Ghost Corps, Inc. is an American production company formed in March 2015 to oversee the Ghostbusters media franchise and as a stock exchange for the Ghostbusters brand. It is a division of Sony Pictures Entertainment 's Columbia Pictures and as of January 2021 currently no longer functions as a stock exchange C-Corporation business but is currently still active as a PR office on the Sony Pictures lot maintaining management of its online pages and productions related to the Ghostbusters brand.
88-532: The company was formed in March 2015 by Sony Pictures Entertainment in order to create a Ghostbusters cinematic universe and expand the Ghostbusters brand into films, television series, and merchandise. The company is currently headed by Jason Reitman and Dan Aykroyd , along with Montecito Picture Company partners Tom Pollock and Joe Medjuck . The company's first project, titled Ghostbusters: Answer
176-472: A bloc . Fan activism in support of the 2007 Writers Guild of America strike through Fans4Writers appears to be an extension of this trend. Science Fiction writers, editors and publishers have participated in science fiction fandom themselves, from Ray Bradbury and Harlan Ellison to Patrick Nielsen Hayden and Toni Weisskopf . Ed Brubaker was a fan of the Captain America comics as
264-492: A franchise or an individual celebrity , or encompassing entire hobbies , genres or fashions . While it is now used to apply to groups of people fascinated with any subject, the term has its roots in those with an enthusiastic appreciation for sports. Merriam-Webster 's dictionary traces the usage of the term back as far as 1903. Many fandoms are overlapped. There are a number of large conventions that cater to fandom such as film, comics, anime, television shows, cosplay, and
352-640: A media franchise . By 1961, Marvel Comics writer and editor Stan Lee , working with artists Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko , merged the bulk of the publisher's comics characters into the Marvel Universe . Marvel sets its stories in an increasing number of alternate realities , each with an assigned number in a greater " multiverse ". DC Comics and Marvel have also periodically co-published series in which their respective characters meet and interact. These intercompany crossovers have typically been written as self-limiting events that avoid implying that
440-615: A cameo appearance in Red Alert . Though Command and Conquer does not refer to the alternate timeline of Red Alert , in which Hitler was removed before he came to power, what caused an Allied - Soviet world war instead. Furthermore, if the Allied campaign were to be completed, the Allies would emerge victorious and the timeline would lead into the events of Red Alert 2 , though the latter completely ignores anything that could connect it to
528-428: A college student who is a fan of a book series called Simon Snow, which is written by a fictional author named Gemma T. Leslie. On October 6, 2015, Rainbow Rowell published a follow-up novel to Fangirl . Carry On is a stand-alone novel set in the fictional world that Cath, the main character of Fangirl writes fan fiction in. The film and television entertainment industry refers to the totality of fans devoted to
616-522: A common goal of "decreasing world suck". K-pop fans have been involved in various online fan activism campaigns related to Donald Trump's presidential campaign and the Black Lives Matter movement. Notable feature-length documentaries about fandom include Trekkies and A Brony Tale . Slash is a movie released in 2016 about a young boy who writes slash fan fiction. The SiriusXM -produced audio documentary Comic-Con Begins
704-561: A core franchise for the company, on par with Game of Thrones and the DC Comics superheroes. The Mickey Mouse universe dates back to the 1930s when the animated cartoon was expanded into a newspaper strip. Although the characters occasionally portray other roles and with other names, the writers address this discrepancy by thinking of the characters as being "employed" by Disney as actors. Walt Disney , when asked whether or not Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse were married, replied that
792-660: A different character (or group of characters), as well as featuring its own cast, directors, and writers, while also being a part of a coherent, non-contradictory continuity shared with the other works. Fictional universes with major presence in films are referred to as cinematic universes , while fictional universes with major presence in television are referred to as television universes . Universes with major presence in both films and television are also generally called cinematic universes. Some film and television universes are accompanied by video games, and print works such as novels or comics, telling additional canonical stories set within
880-521: A different continuity. The X-Men film series , which originated in 2000, was the longest-running superhero film franchise to be set within the same continuity. The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) has the most films, as well as multiple TV shows and a separate run of tie-in comics that co-exist and share the same as well as parallel continuities (as part of a multiverse), making the MCU an imaginary entertainment environment. The DC Extended Universe (DCEU)
