Misplaced Pages

#564435

71-461: In 1817, Domenico Ghirardelli was born in Rapallo , Italy , to an "exotic foods importer" and his wife. Domenico received his first education in the chocolate trade when he was apprenticed to a local candymaker as a child. By the time he was 20, Ghirardelli had sailed to Uruguay with his wife to work in a chocolate and coffee business. A year later, Ghirardelli moved to Lima , Peru , and opened

142-623: A French physician who had been lost at sea, and she had an eight-month-old child, Carmen. He and Carmen had seven children: Virginia (1847–1867); Domenico Jr. (1849–1932); Joseph Nicholas (1852–1906); Elvira (1856–1908); Louis (1857–1902); Angela (1859–1936); and Eugene Gustave (1860–?). He died on January 17, 1894, in Rapallo, Italy from influenza. His body was buried at Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California along with

213-485: A seabird colony (mostly western gulls , cormorants , and egrets ). According to a 1971 documentary on the history of Alcatraz, the island measures 1,675 feet (511 m) by 590 feet (180 m) and is 135 feet (41 m) at highest point during mean tide. The total area of the island is reported to be 22 acres (8.9 ha). Landmarks on the island include the Main Cellhouse , Dining Hall , Lighthouse ,

284-537: A United States military reservation, for military purposes based upon the U.S. acquisition of California from Mexico following the Mexican–American War . Frémont had expected a large compensation for his initiative in purchasing and securing Alcatraz Island for the U.S. government, but the U.S. government later invalidated the sale and paid Frémont nothing. Frémont and his heirs sued for compensation during protracted but unsuccessful legal battles that extended into

355-404: A century of salt water saturation had severely eroded the buildings and three people had purportedly escaped in 1962. After its closure, George Moscone received public proposals to repurpose Alcatraz Island. Alcatraz Island was occupied by Native American activists for the first time on March 8, 1964. The protest, proposed by Lakota Sioux activist Belva Cottier and joined by about 35 others,

426-450: A confectionery store. In 1847, nine years later, James Lick (Ghirardelli's neighbor) moved to San Francisco, California, with 600 lb (270 kg) of Ghirardelli's chocolate. Ghirardelli remained and continued to operate his store in Peru. In 1849, Ghirardelli received news of the gold strike at Sutter's Mill and sailed to California. After doing some prospecting, Ghirardelli opened

497-611: A general store in Stockton, California , offering supplies and confections to fellow miners. Ghirardelli's tent-based store was one of the first shops set up in the area. Several months later, Ghirardelli opened a second store on the corner of Broadway and Battery in San Francisco, which became, in 1850, his first establishment in that city. Ghirardelli had a general store in Hornitos, California , between 1856 and 1859, during

568-559: A gold rush, where he perfected his chocolate recipes. The remains of the store can still be seen in town. A fire on May 3, 1851 , destroyed Ghirardelli's San Francisco business, and a few days later, his Stockton store also burned down. However, in September of the same year, Ghirardelli used his remaining assets to open the Cairo Coffee House in San Francisco. This business venture proved unsuccessful, and Ghirardelli opened

639-609: A member of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party who attacked the United States Capitol building in 1954. Others included Mickey Cohen , Arthur R. "Doc" Barker , and Alvin "Creepy" Karpis , who served more time at Alcatraz than any other inmate. It also provided housing for the Bureau of Prisons staff and their families. Contrary to popular belief, it was possible to escape and swim all of

710-629: A merchant in Hornitos , California. In 1852, he moved to San Francisco and established the Ghirardelli Chocolate Company at what would come to be known as Ghirardelli Square . According to the San Francisco Chronicle he is San Francisco's most successful chocolatier. Around the year 1865, a worker at the Ghirardelli factory discovered that by hanging a bag of ground cacao beans in a warm room,

781-629: A new policy of self-determination , in part as a result of the publicity and awareness created by the occupation. The occupation ended on June 11, 1971. In 1972, the National Park Service purchased Alcatraz along with Fort Mason from the U.S. Army to establish the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Under "An Act to Establish the Golden Gate National Recreation Area" President Richard Nixon allocated $ 120 million for land acquisition and development of

