143-545: Prime Minister of Italy (2018–2021) President of the M5S (2021–present) Giuseppe Conte ( Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe ˈkonte] ; born 8 August 1964) is an Italian jurist , academic, and politician who served as prime minister of Italy from June 2018 to February 2021. He has been the president of the Five Star Movement (M5S) since August 2021. Conte spent the greater part of his career as
286-523: A Ministry of Public Education led by former undersecretary Lucia Azzolina (M5S), and a Ministry of University and Research led by the dean of the University of Naples Federico II Gaetano Manfredi (Independent), who were sworn in on 10 January. Between December 2020 and January 2021, discussions arose within the government coalition between Conte and Matteo Renzi , former prime minister and leader of Italia Viva. Renzi called for radical changes to
429-662: A plurality of seats, receiving more votes together but without an absolute majority, in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate. The centre-left coalition led by former prime minister Matteo Renzi came in third. On 9 May, following weeks of political deadlock and the failure of various attempts of forming cabinets both between M5S and the centre-right and the Democratic Party (PD), Di Maio and Salvini responded to President Sergio Mattarella 's ultimatum to put together
572-635: A private law professor and was also a member of the Italian Bureau of Administrative Justice from 2013 to 2018. Following the 2018 Italian general election , he was proposed as the independent leader of a coalition government between the M5S and the League , despite his having never held any political position before. After both parties agreed on a programme of government, he was sworn in as prime minister on 1 June by President Sergio Mattarella , appointing
715-687: A technocrat , appointed to implement the government programme of M5S and the League, during the final months of his first cabinet and throughout his second one Conte became an increasingly influential and popular figure in Italian politics. During his premiership, he introduced important reforms including the introduction of a guaranteed minimum income , a constitutional reform to reduce the number of parliamentarians, nationalizations of ASPI (Italy's highway company), Alitalia (the Italian flag carrier ), and Ilva (Italy's largest steel company), as well as
858-459: A bellicose authoritarian prime minister, ally and admirer of Bismarck. His career ended amid controversy and failure due to becoming involved in a major banking scandal and subsequently fell from power in 1896 after a devastating colonial defeat in Ethiopia. He is often seen as a precursor of the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini . In 1892, Giovanni Giolitti , a leftist lawyer and politician,
1001-459: A cabinet including all of the major parliamentary leaders such as himself, Charles James Fox , and Lord Grenville . This proved impossible because of irreconcilable policy differences between the factions (including Fox's opposition to the war in general), Fox's intense animosity towards Pitt the Younger, and King George III 's refusal to appoint a government including Fox. After the death of Pitt
1144-779: A conference called Progettiamo il Rilancio ( We Plan the Relaunch ), better known as "estates general", in Villa Doria Pamphili in Rome, with the aim of "forging a coherent and well-funded plan for Italy's economic recovery from the coronavirus crisis". The government invited prominent international politicians including Paolo Gentiloni , David Sassoli and Ursula von der Leyen , economists such as Christine Lagarde , Ignazio Visco , Kristalina Georgieva , Olivier Jean Blanchard , Esther Duflo and Tito Boeri , and top managers like Vittorio Colao . The three main trade unions of
1287-540: A crime. The decree was abolished in December 2020. On 23 September 2019, Italy and other four European countries, Germany, France, Malta and Finland, agreed on a draft deal to present to other EU countries on how to manage the migrant crisis and distribute those saved from the Mediterranean. This agreement was considered a victory for Conte and his new interior minister, Luciana Lamorgese . On 8 April 2020, amid
1430-428: A few days of inconclusive negotiations with centrist and independent senators, Conte resigned as prime minister. In a statement posted on his Facebook page, he stated: "We have been going through a phase of real emergency. The widespread suffering of citizens, deep social unrest and economic difficulties require a clear perspective and a government that has a wider and more secure majority." The Prime Minister also demanded
1573-420: A mixture of independent experts as well as politicians from most of Italy's political parties: the Five Star Movement, Democratic Party, League , Forza Italia , Italia Viva , and Free and Equal . The following is a list of national unity or grand coalition governments: From 2008 to 2013, Kenya was governed by Government of National Unity between the rival Party of National Unity of Mwai Kibaki and