968-474: A drawing of a character from Steve Gallacci 's Albedo Anthropomorphics initiated a discussion of anthropomorphic characters in science fiction novels, which in turn initiated a discussion group that met at science fiction and comics conventions. Additional subjects with significant fandoms include comics , animated cartoons , video games , sports, music, films, television shows, pulp magazines , soap operas , celebrities, and game shows . Members of
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#17328011609221056-598: A fandom associate with one another, often attending fan conventions and publishing and exchanging fanzines and newsletters. Amateur press associations are another form of fan publication and networking. Originally using print-based media, these subcultures have migrated much of their communications and interaction onto the Internet, which is also used for the purpose of archiving detailed information pertinent to their given fanbase. Often, fans congregate on forums and discussion boards to share their love for and criticism of
1144-529: A feeling of camaraderie with others who share a common interest. Fans typically are interested in even minor details of the objects of their fandom and spend a significant portion of their time and energy involved with their interest, often as a part of a social network with particular practices, differentiating fandom-affiliated people from those with only a casual interest. A fandom can grow around any area of human interest or activity. The subject of fan interest can be narrowly defined, focused on something like
1232-492: A focus on relationships between characters within TV and movie media franchises, such as Star Trek and The Man from U.N.C.L.E. . Fans of these franchises generated creative products like fan art and fan fiction at a time when typical science fiction fandom was focused on critical discussions. The MediaWest convention provided a video room and was instrumental in the emergence of fan vids , or analytic music videos based on
1320-482: A glimpse into their everyday life, public figures have a new way of expressing themselves and engaging with their fanbases on a deeper level. Online platforms also give fans more ways to connect and participate in fandoms. Some fans have made their work in fandom into careers. The book Fifty Shades of Grey by E.L. James was originally a fan fiction of the Twilight series published on FanFiction.Net . The story
1408-739: A kid and was so upset that Bucky Barnes was killed off that he worked on ways to bring him back. The Winter Soldier arc began in 2004, and in the sixth issue in 2005 it was revealed that the Winter Soldier was Bucky Barnes. Many authors write fan fiction under pseudonyms. Lev Grossman has written stories in the Harry Potter , Adventure Time , and How to Train Your Dragon universes. S.E. Hinton has written about both Supernatural and her own books, The Outsiders . Movie actors often cosplay as other characters to enjoy being
1496-443: A particular area of interest, organized or not, as the "fanbase". Media fans, have, on occasion, organized on behalf of canceled television series , with notable success in cases such as Star Trek in 1968, Cagney & Lacey in 1983, Xena: Warrior Princess , in 1995, Roswell in 2000 and 2001 (was canceled with finality at the end of the 2002 season), Farscape in 2002, Firefly in 2002, and Jericho in 2007. (In
1584-478: A positive social impact. For example, the Harry Potter Alliance is a civic organization with a strong online component which runs campaigns around human rights issues, often in partnership with other advocacy and nonprofit groups; its membership skews college age and above. Nerdfighters , another fandom formed around Vlogbrothers , a YouTube vlog channel, are mainly high school students united by
1672-466: A regular fan at cons; for example, Daniel Radcliffe cosplayed as Spider-Man at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con. Before the release of The Amazing Spider-Man , Andrew Garfield dressed up as Spider-Man and gave an emotional speech about what Spider-Man meant to him and thanking fans for their support. The relationship between fans and professionals has changed because of access to social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook. By giving their follows
1760-478: A shared universe to maintain consistency and avoid contradicting details in earlier works, especially when a shared universe grows to be very large. The version deemed "official" by the author or company controlling the setting is known as canon . Not all shared universes have a controlling entity capable of or interested in determining canonicity, and not all fans agree with these determinations when they occur. A fanon may instead find some degree of consensus within
1848-423: A significant amount of producer guidance ). TLC reality series 90 Day Fiancé has had a large number of spinoffs, which have aired both on TLC and on sibling streaming service Discovery+ ; these have occasionally been referred to, by both parent company Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD) and others, as a "universe". In a 2022 investor presentation, WBD executives referenced the " 90 Day Fiancé Universe" as being