SECTION 10

#1732786586565

852-444: A new store, named Ghirardely & Girard, on the corner of Washington and Kearny Streets in San Francisco. Soon afterward, Ghirardelli was making enough money to send for his family, who were still living in Peru. He changed the company's name to D. Ghirardelli & Co. and, in 1852, imported 200 lb (91 kg) of cocoa beans. The company was incorporated in 1852 and has been in continuous operation since. The next year, in 1853,

923-528: A number of other buildings (mostly apartments) after the occupation had ended. Graffiti from the period of Native American occupation is still visible at many locations on the island. During the occupation, President Richard Nixon rescinded the Indian termination policy, designed by earlier administrations to end federal recognition of many tribes and their special relationship with the US government. He established

994-573: A paid staff member and many volunteers, thanks to funding by the Garden Conservancy and the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy. The untended gardens had become severely overgrown and had developed into a nesting habitat and sanctuary for numerous birds. Now, areas of bird habitat are being preserved and protected, while many of the gardens are being restored to their original state. In clearing out

1065-533: A pamphlet entitled Uncle Sam's Devil's Island about his experiences. The United States Disciplinary Barracks on Alcatraz were acquired by the United States Department of Justice on October 12, 1933, and the island was designated as a federal prison in August 1934. Alcatraz was designed to hold prisoners who continuously caused trouble at other federal prisons. At 9:40 am on August 11, 1934,

1136-632: A staff of 155, including the first warden James A. Johnston and associate warden J. E. Shuttleworth , both considered to be "iron men". The staff were highly trained in security, but not rehabilitation. During the 29 years it was in use, the prison held some of the most notorious criminals in American history, including gangsters such as Al Capone , Robert Franklin Stroud (the "Birdman of Alcatraz"), George "Machine Gun" Kelly and Bumpy Johnson , and political terrorists such as Rafael Cancel Miranda ,

1207-408: A task for which it was well suited because of its isolation. In 1867, a brick jailhouse was built (previously inmates had been kept in the basement of the guardhouse), and in 1868, Alcatraz was officially designated as a long-term detention facility for military prisoners. The facility was later discontinued for Prisoners of War in 1846 . Among those incarcerated at Alcatraz were Confederates caught on

1278-489: A year. By that time, the company not only sold chocolate, but also coffee and spices to the United States, China , Japan , and Mexico . In 1885, the company imported 450,000 lb (200,000 kg) of cocoa seeds. In 1892, Ghirardelli retired as head of the company and was replaced by his three sons. Two years later, on January 17, 1894, Ghirardelli died at age 77 in Rapallo, Italy. By 1900, Ghirardelli's company

1349-622: Is sold in bar form or in miniature squares. Ghirardelli also sells food service items, like chocolate beverages and flavored sauces, to other retailers. Domenico Ghirardelli Domenico " Domingo " Ghirardelli ( Italian pronunciation: [doˈmiŋɡo ɡirarˈdɛlli] ; February 21, 1817 – January 17, 1894) was an Italian-born chocolatier who was the founder of the Ghirardelli Chocolate Company in San Francisco , California . Domenico Ghirardelli

1420-470: The Battle of Alcatraz . Perhaps the most famous is the intricate escape , carried out on June 11, 1962, by Frank Morris , John Anglin , and Clarence Anglin . The three men are believed to have drowned in their attempt. However, no bodies were ever found, sparking speculation that they made it to shore and escaped. Although most escapees were caught or drowned, in 1962, prisoner John Paul Scott made it to

1491-627: The Bureau of Indian Affairs ' (BIA) Indian termination policy , which was a series of laws and policies aimed at the assimilation of Native Americans into mainstream US society. It encouraged Native Americans to move away from the Indian reservations and into cities to take advantage of health, educational and employment opportunities. A number of employees of the Bureau of Indian Affairs also occupied Alcatraz at that time, including Doris Purdy, an amateur photographer, who later produced footage of her stay on

