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35-761: Ghedi is known for a base of the Italian Air Force , Ghedi Air Base . It was also the site of the Palazzo Orsini, now demolished, a c.1515 doorway from which survives in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Ghedi experiences a four-season humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa ). The town has been founded during the Early Middle Ages by the Longobards , as

70-572: A civil war against outlaws and Bourbonist guerrillas , such as the famous Michelina Di Cesare , and against other Italian states' armies during the continuing wars of unification . After the monarchy ended in 1946, the army changed its name to become the modern Italian Army ( Esercito Italiano ). Within the Italian Royal Army were the elite mountain military corporals, the Alpini . The Alpini , which remain in existence today, are

105-413: A funeral monument in the convent's church. Due to the development of increasingly powerful weapons, during the 16th century, Ghedi and its castle lost their strategic importance, and the town began to decline. During the 18th century, Palazzo Orsini , in state of decay, collapsed; its access portal was bought by the Victoria and Albert Museum of London , where it is still located. In the same century,

140-521: A location in the Province of Brescia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Italian Air Force The Italian Air Force ( Italian : Aeronautica Militare ; AM , lit.   ' military aeronautics ' ) is the air force of the Italian Republic . The Italian Air Force was founded as an independent service arm on 28 March 1923 by King Victor Emmanuel III as

175-580: A participant in multinational air forces, such as that of NATO over the former Yugoslavia , just a few minutes flying time east of the Italian peninsula. The commanders of the Italian Air Force soon saw the need to improve the Italian air defences. The capability of the Italian Air Force as a transportation unit has been improved with the acquisition of 22 American C-130J tactical transports and 12 Alenia C-27J Spartans, which have replaced all of

210-554: A small village defended by a fortified enclosure. This area is called Castle of Ghedi , in which arose the ancient Early Christian church, some small shacks and, since the High Middle Ages , the town hall . During the 14th century, the construction of structures outside the walls began and were formed four suburbs : Bazzina , Gazzolo , Borgonuovo and Malborgo . The town, due to its location and its citadel, soon gained much strategic importance and, on August 15, 1453, it

245-626: The Regia Aeronautica ("Royal Air Force"). After World War II , when Italy became a republic following a referendum, the Regia Aeronautica was given its current name. Since its formation, the service has held a prominent role in modern Italian military history . The acrobatic display team is the Frecce Tricolori . From 1923 until the end of WW2 the Italian Air Force was called Regia Aeronautica . Italy

280-822: The Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano ( National Republican Army ). On the other side was the Esercito Cobelligerante del Sud ( Italian Co-Belligerent Army ), the army of the Italian Royalist forces, fighting on the side of the Allies in southern Italy after the Allied armistice with Italy in September 1943 . The Kingdom was ultimately replaced by the Italian Republic in the 1946 Italian institutional referendum , and

315-710: The Balkans Campaigns . The Regio Esercito dates from the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy , following the unification of Italy in 1861 after most of the Papal States were seized. On 4 May 1861, Manfredo Fanti signed the creation decree, by which the new army was to replace the previous Royal Sardinian Army and the Army of the Two Sicilies . The first two tasks of the new organization were

350-644: The Fiat G91 , the Aermacchi MB-326 , the Piaggio Aero P.166 and the line of Agusta-Bell helicopters. The first supersonic fighters added to the Italian Air Force were American-designed F-104 Starfighters that were produced by a group of several European aircraft companies, including Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm , Dornier , Fiat , Fokker and SABCA . During the 1970s, the Air Force acquired

385-628: The Italian invasion of Albania . The Regio Esercito (Royal Army) was one of the largest ground forces in World War II, during which it was one of the pioneers of the use of paratroopers . Many Italian divisions were reinforced by a MVSN Gruppo di Assalto of two battalions due to the small size of the divisions. In 1943, Italy surrendered and split into the Italian Social Republic , which fielded its own army,

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420-627: The Italian-Yugoslav border . It supported Benito Mussolini 's Fascist regime because of its expansionist ideology and reversal of previous governments' defense cuts. In the 1930s, the army participated in the final subjugation of Libya , participated in the invasion of Ethiopia , provided troops and materials for the Corps of Volunteer Troops ( Corpo Truppe Volontarie ) to fight in the Spanish Civil War , and participated in