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#17327942490911716-577: A national unity government in order to handle the crisis and draft a constitution that's been long overdue. The major political parties and unified political fronts have agreed to settle the disputed issues of the constitution drafting process by 3 June and to form a national unity government. The Palestinian Unity Government of June 2014 was a national unity government of the Palestinian National Authority under Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas formed on 2 June 2014 following
1859-660: A national unity government is more favorable in this country. Unlike other democracies, no group in Lebanon can govern alone. Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh , selected as Prime Minister of Libya by the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum (LPDF) on 5 February 2021, is required under the agreements made by the LPDF to nominate a cabinet of ministers to the House of Representatives (HoR) by 26 February 2021, establishing
2002-603: A national unity government was the third Andreotti Cabinet , also known as non-no confidence vote government, as the Italian Communist Party decided to not take part at the confidence vote. The communists voted in favour of the motion of confidence for the following cabinet , still led by Giulio Andreotti . During the Eurozone crisis , the two main parties, The People of Freedom and the Democratic Party , along with other minor political forces, supported
2145-516: A negative outcome. Following the unsuccessful government formation, Mattarella gave Mario Draghi , former president of the European Central Bank , the task of forming a new cabinet. On the following day, Conte met Draghi. On 4 February, during a brief declaration in front of Chigi Palace , Conte officially endorsed Draghi, asking M5S, PD and LeU to support the former ECB President and join his government. Conte also presented himself as
2288-400: A neutral technocratic caretaker-led government by officially requesting that he give them 24 more hours to achieve a governing agreement between their two parties. In the evening of that same day, Silvio Berlusconi publicly announced that Forza Italia would not support a M5S–League government on a vote of confidence, but he would still back the centre-right alliance, thus opening the doors to
2431-506: A new coalition government from Conservatives and a minority of Liberals opposed to Asquith's handling of the war, which was opposed by Asquith's Liberals. In the 1918 general election held after the end of the war, Coalition -endorsed candidates won a large majority. Thereafter a coalition that faced few opposition MPs under David Lloyd George lasted until 1922 when, at the Carlton Club meeting , Conservative backbenchers declared that
2574-406: A new government. At their meeting with President Mattarella, both parties asked for an additional week of negotiations to agree a detailed government programme and a prime minister to lead their joint government. Both M5S and the League announced their intention to ask their respective members to vote on the government agreement by the weekend. On 21 May, Conte was proposed by Di Maio and Salvini for
2717-536: A possible leader of the M5S–PD–LeU coalition which, according to him, must continue to cooperate, even after the end of his government. On economic and fiscal issues, one of the main proposals of his first government was a reform of the Italian tax system , with the introduction of a 15% rate flat tax for small entrepreneurs and self-employed with an amount of annual revenues less than €65,000. Though this "flat regime"
2860-495: A possible majority government between the two parties. On 13 May, M5S and the League reached an agreement in principle on a government programme, possibly clearing the way for the formation of a governing coalition between the two parties but could not reach an agreement on the members of a governing cabinet, most importantly the Prime Minister. M5S and League leaders met with President Sergio Mattarella on 14 May to shape
3003-588: A ruling coalition. Such coalitions were formed in the days leading up to the Six-Day War in 1967, in the late 1980s and amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 . The 36th government , formed in 2021, was a national unity government that has been frequently described as the most diverse governments in Israeli history, consisting of right-wing, centrist, left-wing and one Arab Islamist political party. Following
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#17327942490913146-543: A series of laws that transformed the nation into a one-party dictatorship . Within five years, he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. In 1925 the title of "President of the Council of Ministers" was changed into "Head of the Government, Prime Minister Secretary of State", symbolizing the new dictatorial powers of Mussolini. The convention that