SECTION 20

#1732786586565

1562-623: The Emperor Norton ). As of 2024, they feature 11 different sundaes (World Famous Hot Fudge, Ocean Beach, Chocolate Lovers, Gold Rush, Mint Bliss, Strawberry Passion, Non-Dairy Hot Fudge, Cookie Crumble, Lands End, Golden Gate Banana Split, and Treasure Island). In 1963, Ghirardelli Chocolate Company was bought by the Golden Grain Macaroni Company, maker of Rice-A-Roni . Later, in 1986, Quaker Oats bought Golden Grain, and thus Ghirardelli. In 1992, Quaker Oats sold

1633-573: The Gannets " but is commonly believed to translate as "The Island of the Pelicans " (the modern Spanish word for 'pelican' is pelícano ), from the archaic Spanish alcatraz ("pelican"). There are no gannets native to the Pacific coast, making the older Spanish usage more likely. Yerba Buena Island was labeled on Ayala 's 1775 chart of San Francisco Bay as "Isla de Alcatraces". The name

1704-633: The International Indian Treaty Council , occasionally hold ceremonies on the island, most notably, their "Sunrise Gatherings" every Columbus Day and Thanksgiving Day . Around 2007, the Global Peace Foundation proposed to raze the prison and build a peace center in its place. Supporters collected 10,350 signatures – sufficient to have it placed as a proposition on the presidential primary ballots in San Francisco for February 5, 2008. The proposed plan

1775-722: The National Park Service began major renovations on the island, including the installation of solar panels on the cell house roof, slope stabilization near the Warden's House, and the stabilization and rehabilitation of the outer cell house walls. Now one of San Francisco's major tourist attractions, Alcatraz drew some 1.7 million visitors annually according to a 2018 report. Visitors arrive by ferry, operated under contract by Alcatraz Cruises LLC at Pier 33. The 2018 report indicated that "former prison buildings are being conserved and seismically upgraded and additional areas of

1846-596: The West Coast and some Hopi Native American men in the 1870s, who refused orders to send their children away from their families to Indian boarding schools . In 1898, due to the Spanish–American War , the prison population rose from 26 to over 450. From 1905 to 1907 it was commanded by U.S. Army Major George W. McIver . After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , civilian prisoners were transferred to Alcatraz for safe confinement. On March 21, 1907, Alcatraz

1917-550: The cocoa butter would drip off, leaving behind a residue that could then be converted into ground chocolate. This technique, known as the Broma process is now the most common method used for the production of chocolate. Ghirardelli married Elisabetta Corsini (nicknamed "Bettina"), a native of Italy, in 1837. She died in 1846. Ghirardelli married Carmen Alvarado Martin (1830–1887) in Lima, Peru , in 1847. Her first husband had been

1988-529: The 1890s. Following the acquisition of California by the United States as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), which ended the Mexican–American War , and the onset of the California Gold Rush the following year, the U.S. Army began studying the suitability of Alcatraz Island for the positioning of coastal batteries to protect the approaches to San Francisco Bay. In 1853, under

2059-464: The 1960s Ghirardelli has also moved to focus on a restaurant division by selling ice cream sundaes , complete with their famous hot fudge chocolate sauce. In one of their earliest menus from the 1960s they featured five " Nob Hill Sundaes" all named after different landmarks, historical aspects, or local figures from San Francisco ( Twin Peaks , Golden Gate Banana Split , Strike it Rich , The Rock , and

2130-590: The 1997 arcade racing video game San Francisco Rush the Rock: Alcatraz Edition . Alcatraz has also been portrayed often as a safe haven or base of operations in many post-apocalyptic movies , such as The Book of Eli . Alcatraz was featured in the video game Call of Duty: Black Ops II ; in the downloadable zombie survival map "Mob of the Dead", players could explore the Main Cellhouse,