455-445: The proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy . During the 19th century Italy started to unify into one country, and in 1861 Manfredo Fanti signed a decree creating the Army of the Two Sicilies . This newly created army's first task was to defend its territorial gains against Legitimists in southern Italy, who remained loyal to Francis II of the Two Sicilies . The Army of the Two Sicilies also waged what many modern historians now consider

490-539: The G222s. In 2003, the Italian Air Force extended its capabilities to small-scale land warfare by small special-forces units. This was accomplished by forming the 17º Stormo Incursori ("17th Special Operations Wing"), also known as RIAM ( Reparto Incursori Aeronautica Militare , "Air Force Raiders Group"), a unit that is primarily responsible for raids on land-based aeronautical compounds, forward air control missions and combat search and rescue operations. As of 2014,

525-858: The German spring offensive. Italian soldiers also saw action in campaigns against the Ottoman Empire in Africa and the Middle East such as in the Senussi campaign . Overall, the Royal Italian Army suffered 460,000 to 709,000 killed and 947,000 to 1,050,000 wounded during World War I. During the Interwar period , the army was initially focused on border security in the Alps and on

560-588: The Italian Aeritalia G222 and the modern American C-130 Hercules tactical transport planes, capable of carrying cargo or paratroopers . It also received the new Aeritalia F-104S Starfighter fighters for ground attack and air-defence purposes. A push to expand the Italian aircraft industry led Italy into the huge trilateral project that developed the Panavia Tornado fighter-bomber and air-defence fighters along with West Germany and

595-469: The Italian Air Force operates a total active fleet of 557 aerial vehicles, including 209 manned and 12 unmanned combat aircraft, with eight more Eurofighter Typhoon on order and 75 more F-35s planned. Italian Royal Army The Royal Italian Army ( Italian : Regio Esercito , lit.   'Royal Army') ( RE ) was the land force of the Kingdom of Italy , established with

630-652: The Italian Air Force was founded as an independent service by King Vittorio Emanuele III of the Kingdom of Italy . This air force was known as the Regia Aeronautica (Royal Air Force). During the 1930s, the fledgling Regia Aeronautica was involved in its first military operations, first in Ethiopia in 1935, and later in the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939. After a period of neutrality, Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940 alongside Germany. The Regia Aeronautica could deploy more than 3,000 aircraft, although fewer than 60% were serviceable. It fought from

665-505: The Italian Air Force was granted jet fighters for the first time, American F-84G Thunderjets and F-86D Sabres , together with over 200 licence-built British de Havilland Vampires ; these were followed by Republic F-84F Thunderstreak fighters and C-119 Flying Boxcar transport planes from the United States. The reborn Italian aviation industry also began to develop and produce a few indigenous aircraft designs of its own, such as

700-503: The Italian armed forces, but the establishment of NATO in 1949 with Italy as a founding member brought about the necessity for the modernization of all of the Italian armed forces, including the Italian Air Force. American military aid sent by the Mutual Defense Assistance Program brought about the introduction of American-made P-47 Thunderbolt and P-51 Mustang propeller-driven fighter planes . In 1952,

735-662: The Niccolò Orsini's funeral monument was bought by Santa Giulia Museum , where it is still located. During the 20th century, Ghedi experienced economic growth, favored by construction of the Train Station (1893) and of the Ghedi Air Base (1909). In this period, the Cotonificio del Mella cotton mill opened with around 500 workers and became the largest factory in the town. This article on

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770-710: The United Kingdom. Tornado fighters were still in service with all three nations, plus a few more, as of 2019. Italian companies worked with the Embraer Company of Brazil in a smaller project to develop and produce the AMX International AMX aircraft. In 1990, after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait , Italy joined the coalition forces, and for the first time in 45 years Italian pilots and aircraft were assigned to combat operations. Needing to replace

805-652: The creation of an Italian colonial empire . The Italian advance of the First Italo-Ethiopian War was halted at the Battle of Adwa by overwhelming Ethiopian forces. The following year, as part of the Italian collaboration with the international pacification program after the revolt against the Turkish domination in Cyprus , another corps disembarked at Candia . On 14 July 1900, another expeditionary force

840-605: The end of the war. On 8 May 1945, the hostilities ended, beginning the rebirth of military aviation in Italy. A popular vote by the people resulted in the end of the Kingdom of Italy and the establishment of the Italian Republic on 18 June 1946. Hence the Regia Aeronautica lost its "Royal" designation, and it became the Aeronautica Militare , a name that it has continued to hold ever since. The Peace Treaty of Paris of 1947 placed severe restrictions on all of