3289-562: A simple majority in the Dewan Rakyat from the 15th general election (GE15). Upon the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 's call to form a unity government, both Pakatan Harapan and Barisan Nasional agreed to join forces, with Anwar Ibrahim elected as the Prime Minister while Perikatan Nasional decided to be the opposition party. After the 2021 Myanmar coup , on 16 April 2021, the exiled Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (CRPH) announced
3432-534: A single party gaining a majority of Members of Parliament , who have run most departments and the government legislation of the country since the early 20th century. After the formation of clear political parties in the Lords and Commons, the first national unity government came in response to the Napoleonic Wars . William Pitt the Younger offered to replace Prime Minister Henry Addington 's government with
3575-462: A stricter policy towards illegal immigration . In 2020, Italy became one of the countries worst affected by the COVID-19 pandemic . His government was the first in the Western world to implement a national lockdown to stop the spread of the disease. Despite being widely approved by public opinion, the lockdown was also described as the largest suppression of constitutional rights in the history of
3718-733: A time of crisis. However, the ministry was frustrated in its attempts to make peace with the First French Empire , and despite one major legislative success (the Slave Trade Act 1807 banning the Atlantic slave trade in the British Empire ), it fell apart in 1807 over the question of Catholic Emancipation and was replaced following a general election by a Tory ministry led by the Duke of Portland . The world wars and
3861-738: A very unstable political system as in its first sixty years of existence (1861–1921) Italy changed its head of the government 37 times. Regarding this situation, the first goal of Benito Mussolini , appointed in 1922 , was to abolish the Parliament's ability to put him to a vote of no confidence , basing his power on the will of the King and the National Fascist Party alone. After destroying all political opposition through his secret police and outlawing labor strikes, Mussolini and his Fascist followers consolidated their power through
4004-609: A vote of confidence in Cottarelli, while the M5S and the center-right parties Forza Italia (FI), Brothers of Italy (FdI) and the League, said they would vote against him. Cottarelli was expected to submit his list of ministers for approval to President Mattarella on 29 May. On that and the following day, he held only informal consultations with the President, waiting for the formation of a "political government". Meanwhile, Salvini and Di Maio announced their willingness to restart
4147-433: Is a broad coalition government consisting of all parties (or all major parties) in the legislature, usually formed during a time of war or other national emergency . A unity government according to the principles of consensus democracy lacks opposition, or opposition parties are too small and negligible. Following the disputed 2014 presidential elections , a National Unity Government (NUG) between both run-off candidates
4290-644: Is considered one of the most prominent supporters of state intervensionism . In April 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe , Conte became the most vocal supporter of issuing Eurobonds to assist with the crisis, describing the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) as "completely inadequate". Conte found key allies in France, Spain, Belgium , Ireland, Portugal , Greece , Slovenia and Luxembourg , which demanded more be done to cope with
4433-542: Is often called ecumenical government : There are five periods in Hungary when national unity governments emerged: A national unity government, following the failure of government formation after the 2020 general election , was suggested to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic . Instead, a Fianna Fáil – Fine Gael – Green coalition was formed, creating the 32nd government of Ireland . Israel has had several national unity governments, in which major rival parties formed
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4576-486: Is part of the Benetton family owned Atlantia . The M5S asked the revocation of license to Benetton family and the nationalization of ASPI. Despite bitter controversies, the revocation was not immediately implemented. The last two cable-stayed pillars of the bridge were removed through explosive demolition on 28 June 2019. The complete bridge was scheduled to be removed, along with many damaged residential buildings in
4719-635: Is required by the Constitution to have the supreme confidence of the majority of the voting members of the Parliament . In addition to powers inherent in being a member of the Cabinet, the prime minister holds specific powers, most notably being able to nominate a list of Cabinet ministers to be appointed by the president of the Republic and the countersigning of all legislative instruments having