2201-687: The Boat Dock and a fictional area called the Catacombs which runs through the island. A segment of Alcatraz' Cellhouse makes a cameo appearance in Call of Duty: Black Ops III in the downloadable zombie survival map "Revelations". The map was then remastered in Call of Duty: Black Ops 4's zombie mode as "Blood of the Dead"; the playable area of the map was expanded to include the Model Industries Building, New Industries Building and

Ghirardelli Chocolate Company - Misplaced Pages Continue

2272-462: The First (1995), Escape from Alcatraz (1979), The Enforcer (1976), Point Blank (1967) , Birdman of Alcatraz (1962) and J. J. Abrams ' 2012 television series Alcatraz . It also was featured in the anime Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters , the book Al Capone Does My Shirts and the video game Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4 as a playable level. It is also showcased as a playable racetrack in

2343-553: The Ghirardelli Chocolate division to a private investment group. John J. Anton, from that group, became the president and CEO of the newly independent Ghirardelli Chocolate Company. In 1998, Lindt and Sprüngli , from Switzerland , acquired Ghirardelli Chocolate Company as a wholly owned subsidiary of its holding company. In 2015, an independent laboratory tested 127 chocolate products for lead and cadmium, and found that 96 of them contained lead and/or cadmium above

2414-702: The Island are opened to the public as safety hazards are removed". During the COVID-19 pandemic , the buildings and the island remained closed to the public for more than a year (and ferry services were suspended), reopening in March 2021. Alcatraz has been home to several art installations. In 2014, Chinese artist/dissident Ai Weiwei staged an exhibition which explored "questions about human rights and freedom of expression" called @Large. This exhibition included Lego portraits of famous political prisoners. The creation of

2485-512: The United States to control every aspect of its chocolate manufacturing process, rejecting up to 40% of the cocoa seeds shipped in order to select what the company calls the "highest quality" seeds. The company then roasts the cocoa seeds in-house by removing the outer shell on the seed and roasting the inside of the seed, or the nibs. The chocolate is then ground and refined until the particles are 19 micrometers (0.00075 in) in size. Ghirardelli produces several flavors of chocolate. The chocolate

2556-544: The Warden's House. Call of Duty: Mobile has a seasonal game mode in Alcatraz Island and Rebirth Island in Call of Duty: Warzone is also based on the island. Alcatraz even appears in the novels The Alchemyst and The Sorceress by Michael Scott where it is depicted as a prison for the immortal Perenelle Flamel . Alcatraz is featured in the Mummies Alive! episode "Bird Mummy of Alcatraz" and

2627-582: The area. It has since been under the direction of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and now operates as a tourist site and museum dedicated to its time as a federal penitentiary. Operating costs still remain one of its biggest challenges today. Part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area since 1972, the entire Alcatraz Island was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. In 1986 it

2698-434: The business relocated to the corner of Jackson and Mason Streets. By 1855, a larger manufacturing facility was needed, and so the factory was moved to the corner of Greenwich and Powell Streets, while the office remained at the previous location. During this time, the company sold liquor, but dropped their line of alcoholic products sometime after 1871. By 1866, the company was importing 1,000 lb (450 kg) of cocoa seeds

2769-618: The country, including American Indian Movement (AIM) urban activists from Minneapolis . During the nineteen months and nine days of occupation by the American Indians, several buildings at Alcatraz were damaged or destroyed by fire, including the lighthouse keeper's home, the warden's home, the Officers' Club, the recreation hall, and the Coast Guard quarters. The origin of the fires is disputed. The US government demolished

2840-513: The country, who were part of a wave of Native American activists organizing public protests across the US through the 1970s. In 1972, Alcatraz was transferred to the Department of Interior to become part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area . It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986. Today, the island's facilities are managed by the National Park Service as part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Visitors can reach

2911-595: The direction of Zealous B. Tower , the United States Army Corps of Engineers began fortifying the island, work which continued until 1858, when the initial version of Fort Alcatraz was complete. The island's first garrison, numbering about 200 soldiers, arrived at the end of that year. When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, the island mounted 85 cannons (increased to 105 cannons by 1866) in casemates around its perimeter, though

