112-641: The constitution. Amanullah enjoyed early popularity within Afghanistan and he used his influence to modernise the country. Amanullah created new more cosmopolitan schools for both boys and girls in the regions and overturned centuries-old traditions such as strict dress codes for women. Various educational facilities, such as the Telegraph School, the Arabic Learning Academy or Daruloloom, Mastoorat School, Rashidya School in Jalalabad, Kandahar, and Mazar-e-sharif, Qataghan School, and

2178-603: The country and the United Kingdom. Amanullah Khan recognized the opportunity to use the situation to gain Afghanistan's independence over its foreign affairs. He led a surprise attack against the British in India on 3 May 1919, beginning the Third Anglo-Afghan war . After initial successes, the war quickly became a stalemate as the United Kingdom was still dealing with the costs of World War I . An armistice

2244-484: The country to the border with the Soviet Union on 2 May 1928. Finally Amanullah Khan visited the first Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on 20 May 1928 which at the time was the first state visit by a foreign Head of State to Turkey . During this visit, Turkey signed its first technical assistant agreement with Afghanistan. During and after Amanullah's visit to Europe, opposition to his rule increased to

2310-460: The country's national women's boxing team, as documented in the film The Boxing Girls of Kabul . This article about an Afghan sports venue is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Amanullah Khan Ghazi Amanullah Khan ( Pashto and Persian : غازی امان الله خان ; 1 June 1892 – 26 April 1960) was the sovereign of Afghanistan from 1919, first as Emir and after 1926 as King , until his abdication in 1929. After

2376-586: The east through Torkham and the Khyber Pass . Jalalabad is a leading center of social and trade activity because of its proximity with the Torkham border checkpoint and border crossing , 65 km (40 mi) away. Major industries include papermaking, as well as agricultural products including oranges, lemon, rice, and sugarcane, helped by its warm climate. It hosts Afghanistan's second largest educational institute, Nangarhar University . For centuries

2442-684: The end of the Third Anglo-Afghan War in August 1919, Afghanistan was able to relinquish its protected state status to proclaim independence and pursue an independent foreign policy free from the influence of the United Kingdom . His rule was marked by dramatic political and social change, including attempts to modernise Afghanistan along Western lines. He did not fully succeed in achieving this objective due to an uprising by Habibullah Kalakani and his followers. On 14 January 1929, Amanullah abdicated and fled to neighbouring British India as

2508-462: The establishment of Afghanistan's rail network linking Jalalabad with Pakistan Railways , allowing for increased trade of goods, people and commerce between the two countries. Jalalabad is connected by main roads with the Afghan capital of Kabul, the city of Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan, and several nearby Afghan cities and towns. All trade between Afghanistan and Pakistan passes through this city. The highway between Jalalabad and Kabul

2574-478: The evening of 20 February 1919, Habibullah was assassinated while in his tent by Shuja ul-Dawla (one of the pages who slept in his tent) on orders from his younger son from his second wife, Amanullah, leaving Nasrullah as successor to the Afghan throne. Nasrullah at first refused to take the throne and declared his allegiance to his nephew Inayatullah, Habibullah's first-born son from his first wife. Inayatullah refused and said that his father had made his uncle Nasrullah

2640-629: The first phase of construction $ 1.8 million. The first phase, which took one year to complete, included the completion of the stadium itself. The remainder of the phases will see the construction of a pavilion, accommodation for players and administrative buildings. The stadium, which has a capacity of 14,000, was completed before the national team and under-19 team left for Canada and the Under-19 Cricket World Cup Qualifier in Ireland respectively. The two sides inaugurated

2706-467: The hottest localities in Afghanistan. The city's climate has close resemblance to that of Arizona in the United States . It receives six to eight inches (152 to 203 mm) of rainfall per annum which are limited to winter and the months of spring. Frosts are not common, and during the summer, the temperature can reach a maximum of 120 °F (49 °C). The north and southwestern parts of

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2772-508: The king's representative. Upon receiving the news of his father's death, Amanullah immediately seized control of the treasury at Kabul and staged a coup against his uncle. He took control of Kabul and the central government, declaring war against Nasrullah. Nasrullah did not want any bloodshed in order for him to be king. He told Amanullah that he could have the kingdom, and he would go into exile in Saudi Arabia. Amanullah Khan swore upon

2838-478: The modern provinces of Nangarhar , Laghman , Kunar , Paktiya , and Paktika . The Shinwari, Mohmand, Kakar, Mangal, Jaji, Ahmadzai, Safi, Ghilzai, along with other Pashtun tribes populate most of this area. Hazarajat's Shi'a Hazarahs were strong supporters of Amanullah's reforms and hence resisted the Kalakāni's rule. Large portions of the country were not involved in either of the violent conflicts. While Amanullah