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#17328011609221936-470: A source, in the late 1970s. By the mid-1970s, it was possible to meet fans at science fiction conventions who did not read science fiction, but only viewed it on film or TV. Anime and manga fandom began in the 1970s in Japan. In America, the fandom also began as an offshoot of science fiction fandom, with fans bringing imported copies of Japanese manga to conventions . Before anime began to be licensed in
2024-417: A specific work. This congregation can lead to a high level of organization and community within the fandom, as well as infighting. Although there is some level of hierarchy among most of the discussion boards, and certain contributors may be valued more highly than others, newcomers are most often welcomed into the fold. Most importantly, these sorts of discussion boards can have an effect on the media itself, as
2112-623: A story or series is integrated into a shared universe, feeling it "requir[es] one hero's fans to buy other heroes' titles". Comics historian Don Markstein first defined the term in a 1970 article in CAPA-alpha . He laid out the following criteria: The expansion of existing material into a shared universe is not restricted to settings licensed from movies and television. For example, Larry Niven opened his Known Space setting to other writers initially because he considered his lack of military experience prevented him from adequately describing
2200-674: A television series: the View Askewniverse , which is named for Smith's production company, View Askew Productions . The characters Jay and Silent Bob (played by Smith) appear in almost all the View Askewniverse media, and characters from one story often reappear or are referred to in others. Recurring characters, settings, and motifs of the View Askewniverse first appeared in Smith's debut film, Clerks , in 1994. A cinematic universe consisting of films whose titles are
2288-806: A universe based on comics published in Doctor Who Magazine and other publications. Television network The CW broadcasts the Arrowverse , a shared universe of television shows based on characters from DC Comics. The CW also houses The Vampire Diaries Universe , a shared universe of various interconnected television series ; The Vampire Diaries , The Originals , and Legacies . The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) has had expanded into multiple interconnected television universes through shows produced by Marvel Television , such as Marvel's ABC television series , Marvel's Netflix television series , Marvel's young adult television series , and
2376-430: Is a fictional universe from a set of creative works where one or more writers (or other artists) independently contribute works that can stand alone but fits into the joint development of the storyline, characters, or world of the overall project. It is common in genres like science fiction . It differs from collaborative writing in which multiple artists are working together on the same work and from crossovers where
2464-440: Is a shared universe that encompasses different film franchises based on DC Comics characters, all of them sharing a continuity. In horror, Forbes and The Hollywood Reporter described The Conjuring as the first successful cinematic universe after Marvel's, and as of 2022 the second most-successful after it. Writer/director Kevin Smith created a fictional universe used in several of his films, as well as comics and
2552-510: Is the Tommy Westphall Universe Hypothesis , which suggests that hundreds of American television series take place in the same universe. It builds from the assumption that when an actor playing a character from one series guest-stars in a second series, in character, both of those series must take place in the same universe. The theory takes its name from a character in the final episode of St. Elsewhere , where
2640-634: The James Bond film series based on the spy novels by Ian Fleming . The films adapt some elements from the novels; however, they are not direct adaptations, nor were they adapted in the same order as the books were released. The first film in the series is Dr. No (1962), followed by 24 sequels, with the most recent being No Time to Die (2021). Due to the series spanning more than 50 years, James Bond has been portrayed by six actors, and other recurring characters have also been portrayed by multiple actors. After all of Fleming's Bond novels were adapted,
2728-539: The Cthulhu Mythos from the writings of H. P. Lovecraft , an approach whose result is considered by some to be "completely dissimilar" to Lovecraft's own works. Less controversial posthumous expansions include Ruth Plumly Thompson 's and later authors' sequels to L. Frank Baum 's Oz stories and the further development of Isaac Asimov 's Foundation universe by Greg Bear , Gregory Benford , and David Brin . Many other published works of this nature take