Ghirardelli Chocolate Company - Misplaced Pages Continue

2982-450: The exhibition was featured in a 2019 documentary film, Ai Weiwei: Yours Truly . In 2016, Nelson Saiers used math and prison slang as central elements in a six-month installation that called attention to the imposition of long prison sentences. Gardens planted by families of the original Army post, and later by families of the prison guards, fell into neglect after the prison closure in 1963. After 40 years, they are being restored by

3053-502: The feathered legions caused them to fly up in a great cloud and with a noise like a hurricane." The California brown pelican ( Pelecanus occidentalis californicus ) is not known to nest on the island today. The Spanish built several small buildings on the island and other minor structures. The earliest recorded private owner of the island of Alcatraz is Julian Workman, to whom it was given by Mexican governor Pio Pico in June 1846, with

3124-564: The first batch of 137 prisoners arrived at Alcatraz, arriving by railroad from the United States Penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas , to Santa Venetia, California . They were escorted to Alcatraz, while handcuffed in high security coaches and guarded by 60 special FBI agents , U.S. Marshals and railway security officials. Most of the prisoners were notorious bank robbers and murderers. The prison initially had

3195-496: The former recreation yard of the Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary." Using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data and georectifications, Smet and colleagues discovered structures, including "a 'bombproof' earthwork traverse along with its underlying vaulted brick masonry tunnel and ventilation ducts," in surprisingly good condition. Archaeologists also found the remains of ammunition magazines, and tunnels below

3266-510: The island and cold water temperatures made escape nearly impossible, and the prison became one of the most notorious in American history. The prison closed in 1963, and the island is now a major tourist attraction. Beginning in November 1969, the island was occupied for more than 19 months by a group of Native Americans, initially primarily from San Francisco , who were later joined by AIM and other urban Native Americans from other parts of

3337-551: The island by ferry ride from Pier 33, located between the San Francisco Ferry Building and Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco . Hornblower Cruises , operating under the name Alcatraz Cruises, is the official ferry provider to and from the island. Alcatraz Island is the site of the abandoned federal prison, the oldest operating lighthouse on the West Coast of the United States , early military fortifications , and natural features such as rock pools and

3408-489: The island. The occupiers, who stayed on the island for nearly two years, demanded that the island's facilities be adapted and new structures built for an Indian education center, ecology center, and cultural center. The American Indians claimed the island by provisions of the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) between the US and the Sioux; they said the treaty promised to return all retired, abandoned, or out-of-use federal lands to

3479-501: The native peoples from whom they were acquired. Indians of All Tribes claimed Alcatraz Island by the " Right of Discovery "; as historian Troy R. Johnson states in The Occupation of Alcatraz Island , generations of indigenous peoples knew about Alcatraz at least 10,000 years before any European knew about any part of North America. Begun by urban Indians of San Francisco, the occupation attracted other Native Americans from across

3550-773: The overgrowth, workers found that many of the original plants were growing where they had been planted – some more than 100 years ago. Numerous heirloom rose hybrids, including a Welsh rose (Bardou Job) that had been believed to be extinct, have been discovered and propagated. Many species of roses, succulents , and geraniums are growing among apple and fig trees, banks of sweet peas, manicured gardens of cutting flowers, and wildly overgrown sections of native grasses with blackberry and honeysuckle. Alcatraz Island appears often in media and popular culture, including films dating from 1962: Resident Evil: Death Island (2023), The Book of Eli (2010), X-Men: The Last Stand (2006), Catch Me If You Can (2002), The Rock (1996), Murder in

3621-508: The penitentiary that was built later. Because of the isolation created by the cold, strong currents of the waters of San Francisco Bay, as early as 1859, Alcatraz was used to house soldiers convicted of crimes. By 1861, the fort was the military prison for the Department of the Pacific . It housed Civil War prisoners of war (POWs) as early as that year. Starting in 1863, the military also held private citizens accused of treason, after