4862-461: The 2018 Italian general election where the anti-establishment Five Star Movement become the largest party in Parliament, Giuseppe Conte (leader of Five Star) was sworn in as prime minister, at the head of a populist coalition of Five Star Movement and the League . After the 2019 European Parliament election in Italy , where the League exceeded Five Star Movement, Matteo Salvini (leader of
5005-555: The Democratic Party (SD)—broke down soon after, as the ZSL and SD formed an alliance with Solidarity. This forced President Wojciech Jaruzelski to appoint the Cabinet of Tadeusz Mazowiecki on September 12, 1989, Poland's first government since World War II with a non-Communist majority. It was a national unity government of Solidarity-endorsed ministers alongside the PZPR, ZSL, and SD, with
5148-515: The European Central Bank , Prime Minister. His new cabinet was supported by most Italian parties, including the League, M5S, PD, and FI. In October 2022, President Mattarella appointed Giorgia Meloni as Italy's first female prime minister, following the resignation of Mario Draghi amidst a government crisis and a general election . National unity government List of forms of government A national unity government , government of national unity ( GNU ), or national union government
5291-563: The European Council agreed on a ESM without conditionality to sustain direct and indirect healthcare costs and the implementation of the a recovery fund to help with post-COVID reconstruction. On 13 May, the Council of Ministers approved the so-called "Relaunch decree", with a budget of nearly €55 billion. This decree included "emergency income" for lower-income families, self-employed workers and economics aid to businesses. From 13 to 21 June 2020, Prime Minister Conte organized
5434-536: The Fascist regime , the position was transformed into the dictatorial position of Head of the Government, Prime Minister, Secretary of State ( Capo del Governo, Primo Ministro, Segretario di Stato ) held by Benito Mussolini , Duce of Fascism, who officially governed on the behalf of the king of Italy . King Victor Emmanuel III removed Mussolini from office in 1943 and the position was restored with Marshal Pietro Badoglio becoming prime minister in 1943, although
5577-745: The Fatah-Hamas Reconciliation Agreement that had been signed on 23 April 2014. The ministers were nominally independent, but overwhelmingly seen as loyal to President Abbas and his Fatah movement or to smaller leftist factions, none of whom were believed to have close ties to Hamas . However, the Unity Government was not approved by the Palestinian Legislative Council , leading to its legitimacy being questioned. The Unity Government dissolved on 17 June 2015 after President Abbas said it
5720-518: The Government of National Unity (Libya) . Luxembourg has had two National Union Governments . The first was formed in 1916, during World War I (in which Luxembourg was neutral , but occupied by Germany nonetheless). It was led by Victor Thorn and included all of the major factions in the Chamber of Deputies , but lasted for only sixteen months. The second National Union Government
5863-528: The Hamas attacks of October 2023 , the National Unity party became part of an Israeli war cabinet . In the republican era , the first two cabinets, led by Alcide De Gasperi , were supported by all three of the following parties, the pro-American Christian Democrats and the pro-Soviet Italian Communist Party and Italian Socialist Party . Afterwards, the first government generally recognised as
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6006-635: The International Culture Institute in Vienna in 1993. He later researched or lectured at Sorbonne University in 2000, Girton College, Cambridge in 2001 and New York University in 2008. He began his academic career during the 1990s when he taught at Roma Tre University , at LUMSA University in Rome, at the University of Malta , and at the University of Sassari in Sardinia. Conte is currently professor of private law at
6149-575: The Italian Communist Party (PCI), the largest one in Western Europe. In the first years of the Republic, the governments were led by De Gasperi, who is also considered a founding father of the European Union . After the death of De Gasperi, Italy returned in a period of political instability and a lot of cabinets were formed in few decades. The second part of the 20th century was dominated by De Gasperi's protégé Giulio Andreotti , who
6292-723: The Italian Space Agency (ASI) and in 2012 he was appointed by the Bank of Italy as a member of the "Banking and Financial Arbitrage " commission. He served also in the scientific committee of the Italian Foundation of Notaries . On 18 September 2013, he was elected by the Chamber of Deputies as a member of the Bureau of Administrative Justice, the self-governing body of administrative magistrates, on which he also served as vice president. In February 2018, Conte
6435-607: The Liberal Party , Prime Minister H. H. Asquith agreed to form a new coalition ministry with the Conservative Party in response to World War I in 1915. However, the government remained dominated by the Liberals with few Conservatives in important Cabinet posts. Asquith resigned as Conservatives refused to serve in his government in 1916, and David Lloyd George and Conservative Party Leader Bonar Law formed