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2816-471: The Society for Creative Anachronism , a medievalist re-creation group, has its roots in science fiction fandom and was founded by members thereof. Many science fiction and fantasy authors such as Marion Zimmer Bradley , Poul Anderson , Randall Garrett , David D. Friedman , and Robert Asprin have been members of the organization. Media fandom split from science fiction fandom in the early 1970s with
2904-442: The 20th century coincided with the rise of popular music culture, and revolves around the collective enthusiasm and dedication of fans towards specific musical artists, bands, or genres. Common forms of engagement for music fandoms include attending concerts, creating fan art , participating in online communities, and consuming media related to their preferred artist. These communities play an important role in promoting and supporting
2992-473: The Apes (1968) focused on present-day astronaut George Taylor landing on a mysterious planet ruled by apes, which is revealed to be a future planet Earth at the end of the film. The sequel Beneath focused on Brent, an astronaut sent on a rescue mission to save Taylor. The third film Escape introduced time travel and shifted the focus towards the apes Zira and Cornelius, who appeared as supporting characters in
3080-465: The Call , was a live-action reboot with a female-oriented cast. directed by Paul Feig , was released on July 15, 2016. Its second project, a sequel to the original Ghostbusters films, titled Ghostbusters: Afterlife was announced by Sony Pictures and Ghost Corps. It was released in theaters on November 19, 2021. The film takes place in the original timeline set by the first two films. Jason Reitman ,
3168-517: The DC Universe and Marvel Universe co-exist. Exceptions include the twenty-four comics released under the metafictional imprint Amalgam Comics in 1996, depicting a shared universe populated by hybridizations of the two companies' characters. Marvel has since referred to this as part of its setting's greater multiverse by labeling it Earth-692. Although DC and Marvel's shared universe approaches to comics have set them apart from competitors in
3256-821: The Internet has furthermore resulted in the creation of online fan networks who help facilitate the exchange of fanworks. Some fans create pictures known as edits , which consist of pictures or photos with their chosen fandom characters in different scenarios. These edits are often shared on social media networks such as Instagram , TikTok, Tumblr or Pinterest . In edits, one may see content relating to several different fandoms. Fans in communities online often make gifs or gif sets about their fandoms. Gifs or gif sets can be used to create non-canon scenarios mixing actual content or adding in related content. Gif sets can also capture minute expressions or moments. Fans use gifs to show how they feel about characters or events in their fandom; these are called reaction gifs. The Temple of
3344-601: The Internet. Another example is the furry -themed Tales from the Blind Pig created at the Transformation Story Archive with some limited publication. Other early examples include the Dargon Project and Devilbunnies. The computer game series Command and Conquer (since 1995) and Red Alert (since 1996) originally were set in the same universe, connected by character Kane, who had
3432-715: The Jedi (1983); together, those three films are known as the original trilogy and focuses on Luke Skywalker , Han Solo and Princess Leia . The prequel trilogy composed of Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999), Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002), and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) expanded the series into a Saga, and focused on Luke Skywalker's father Anakin Skywalker , new cast members portrayed younger versions of characters from
3520-580: The Jedi Order, or Jediism , a self-proclaimed "real living, breathing religion," views itself as separate from the Jedi as portrayed in the Star Wars franchise. Despite this, sociologists view the conflation of religion and fandom in Jediism as legitimate in some sense, classifying both as participatory phenomena. There are also active fan organizations that participate in philanthropy and create
3608-709: The Tiberium timeline. The 2000 musical Seussical presented several works of Dr. Seuss as taking place in the same fictional world. Hasbro toy products including G.I. Joe and Transformers are considered by their manufacturer to exist fictionally within the Hasbro Universe . Related shared universes include the Hasbro Comic Book Universe by IDW Publishing and the Energon Universe by Skybound Entertainment . In
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3696-514: The U.S., fans who wanted to get a hold of anime would leak copies of anime movies and subtitle them to exchange with friends in the community, thus marking the start of fansubs . While the science fiction and anime fandoms grew in media, the Grateful Dead subculture that emerged in the late 1960s to the early 1970s created a global fandom around hippie culture that would have lasting impacts on society and technology. Music fandom in
3784-478: The anthology films, expands the stories of plot points and characters from the main series. Additionally the Star Wars series expanded into video games, comics, novels, short stories, animated series, and RPG adventures, telling original stories based on the franchise, classifying it as an imaginary entertainment environment, where the films share the same continuity as all the other media formats, regardless of