SECTION 50

#1732786586565

3692-428: The postwar years. Modernization efforts, including an ambitious plan to level the entire island and construct shell-proof underground magazines and tunnels, were undertaken between 1870 and 1876 but never completed (the so-called "parade ground" on the southern tip of the island represents the extent of the flattening effort). Instead, the army switched the focus of its plans for Alcatraz from coastal defense to detention,

3763-399: The recommendation of his former neighbor, James Lick , who had brought 600 pounds of chocolate with him to San Francisco in 1848. Caught up in the California Gold Rush , he opened his first store in a mining camp to sell sweets and treats to miners who were lacking the small pleasures of life. Ghirardelli spent a few months in the gold fields near Sonora and Jamestown , before becoming

3834-467: The rest of his family. Alcatraz Alcatraz Island ( / ˈ æ l k ə ˌ t r æ z / ) is a small island 1.25 miles (2.01 km) offshore from San Francisco, California , United States. The island was developed in the mid-19th century with facilities for a lighthouse , a military fortification, and a military prison. In 1934, the island was converted into a federal prison , Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary . The strong currents around

3905-607: The ruins of the Warden's House and Social Hall, Parade Grounds, Building 64 , Water Tower , New Industries Building , Model Industries Building , and the Recreation Yard . The first European to document the islands of San Francisco Bay was Spanish naval officer and explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala during Spanish rule of California ; he charted San Francisco Bay in 1775. He named today's Yerba Buena Island as "La Isla de los Alcatraces" , which translates as "The Island of

3976-423: The safety threshold defined by California's Proposition 65 . Based on these results, As You Sow filed notices with over 20 companies, including Ghirardelli and Trader Joe's , for failing to provide the legally required warning to consumers that their chocolate products contain cadmium, lead, or both. The suit was settled in 2018. According to their own website, Ghirardelli is one of the few chocolate companies in

4047-453: The shore. However, he was so weary that police found him unconscious and in hypothermic shock. The annual Escape from Alcatraz Triathlon includes a required 1.5-mile (2.4 km) swim from the island to the bay shore. There are several reasons that Alcatraz closed as a penitentiary in 1963. The penitentiary cost much more to operate than other prisons (nearly $ 10 per prisoner per day, as opposed to $ 3 per prisoner per day at Atlanta). Half

4118-559: The small size of the garrison meant only a fraction of the guns could be used at one time. At this time it also served as the San Francisco Arsenal for storage of firearms to prevent them falling into the hands of Confederate sympathizers . Alcatraz, built as a "heavily fortified military site on the West Coast", was to form a "triangle of defense" with Fort Point and Lime Point, but the contemplated work on Lime Point

4189-539: The understanding that Workman would build a lighthouse on it. Julian Workman is the baptismal name of William Workman , co-owner of Rancho La Puente and a personal friend of Pio Pico. Later in 1846, acting in his capacity as Military Governor of California, John C. Frémont bought the island for $ 5,000 in the name of the United States government from Francis Temple. In 1850, President Millard Fillmore ordered that Alcatraz Island be set aside specifically as

4260-439: The way to shore. However, during its 29 years of operation, the penitentiary claimed that no prisoner successfully escaped. A total of 36 prisoners made 14 escape attempts , two men trying twice. 23 were caught alive, six were shot and killed during their escape, two drowned, and five are listed as "missing and presumed drowned". The most violent incident occurred on May 2, 1946, when a failed escape attempt by six prisoners led to

4331-507: The writ of habeas corpus in the United States was suspended. Hundreds of troops were trained on the island, with more than 350 military personnel in place by April 1861. As enlistees were assigned to units, new green troops reported for training. In early 1865, the number of men reached 433, the peak of the war. During the Civil War-era, rapid changes in artillery and fortification were generated. Alcatraz's defenses were obsolete by