6578-474: The Mediterranean Sea . On 24 September 2018, the Council of Ministers approved the "Salvini decree", which contained a series of hardline measures that saw the Italian government abolish key forms of protection for migrants and make it easier for them to be deported. The decree also suspends the refugee application process of those who are considered "socially dangerous" or who have been convicted of
6721-470: The Minister of Infrastructure and Transport , announced that the bridge-operation license would be temporarily assigned to previous operators ASPI. This gave rise to harsh criticism both from the right-wing opposition and the M5S. On 13 July, Conte stepped in to halt any possible prorogation of the license to ASPI, commenting that the company's proposal "was totally unacceptable", and he added: "The members of
6864-525: The Monti cabinet , and eventually, after the 2013 general election , formed a grand coalition in support of the Letta Cabinet , which, however, was opposed by a new major political force in parliament, the anti-establishment Five Star Movement . The Draghi Cabinet , formed during the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting economic crisis , has been described as a national unity government. It comprises
7007-473: The Movement for Democratic Change – Mutambara (led by Arthur Mutambara ), and the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (led by Robert Mugabe ) created a framework for a power-sharing executive government between the two parties. These negotiations followed the 2008 presidential election , in which Mugabe was controversially re-elected, as well as the 2008 parliamentary election, in which
7150-599: The Orange Democratic Movement of Raila Odinga following the 2007 presidential election and subsequent violence . This was due to the ODM winning the majority of seats in the National Assembly , but controversially losing the presidential election by a margin that has since been called into question for its validity. Since Lebanon is a multireligious state and consensus democracy , having
7293-729: The Taliban won the Afghanistan War and recaptured the country. During World War I, the Conservative government of Sir Robert Borden invited the Liberal opposition to join the government as a means of dealing with the Conscription crisis of 1917 . The Liberals, led by Sir Wilfrid Laurier refused; however, Borden was able to convince many individual Liberals to join what was called a Union Government , which defeated
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#17327942490917436-404: The University of Florence and at Rome's LUISS . He sits on the board of trustees of John Cabot University in Rome. Conte's claim to have completed studies at New York University has been questioned, with the institution stating that "A person by this name does not show up in any of our records as either a student or faculty member." In 2010 and 2011, Conte served on the board of directors of
7579-554: The confidence of the legislature. In addition, Luxembourg had a Liberation Government between November 1944 and November 1945, also under Dupong. It served a similar emergency role to a national government, but included only the two largest parties, the CSV and the LSAP . For the first time in Malaysian history, a hung parliament occurred when no political party managed to command
7722-490: The coronavirus pandemic , the government closed all Italian ports until 31 July, stating that they could not ensure the necessary requirements for the classification and definition of "safe place", established by the Hamburg Rules on maritime search and rescue." On 14 August 2018, during a torrential rainstorm over the city of Genoa , a 210-metre (690 ft) section of the Ponte Morandi collapsed. Between 30 and 35 cars and three trucks were reported to have fallen from
7865-460: The general election of 1945 . In 2019, the idea of a government of National Unity was proposed by politicians including Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn and Liberal Democrats leader Jo Swinson to stop a no-deal Brexit spearheaded by Prime Minister Boris Johnson . The Belfast Agreement , which sets out the workings of the Northern Ireland Assembly , effectively enforces all-party governments in Northern Ireland . All governments formed since
8008-518: The international sanctions against Russia. The Senate backed the confidence vote in the Chamber of Deputies, voting 171 in favor and 117 against, with 25 abstentions. The cabinet was supported by M5S, Lega, two senators from Associative Movement Italians Abroad (MAIE) and two independents while the Democratic Party (PD), Forza Italia (FI), Free and Equal (LeU) and other small leftist parties voted against it. The far-right Brothers of Italy (FdI) and another ten independent senators abstained. On