3872-412: The careers of artists, as well as shaping cultural trends within the music industry. Some popular examples of music fandom include Beatlemania , Swifties , Deadheads and The Barbz . The furry fandom refers to the fandom for fictional anthropomorphic animal characters with human personalities and characteristics. The concept of the furry originated at a science fiction convention in 1980, when
3960-403: The case of Firefly the result was the movie Serenity , not another season.) It was likewise the fans who facilitated the push to create a Veronica Mars film through a Kickstarter campaign. Fans of the show Chuck launched a campaign to save the show from being canceled using a Twitter hashtag and buying products from sponsors of the show. Fans of Arrested Development fought for
4048-606: The character Steve Holt to be included in the fourth season. The Save Steve Holt! campaign included a Twitter and Facebook account, a hashtag , and a website. In the music industry, fandoms have played vital roles in shaping the music of their favorite artists. In 2023, Lana Del Rey was featured in Taylor Swift's song "Snow on the Beach", a track off of her popular album Midnights . Both Swifties , Taylor Swift's loyal fan base, and Lana Del Rey fans were disappointed with
4136-569: The common interpretation of the events of that finale is that the entire St. Elsewhere universe – including all connected series – exist only within Westphall's imagination. The spin-off media from Doctor Who , known as the " Whoniverse ", has relatively little consistency given its division into audio plays produced by Big Finish and the BBC, the New Adventures universe novel, or
4224-687: The contribution of multiple authors and does not by itself create a shared universe and is considered a collaborative art form. Incidental appearances, such as that of d'Artagnan in Cyrano de Bergerac , are considered literary cameo appearances . More substantial interaction between characters from different sources is often marketed as a crossover . While crossovers occur in a shared universe, not all crossovers are intended to merge their settings' back-stories and are instead used for marketing, parody, or to explore "what-if" scenarios , often being one-offs. It can become difficult for writers contributing to
4312-486: The different media formats. Lucasfilm's early teams under Carol Wakarska (later Titleman), Lucy Wilson, Allan Kausch, Sue Rostoni, and later, Leland Chee and Pablo Hidalgo, coordinated a cohesive story-telling and ensured consistency and synergy by avoiding plot holes between all the film and non-film works. The Star Wars Legends brand is now used to brand all the re-prints of these Expanded Universe works (television films, animated series, video-games, comics, and novels) of
4400-522: The early 20th century. A wide variety of modern organized Western fan subcultures originated with science fiction fandom , the community of fans of the science fiction and fantasy genres . Science fiction fandom dates back to the 1930s and maintains organized clubs and associations in many cities around the world. Fans have held the annual World Science Fiction Convention since 1939, along with many other events each year, and has created its own jargon , sometimes called " fanspeak ". In addition,
4488-451: The fandom community by sponsoring and presenting at events and conventions dedicated to fandom. Studios frequently create elaborate exhibits, organize panels that feature celebrities and writers of film and television (to promote both existing work and works yet to be released), and engage fans directly with providing Q&A sessions, screening sneak previews, and supplying branded giveaway merchandise. The interest, reception, and reaction of
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#17328011609224576-413: The fandom community to the works being promoted have a marked influence on how film studios and others proceed with the projects and products they exhibit and promote. Fandoms, for example at Comic Con, can sometimes lead to toxic behavior, including harassing other fans or media creators. The rise of the Internet created new and powerful outlets for fandom. While the principles of fandom largely remain
4664-444: The feature, as they felt her contribution was not long enough or sufficiently prominent in the mix. In response, Taylor Swift released an updated version of the track titled "Snow on the Beach (Feat. More Lana Del Rey)", where she sings the entire second verse. Such outcries, even when unsuccessful, suggest a growing self-awareness on the part of entertainment consumers, who appear increasingly likely to attempt to assert their power as
4752-471: The fictional works released after such date. The animated series Star Wars Rebels (2014–2018), was the first work released after. A sequel trilogy formed by Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015), Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) and Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019) featured many returning cast members along with newcomers. The films' main saga is conformed of the original, prequel, and sequel trilogies. A concurrent spin-off film series, known as