2904-562: The monarchy to his half brother Inayatullah Khan who became the next king of Afghanistan until surrendering the Arg four days later on 18 January 1929 to Kalakani who proclaimed himself as Amir of Afghanistan . Much of the resistance in support of Amanullah was confined to just one of the five "culture zones." The impacted area was a small "tribal zone" that encompassed the Eastern and Southern provinces (Mashreqi and Jonub) in 1929, as well as

2970-503: The official language, the Pashto language was promoted as an important aspect of Afghan identity by Amanullah Khan. By the 1930s, a campaign had begun with the intention of making Pashto the Afghan government's official language. Pashto was declared an official language in 1936, and this was reaffirmed in 1964. Amanullah's wife, Queen Soraya Tarzi played a significant role regarding his policy towards women. This rapid modernisation created

3036-489: The plan; Nazi officials never invited him to participate in discussions. It was Khan's name and face that was needed to provide legitimacy to an uprising and, eventually, a puppet Nazi government in Afghanistan. The plan, however, did not come to fruition; for it to work, Germany needed the support of the Soviet Union , which it never fully received. While Hitler cancelled the plan in the last days of December 1939, there

3102-468: The point where an uprising in Jalalabad culminated in a march to the capital, and much of the army deserted instead of resisting. This was caused by Amanullah's new policies of rapid modernisation after returning from his tour of Europe in a still very conservative society. Some of his new policies (inspired by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 's revolution who however had advised him to be moderate and careful in his reforms during his visit to Turkey in 1928 ) included

3168-495: The political development of the country, he drafted the country's first constitution, the "Statute of the Supreme Government of Afghanistan," which was officially approved and ratified by 872 tribal elders and government officials gathered in a Loya Jirga in Jalalabad on 11 April 1922. Under Sharia law and government-enacted legislation, all citizens were entitled to equal rights and freedoms, according to Article 16 of

3234-758: The port of Karachi and en-route they met with King Fuad of Egypt in Cairo. They undertook a whirlwind European visit: Italy (arrived 8 January 1928), where they met with King Victor-Emanuel III of Italy along with his Prime Minister, Benito Mussolini and then Pope Pius XI in the Vatican City; France, (arrived in Nice on 22 January 1928 and then Paris on 25 January), meeting with President Doumergue ; Belgium, (arrived in Brussels on 8 February), meeting with King Albert I and Queen Elisabeth of Belgium . The next stop

3300-446: The rightful heir and wanted him to become Emir. All the local tribespeople gave their allegiance to Nasrullah, who was a pious and religious man. The remainder of Habibullah's party journeyed southeast to Jalalabad , and on 21 February 1919 reached the city, where Nasrullah was declared Emir, supported by Habibullah's first son Inayatullah . Amanullah Khan, third son of Habibullah by Habibullah's second wife, had remained in Kabul as

3366-498: The supervision of Amanullah) in Kabul which inquired into the death of Habibullah. It found a colonel in the Afghanistan military guilty of the crime, and had him executed. On manufactured evidence, it found Nasrullah complicit in the assassination. Nasrullah was sentenced to life imprisonment but Amanullah had him assassinated approximately one year later while being held in the royal jail. Russia had recently undergone its Communist revolution leading to strained relations between

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3432-571: The third son of the Emir Habibullah Khan from his second wife. Amanullah was installed as the governor of Kabul , and was in control of the army and the treasury. He gained the allegiance of most of the tribal leaders. In February 1919, Emir Habibullah Khan went on a hunting trip to Afghanistan's Laghman Province . Among those in his retinue were his brother Nasrullah Khan , Habibullah's first son from his first wife Inayatullah , and Habibullah's commander-in-chief Nadir Khan . On

3498-482: The two countries. The Ghazi Amanullah International Cricket Stadium is next to the Ghazi Amanullah Khan Town , which is about 15 miles (24 km) of driving distance southeast of Jalalabad. The people of Jalalabad go there not only for sports purposes but also for enjoyment and relaxation. This is especially during holidays or when they receive visiting family or friends from another place. It

3564-515: Was Germany . The germanophile king arrived in Berlin on 22 February and met with President Paul von Hindenburg the same day. He travelled to Great Britain as guests of King George V and Queen Mary . The steam ship SS Maid of Orleans arrived in Dover on 13 March 1928. The royal couple left England on 5 April and made their way to Poland . On their way, they had a longer stopover in Berlin where

3630-405: Was an active Nazi agent, other sources suggest he never even succeeded in obtaining a visa to visit Berlin . It was his brother-in-law, Ghulam Siddiq, to whom Khan had given full powers to negotiate on his behalf, that travelled between Germany, the Soviet Union, Italy and Switzerland to participate in talks surrounding the operation. Khan survived the war unharmed but appears to have lived