SECTION 60

#1732786586565

4402-484: Was also featured in a mission in the video game Watch Dogs 2 where you can walk around and visit the island. Alcatraz is also featured as a downloadable map in the video game The Escapists . The German rock band Scorpions filmed the music video for " No One Like You " at the Alcatraz prison. Escape from Alcatraz and The Rock are two films that show how inescapable the island is. Escape from Alcatraz

4473-534: Was below ground level. The building had been constructed in an excavated pit, creating a defensive dry moat . The first floor was incorporated as a basement to the new cell block, giving rise to the popular legend of "dungeons" below the main cell block. The US Disciplinary Barracks was deactivated in October 1933 and transferred to the Bureau of Prisons . During World War I , the prison was used to hold conscientious objectors , including Philip Grosser , who wrote

4544-631: Was born on February 21, 1817, in Rapallo , Italy, to Giuseppe and Maddalena ( née Ferretto) Ghirardelli. His father was a spice merchant in Genoa . In his teens, he apprenticed at Romanengo, a noted chocolatier in Genoa. At about the age of twenty, in 1838, he moved to Uruguay , then in 1838 to Lima, Peru , where he established a confectionery , and began using the Spanish equivalent of his Italian name, Domingo. In 1849 he moved to California on

4615-458: Was designated as a National Historic Landmark , the highest recognition. In 1993, the National Park Service published a plan entitled Alcatraz Development Concept and Environmental Assessment. This plan, approved in 1980, doubled the area of Alcatraz accessible to the public, in order to enable visitors to enjoy its scenery and bird, marine, and animal life. Major sites in the cultural landscape include: American Indigenous groups, such as

4686-689: Was estimated at US$ 1 billion. For the plan to pass, Congress would have to have taken Alcatraz out of the National Park Service. Critics of the plan said that Alcatraz is too rich in history to be destroyed. On February 6, 2008, the Alcatraz Island Global Peace Center Proposition C failed to pass, with 72% of voters rejecting the proposition. The coastal environment of the San Francisco Bay Area has caused deterioration and corrosion of building materials throughout Alcatraz. Beginning in 2011,

4757-613: Was later applied to the rock now known as Alcatraz Island by Captain Frederick W. Beechey , an English naval officer and explorer. Over the years, the Spanish version "Alcatraz" became popular and is now widely used. In August 1827, for instance, French Captain Auguste Bernard Duhaut-Cilly wrote "... running past Alcatraze's (Pelicans) Island ... covered with a countless number of these birds. A gun fired over

4828-506: Was never built. The first operational lighthouse on the West Coast of the United States was also built on Alcatraz. During the war, Fort Alcatraz was used to imprison Confederate sympathizers and privateers on the west coast, but its guns were never fired at an enemy. Studies of the island and its fortifications have included archeological surveys relying on contemporary technology. In 2019 "Binghamton University archaeologist Timothy de Smet and colleagues located historical remains beneath

4899-519: Was officially designated as the Western U.S. Military Prison, later Pacific Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, 1915. In 1909 construction began on the huge concrete main cell block, designed by Major Reuben Turner, which remains the island's dominant feature. It was completed in 1912. To accommodate the new cell block, the Citadel, a three-story barracks, was demolished down to the first floor, which

4970-484: Was reported by, among others, the San Francisco Chronicle and the San Francisco Examiner . Beginning on November 20, 1969, a group of Native Americans called United Indians of All Tribes , mostly college students from San Francisco, occupied the island to protest federal policies related to American Indians. Some of them were children of Native Americans who had relocated in the city as part of

5041-588: Was selling only chocolate and mustard, having sold its coffee and spices businesses. Further expansion over the years into different buildings allowed the company to expand into new markets and grow financially. In 1965, San Francisco declared Ghirardelli Square (where many of the Ghirardelli buildings were constructed) an official city landmark. Two years later, production facilities moved to San Leandro, California ( 37°42′40″N 122°08′42″W  /  37.711°N 122.145°W  / 37.711; -122.145  ( Ghirardelli Chocolate Factory ) ). Since

#564435