4840-522: The film series, but these experiments were "not always conducted as carefully or as thoroughly as audiences, especially fans, would expect in contemporary terms". This is seen in Universal's Frankenstein films , the Dracula films which are sequentially fragmented as Son of Dracula (1943) does not reference narratives or characters from either Dracula (1931) or Dracula's Daughter . Following
4928-497: The form of a series of short-story anthologies with occasional standalone novels. Examples include Robert Lynn Asprin 's Thieves' World , C. J. Cherryh 's Merovingen Nights and Janet Morris ' Heroes in Hell . Within comics, the term shared universe has been used to reflect the overall milieu created by the comic book publisher in which characters, events, and premises from one product line appear in other product lines in
5016-573: The form of video-making as well as writing. Fan fiction may or may not tie in with the story's canon ; sometimes fans use the story's characters in different situations that do not relate to the plot line at all. Especially at events, fans may also partake in cosplay , the creation and wearing of costumes designed in the likeness of characters from a source work, which can also be combined with role-playing , reenacting scenes, or inventing likely behavior inspired by their chosen sources. Others create fan vids , or analytical music videos focusing on
5104-522: The franchise which were produced and/or ceased production before April 2014. Lucas praised these expansions of his work in the introduction to the reprinted Splinter of the Mind's Eye , and included a few elements within his works, such as characters and places. Storytellers after Lucas have also incorporated Legends elements in their stories. As for comic book-based films, there are two cinematic universes based on Marvel Comics characters, both set within
5192-413: The growth, history, and status of the setting is called an "imaginary entertainment environment". The term has also been used in a wider, non-literary sense to convey interdisciplinary or social commonality, often in the context of a "shared universe of discourse". Fiction in some media , such as most television programs and many comic book titles, is understood by viewers or readers to require
5280-539: The industry, other companies have attempted similar models. Valiant Comics and Crossgen both produced titles primarily set from their inception in a single, publisher-wide shared universe, known respectively as Unity and the Sigilverse . Universes in films (or television) mostly consist of a franchise featuring an umbrella of multiple franchises (film or television) set within the same continuity, each franchise within telling its own stand-alone story focusing on
5368-459: The internet. The influence of the Internet on collaborative and interactive fiction has also resulted in a large number of amateur shared universe settings. Amateur authors have created shared universes by contributing to mailing lists , story archives and Usenet . One of the earliest of these settings, SFStory , saw its spin-off setting Superguy cited as illustrative of the potential of
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#17328011609225456-504: The mice were indeed married in their "private life", but that they sometimes appeared as boyfriend and girlfriend for "screen purposes". The Mickey Mouse universe also includes the Donald Duck universe as a subset. The Pixar universe is an elaborate fan theory suggesting that all Pixar animated movies take place in the same universe. At the 2015 D23 Expo , during the "Pixar Secrets Revealed" panel, director Mark Andrews rejected
5544-415: The music industry, all kinds of works by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift , such as her songs , albums , music videos, films , tours , promotional activities, as well as the narratives surrounding her, have been collectively referred to as a musical or cinematic universe by several journalists and media outlets. Fandom A fandom is a subculture composed of fans characterized by
5632-573: The names of songs by Simon and Garfunkel was proposed and publicly discussed by movie creators in 2017. Filmmaker Edgar Wright wrote that the Simon and Garfunkel cinematic universe could begin with his movie Baby Driver and Marc Webb 's The Only Living Boy in New York , and Wright suggested creation of a film named So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright . Subsequently, other writers, directors, and actors expressed their interest in making films within
5720-448: The opportunity to buy and sell related merchandise. Annual conventions such as San Diego Comic-Con , Wondercon , Dragon Con , and New York Comic Con are some of the more well-known and highly attended events that cater to overlapping fandoms. Feminist scholar Adrianne Wadewitz cited Janeites , the devotees of 19th century author Jane Austen , as the earliest example of fandom subculture, beginning around 1870. Another early example