8151-407: The minister of economy and finances and economist Paolo Savona , who served in the cabinet of Carlo Azeglio Ciampi in the 1990s and is currently known for his Eurosceptic views, who became the new Minister of European Affairs. Party leaders Salvini and Di Maio were both appointed Deputy Prime Ministers . While Salvini became Minister of the Interior , with the main aim of drastically reducing
8294-450: The number of illegal immigrants , Di Maio served as Minister of Economic Development , Labour and Social Policies responsible for introducing the universal basic income . The coalition of the two populist parties which Conte led was also known as the Government of Change , because of a document that summarized the electoral programmes of the two parties, which was called "Contract for the Government of Change". During his speech before
8437-411: The " Clean Hands " ( mani pulite ) investigation—demanded radical reforms. The scandals involved all major parties, but especially those in the government coalition: the Christian Democrats, who ruled for almost 50 years, underwent a severe crisis and eventually disbanded, splitting up into several factions. Moreover, the Communist Party was reorganised as a social-democratic force, the Democratic Party of
8580-404: The "defense lawyer of the Italian people". On 27 May, Conte resigned his office because of disagreements between Salvini and President Mattarella. Salvini proposed the university professor Paolo Savona as Minister of Economy and Finances , but Mattarella strongly opposed him, considering Savona too Eurosceptic and anti-German . In his speech after Conte's resignation, Mattarella declared that
8723-400: The "first modern populist government in Western Europe". Conte has often been called "the people's lawyer" ( l'avvocato del popolo ), as he described himself during his first speech as prime minister. Conte was born on 8 August 1964 into a middle-class family at Volturara Appula , near Foggia . His father Nicola was a public employee in the local municipality, while his mother Lillina Roberti
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#17327942490918866-402: The Benetton family have not yet understood that this government will not sacrifice the good of the public on the altar of their interests." Prime Minister of Italy The prime minister of Italy , officially the president of the Council of Ministers (Italian: Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri ), is the head of government of the Italian Republic . The office of president of
9009-447: The COVID-19 pandemic was especially severe in Italy. In July 2020, to assist with the COVID-19 recession , Conte and other European leaders approved the Next Generation EU package, by which Italy will receive 209 billion euros in grants and loans from the European Recovery Fund. When Matteo Renzi 's Italia Viva withdrew its support for Conte's government, it started the 2021 Italian government crisis in January. Although Conte
9152-501: The COVID-19 pandemic; while Germany, the Netherlands , Austria , Finland and Estonia strongly opposed the eurobonds. Conte, during an interview with German weekly Die Zeit , questioned: "What do we want to do in Europe? Does each member state want to go its own way?", He also added: "If we are a union, now is the time to prove it." On 8 April, he stated "we should loosen the European fiscal rules, otherwise we would have to cancel Europe and everyone will go their own way." On 23 April,
9295-411: The Chamber of Deputies and resigned. His successor, Mario Monti , formed a new government, composed of "technicians" and supported by both the center-left and the center-right. In April 2013, after the general election in February, the Vice Secretary of the Democratic Party (PD) Enrico Letta led a government composed by both center-left and the center-right. On 22 February 2014, after tensions in
9438-427: The Chamber of Deputies with 321 votes in favour, 259 against and 27 abstentions. On the following day, Conte won a vote of confidence in the Senate too, with 156 votes in favor, 140 against and 16 abstentions; however, despite being externally supported by two dissident members of Forza Italia and three senators for life, the government was not able to reach an absolute majority in the upper house. On 26 January, after
9581-471: The Communists still controlling the Defense and Interior ministries. The PZPR was dissolved on January 29, 1990 and its former ministers resigned on July 6. A national unity government (known as the Sacred Union Government ; Port. : Governo da União Sagrada ) was in place during the first year of Portuguese participation in World War I , led by the Evolutionist Party president António José de Almeida from March 15, 1916 to April 25, 1917, and with
9724-480: The Council of Ministers is established by articles 92–96 of the Constitution of Italy ; the president of the Council of Ministers is appointed by the president of the Republic and must have the confidence of the Parliament to stay in office. Prior to the establishment of the Italian Republic, the position was called President of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of Italy ( Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri del Regno d'Italia ). From 1925 to 1943 during