875-611: The icy steppes of Russia to the sands of the North African desert, losing men and machines. After the armistice of 8 September 1943 , Italy was divided into two sides, and the same fate befell the Regia Aeronautica . The Air Force was split into the Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force in the south aligned with the Allies, and the pro-Axis Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana in the north until

910-598: The obsolete F-104 Starfighters, Italy joined with Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom in the development of the Eurofighter Typhoon , which was expected to enter the Italian Air Force in 2000. In 1994, with the Typhoon still some years from introduction to service, 24 Panavia Tornado Air Defense Variant (ADV) interceptors were leased from the United Kingdom for a period of 10 years. The ADV Tornados served as fighter-interceptors to supplement and then to replace

945-568: The old F-104 Starfighters. However, delays in the production of the Typhoon forced the Italians to seek a supplement, and then replacement, for the leased Tornado ADVs. With the UK lease due to expire in 2004, the Italian government wished to avoid a costly lease extension and instead opted to lease 34 F-16 Fighting Falcon multi-role fighter planes on multi-year leases from the US. The last of these fighters

980-735: The oldest active mountain infantry in the world. Their original mission was to protect and secure Italy's northern mountain border that aligns with France and Austria . This group emerged in World War I when a three-year campaign was fought against the Austro-Hungarian Kaiserjäger and the German Alpenkorps . In World War II , the Alpini fought alongside Axis forces in the Eastern Front as well as

1015-567: The repression of brigandage in southern Italy against irregular and hit and run forces (mixed with bands of various criminals), who refused to accept the suppression of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies , and the Third War of Italian Independence . On 20 September 1870, the IV Corps captured Rome , which had remained under Papal control up until then. On 8 February 1885, a corps of fewer than 1,000 soldiers landed at Massaua , Eritrea , starting

1050-680: Was among the earliest adopters of military aviation. Its air arm dates back to 1884, when the Italian Royal Army ( Regio Esercito ) was authorised to acquire its own air component. The Air Service ( Corpo Aeronautico Militare ) operated balloons based near Rome. In 1911, reconnaissance and bombing sorties during the Italo-Turkish War by the Servizio Aeronautico represented the first use of heavier-than-air aircraft in armed conflict. On 28 March 1923,

1085-804: Was constituted to suppress the Boxer Rebellion in China in defense of the European protectorates. On 3 October 1911, Italy invaded Libya as part of the Italo-Turkish War . The war against the Ottoman Empire ended with the signing of the First Treaty of Lausanne in Ouchy , near Lausanne, Switzerland . In the Italian Royal Army, military justice was applied on the based on the 1870 Military Penal Code regulations. This regulation structure

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1120-942: Was in World War I , from 1915–1918. The war was fought mostly on the Italian Front in Northern Italy , costing the Italian Army serious casualties, including 246,133 killed, 946,640 wounded, 569,210 captured and 70,656 missing. The Italian 35th Division served on the Macedonian Front as part of the Allied Army of the Orient . Some Italian divisions were also sent to the Western Front . In 1918, Italian troops saw intense combat during

1155-639: Was returned to the United States in May 2012, following the Italian Air Force's acquisition of a sufficient number of Typhoons over a period of several years. The Typhoons are intended to replace all of the F-104, Tornado ADV and F-16 aircraft. The last of the Italian F-104s was withdrawn from service in 2004. Armed conflicts in Somalia , Mozambique and the nearby Balkans led to the Italian Air Force becoming

1190-466: Was the theater for the Battle of Ghedi , between Republic of Venice and Duchy of Milan . However, the Milanese victory, after the Treaty of Lodi Ghedi has been retaked by the Serenissima . During this century, in the town opened a Franciscan convent (1465). In 1498, Venice granted in fief the town to Niccolò Orsini , count of Pitigliano and of Nola and commander of the Venetian army , which commanded to erect Palazzo Orsini and to place

1225-486: Was very similar to the 1859 version which was inspired by the Royal Sardinian Army penal code of 1840 which preceded the Albertine Statute of 1848. These regulations and factors were determined to be inadequate in the face of direct war violence. In total, 4,028 death sentences were passed in the Royal Italian Army whereas 2,967 were issued absentia where 750 were followed through and completed and 311 were not. The Royal Italian Army's first experience with modern warfare

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