5808-613: The original trilogy, while other actors returned to their original trilogy roles. On television, the lore was expanded through animation, the animated film titled Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008) served as the pilot of an animated series of the same name (2008–2014, 2020). Lucas was deeply creatively involved in the previously mentioned works, but he ceased creative involvement with the Star Wars franchise in 2014. Lucasfilm announced that from April 2014, only such previously mentioned works would be considered canonical, along with all of
5896-493: The planned Adventure into Fear franchise. After Marvel Television was folded into Marvel Studios in December 2019, streaming television shows set in the MCU were developed for Disney+ , beginning with WandaVision (2021). The concept of "universes" has also occasionally been discussed in the context of reality television franchises (which, though documenting real-life individuals and situations, typically involve
5984-510: The previous films, as they travel to the past in Taylor's spaceship. The fourth and fifth films, Conquest and Battle , focus on Zira and Cornelius' son Caesar leading the uprising against the humans and to the future depicted in the original film. A television series and an animated series are also considered part of the story. The origin of the Planet of the Apes in the original timeline before
6072-679: The release of The Wolf Man (1941) and The Ghost of Frankenstein (1942), Universal released Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1942) which operated as a sequel to both films. Proctor suggested that the Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1942), the first crossover in film history, and the ensemble films House of Frankenstein (1944) and House of Dracula (1945) established the first "cinematic universe". Some universes in film have originated as film adaptations of novels, such as
6160-674: The same continuity. Following the films Son of Frankenstein (1939) and Dracula's Daughter (1935), Universal began experimenting with transfictional storytelling with their horror films series throughout the early to mid 1940s. This form was is conceptualized by Richard Saint-Gelais who described it as when "two (or more) texts exhibit a transfictional relationship where they share elements, such as characters, imaginary locations, and fictional worlds." William Proctor in Horror Franchise Cinema (2021) wrote that Universal began transfictional storytelling by applying it to
6248-591: The same, internet users now have the ability to engage in discourse on a global scale, creating an even stronger sense of community among fans. Mark Duffet touches on this point in Popular Music Fandom: Identities, Roles and Practices : "Online social media platforms... have operated as a forthright challenge to the idea that electronic mediation is an alienating and impersonal process". Fandoms engaging with technology began with early engineers trading Grateful Dead set lists and discussing
6336-422: The series shifted towards original scripts. However, all films are set within a single, coherent fictional continuity, even if the writers, directors and cast change between films. Aspects of the fictional universe are retained between films. The Planet of the Apes film series also originated as a film adaptation of the novel of the same name, taking many creative liberties. The original film titled Planet of
6424-471: The series. Comic-Con Begins was expanded into the book See You at San Diego: An Oral History of Comic-Con, Fandom, and the Triumph of Geek Culture by creator Mathew Klickstein and published by Fantagraphics on September 6, 2022. The book includes forewords by cartoonists Stan Sakai and Jeff Smith , and an afterword by Wu-Tang Clan 's RZA . Fangirl is a novel written by Rainbow Rowell about
6512-467: The setting's fandom . Some writers, in an effort to ensure that a canon can be established and to keep details of the setting believable, employ tools to correct contradictions and errors that result from multiple contributors working over a long period of time. One such tool is retconning , short for "retroactive continuity", which resolves errors in continuity that came about through previously-written conflicting material. Readers may also object when
6600-533: The setup of the band's concert speaker system, called the "Wall of Sound," on ARPANET , a precursor to the Internet. This led to tape trading over FTP , and the Internet Archive began to add Grateful Dead shows in 1995. Online tape trading communities such as etree evolved into P2P networks trading shows through torrents . After the birth of the World Wide Web , many communities adopted
6688-480: The several authors of the Man-Kzin Wars series. By contrast, author Eric Flint edited and published collaborations with fan fiction writers directly, expanding his 1632 series . A setting may also be expanded in a similar manner after the death of its creator, although this posthumous expansion does not meet some strict definitions of a shared universe. One such example is August Derleth 's development of