3696-413: Was between Afghanistan and Iran on January 1, 1941, the game was a draw with neither team scoring. In 1963, American musician Duke Ellington held a concert here as part of his tour sponsored by the US State Department . In the year 2000 the stadium was once used by the Taliban government as a venue for public execution of a convicted murderer. The stadium has also housed training facilities for

3762-738: Was given the Order of the Annunciation by King Victor Emmanuel III on his world tour. He died on 26 April 1960 in Zürich , Switzerland . His body was brought to Afghanistan and buried in the eastern city of Jalalabad near the tomb of his father Haibullah Khan. He left behind his widowed wife and four sons and five daughters, including Princess India of Afghanistan . He married Soraya Tarzi (1899–1968), daughter of H.E. Sardar-i-Ala Mahmud Beg Tarzi, sometime Minister for Foreign Affairs, by his second wife, Asma Rasmiya Khanum , daughter of Shaikh Muhammad Saleh al-Fattal Effendi, of Aleppo. Amanullah and Soraya had 6 daughters and 4 sons: Amanullah later married his fourth wife, 'Aliya Begum (b. 1910), who

3828-410: Was in India, Kalakāni battled anti-Saqqawist tribes. Around 22 March 1929, Amanullah returned to Afghanistan assembling forces in Kandahar to reach Kabul and to dispose of Kalakāni. In April 1929 he attempted to advance to Kabul but his forces were defeated in Muqur , Ghazni and on 23 May 1929 he fled to India again. He never returned to his country. Kalakāni 's rule lasted only nine months and he

3894-453: Was often the " winter capital " of various Afghan rulers of the past centuries, while rich people would relocate to villas in Jalalabad to avoid the freezing temperatures in Kabul . Jalalabad is home to a large number of fruits. Various types of citrus fruits like orange , tangerine , grapefruit , lemon , lime grow in gardens as well as in orchards. The orange trees yield a crop only once in three years. The narindj variety of orange

3960-484: Was primarily concerned with the rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom, the so-called Great Game . Each attempted to gain influence in Afghanistan and foil attempts by the other power to gain influence in the region. This effect was inconsistent, but generally favourable for Afghanistan; Amanullah established a limited Afghan Air Force consisting of donated Soviet planes. Amanullah travelled to Europe in late 1927. The Afghan King and Queen set out from

4026-401: Was reached towards the end of 1919, which led to Afghanistan being freed of British diplomatic influence. Amanullah conceptualized a modernist constitution that incorporated equal rights and individual freedoms, with the guidance of his father-in-law and Foreign Minister Mahmud Tarzi . To ensure national unity based on equal rights for all people before the law, and their participation in

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4092-482: Was replaced by Mohammad Nadir Shah on 13 October 1929. Amanullah Khan attempted to return to Afghanistan, but he had little support from the people. From British India , the ex-king travelled to Europe and settled in Italy , buying a villa in Rome 's Prati neighbourhood. Meanwhile, Nadir Shah made sure Amanullah's return to Afghanistan was made impossible by engaging in propaganda. Most of Amanullah's reforms were reversed, although later king Mohammad Zahir Shah made

4158-437: Was resurfaced in 2006, reducing the transit time between these two important cities. This highway is considered to be one of the most dangerous in the world because of the large number of accidents. An improvement in the road networks between Jalalabad and Peshawar has also been proposed, with the intention of widening the existing road and improving security to attract more tourists and allow for safer passage of goods between to

4224-421: Was still hope in the German Foreign Office and the Abwehr that the Soviets would come forward with a proposal; it never happened. Discussions were revived in late 1942 but following the Axis loss in Stalingrad in 1943, the plans were abandoned. Amidst all the negotiations, Khan remained in exile in Rome and never directly spoke to German or Soviet officials. While some war-time news articles suggest he

4290-423: Was the daughter of his uncle, Field Marshal H.R.H. Shahzada Nasru'llah Khan, Naib us-Sultana, Itwad ud-Daula, GCMG, by his sixth wife, Gulshan Begum. Amanullah was later married in Rome, before 1 July 1937, to an Italian lady, by whom he had one son. Jalalabad Jalalabad ( / dʒ ə ˈ l æ l ə ˌ b æ d / ; جلال آباد [d͡ʒä.lɑː.lɑː.bɑːd̪] ) is the fifth-largest city of Afghanistan . It has

4356-401: Was the result of a complex set of internal and external variables, some of which were objective in origin and others of which were linked to secret service organisations operating outside the country's borders. On the one hand, objective reasons arose from existing tensions between the changes being implemented and the interests of society's ruling class. At the time, Afghanistan's foreign policy

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