6776-595: The son of Ghostbusters' original director Ivan Reitman , directed the sequel. A teaser trailer was released on January 14, 2019. Ghostbusters: Frozen Empire was announced in April 2022 as the company's third project. It was originally scheduled for release on December 20, 2023, but was delayed to March 29, 2024 due to the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike , before being moved up a week to March 22, 2024 in January 2024. Shared universe A shared universe or shared world
6864-417: The source fandom, and yet others create fan art . Such activities are sometimes known as " fan labor " or " fanac " (an abbreviation for "fan activity"). The advent of the Internet has significantly facilitated fan association and activities. Activities that have been aided by the Internet include the creation of fan "shrines" dedicated to favorite characters, computer screen wallpapers, and avatars. The rise of
6952-448: The theory, with Inside Out co-director Ronnie del Carmen adding "Do you know what kinds of meetings we'd have to have to make sure all our movies line up?!" The DC Animated Universe (DCAU) is a television universe that encompasses different animated series based on characters from DC Comics but its associated media includes feature and short films, comic books and video games as well. Shared timeslines originate in video games and
7040-500: The time travel occurred was explained in a prequel-reboot film series with the ape Cesar becoming the main protagonist again, with the story focused on his life from childhood to an old ape, and how the conflict between the apes and the humans started. The Star Wars film series was created by George Lucas , produced by his self-funded production company Lucasfilm. It originated with the film Star Wars (1977), followed by two sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of
7128-587: The universe, such as Rian Johnson : Keep the Customer Satisfied ; Lin-Manuel Miranda : Cecilia ; Marc Webb and Dwayne Johnson : I Am a Rock . This refers to universes that are based on television shows without any films. Television series may lead to a spin-off series set in the same universe, often focusing on a single character from the original. The American sitcom Cheers led to two spin-off series, Frasier and The Tortellis . An example of shared universes among television shows
7216-609: The wars between mankind and the Kzinti . The degree to which he has made the setting available for other writers became a topic of controversy, when Elf Sternberg created an erotic short story set in Known Space following an author's note from Niven indicating that "[i]f you want more Known Space stories, you'll have to write them yourself". Niven has since clarified that his setting is still to be used only "under restricted circumstances and with permission", which Niven granted to
7304-445: The works and characters are independent except for a single meeting. The term shared universe is also used within comics to reflect the overall milieu created by the comic book publisher in which characters, events, and premises from one product line appear in other product lines in a media franchise . A specific kind of shared universe that is published across a variety of media (such as novels and films), each of them contributing to
7392-412: Was fans of the literary detective Sherlock Holmes , holding public demonstrations of mourning after Holmes was "killed off" in 1893, and creating some of the first fan fiction as early as about 1897 to 1902. Outside the scope of media, railway enthusiasts are another early fandom with its roots in the late 19th century that began to gain in popularity and increasingly organize in the first decades of
7480-540: Was launched as a six-part series starting June 22, 2021. It presents the history of both San Diego Comic-Con and the modern fandom scene it helped to spawn, as told by nearly 50 surviving foundational SDCC members, fandom experts, and special guests such as: Kevin Smith , Neil Gaiman , Frank Miller , Felicia Day , Trina Robbins , Maggie Thompson , the Russo brothers , and Bruce Campbell . Cosplay pioneer, scream queen , and foundational SDCC member Brinke Stevens hosts
7568-406: Was not in the spirit of the community. There is contention over fans not being paid for their time or work. Gaming companies use fans to alpha and beta test their games in exchange for early access or promotional merchandise. The TV show Glee used fans to create promotional materials, though they did not compensate them. The entertainment industry has promoted its work directly to members of
7656-450: Was taken down for mature content that violated the site's terms of service. James rewrote the story to take out any references to Twilight and self-published on The Writer's Coffee Shop in May 2011. The book was published by Random House in 2012 and was very popular, selling over 100 million copies. However, many fans were not happy about James using fan fiction to make money and felt it
7744-418: Was the case in the television show Glee . Trends on discussion boards have been known to influence the writers and producers of shows. The media fandom for the TV series Firefly was able to generate enough corporate interest to create a movie after the series was canceled. Some fans write fan fiction ("fanfic"), stories based on the universe and characters of their chosen fandom. This fiction can take
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