9867-438: The Democratic Party the PD's Secretary Matteo Renzi was sworn in as the new prime minister. Renzi proposed several reforms, including a radical overhaul of the Senate and a new electoral law. However, the proposed reforms were rejected on 4 December 2016 by a referendum . Following the referendum's results, Renzi resigned and his Foreign Affairs Minister Paolo Gentiloni was appointed new prime minister. On 1 June 2018, after
10010-499: The European leaders agreed on a new proposal by the president of the Council, Charles Michel , which provided a budget of €750 billion for the Recovery Fund , composed of €390 billion in grants and €360 billion in loans. Italy would benefit from nearly €82 billion in grants and €127 billion in loans. Prime Minister Conte described the deal as an "historic day for Italy and Europe". When Conte became prime minister in 2018, he acted quickly to deliver on promises to
10153-484: The GNU to form a grand coalition of ten parties, with jointly 287 seats in the 400 seat parliament (72%). Following the fall of the Mahinda Rajapaksa regime, the United National Party who won the 2015 elections formed a National Unity Government with the main opposition Sri Lanka Freedom Party Under Maithripala Sirisena and Ranil Wickramasinghe . Sweden has only had one national unity government; The Hansson III Cabinet during World War II . The government
10296-542: The Italian Republic and the third-longest serving in the whole history after Mussolini and Giolitti. Ousted after a few months of government, Berlusconi returned to power in 2001, lost the 2006 general election five years later to Romano Prodi and his Union coalition, but won the 2008 general election and was elected prime minister for the third time in May 2008. In November 2011, Berlusconi lost his majority in
10439-483: The Italian Republic, although the Constitution itself authorizes such measures in case of public health concerns. Conte's extensive use of prime ministerial decrees to impose restrictions aimed at containing the pandemic gave rise to criticism from journalists, political analysts, and opposition politicians, even if it was widely appreciated by public opinion, as shown by several opinion polls. The economic impact of
10582-552: The Laurier Liberals in the fall 1917 election . During World War II , the opposition Conservative Party ran under the name National Government in the 1940 election as a means of promoting their platform of creating a wartime national government coalition (evocative of the previous war's Union government ). The party was not successful in the election, which re-elected the Liberal government of William Lyon Mackenzie King , whose party continued to rule alone for
10725-776: The League) proposed a no-confidence vote in Conte. Conte resigned, but after the consultations between the President Sergio Mattarella and the political parties, Conte was reappointed as prime minister, heading a government of the Five Star Movement and the Democratic Party of Nicola Zingaretti . In January 2021, the centrist party Italia Viva , led by former prime minister Renzi, withdrew its support to Conte's government. In February 2021, President Mattarella appointed Mario Draghi , former President of
10868-451: The Left . In the midst of the mani pulite operation which shook political parties in 1994, media magnate Silvio Berlusconi , owner of three private TV channels, founded Forza Italia (Forward Italy) party and won the elections, becoming one of Italy's most important political and economic figures for the next decade. Berlusconi is also the longest-serving prime minister in the history of
11011-476: The M5S and League leaders as his joint deputies. In August 2019, the League filed a motion of no confidence in the coalition government and Conte offered to resign as prime minister; the M5S and the Democratic Party agreed to form a new government , with Conte remaining at its head. This made Conte the first prime minister to lead two separate Italian governments made up of right-wing and left-wing coalition partners. Despite having begun his political career as
11154-528: The Minister of Education, Universities and Research Lorenzo Fioramonti resigned after disagreements with the rest of the cabinet over the recently approved 2020 budget bill. Fioramonti considered the share of funds dedicated to education and research to be insufficient. Conte took the ministerial role ad interim , and announced his decision to split the Ministry of Education, University and Research into two:
11297-483: The President". Such instances include the attack on Pearl Harbor , the assassination of John F. Kennedy , and the September 11 attacks , all of which not only had a worldwide effect, but preceded a massive spike in the approval rating of the sitting president. The 2008–2009 Zimbabwean political negotiations between the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (led by Morgan Tsvangirai ), its small splinter group,
11440-545: The Younger in 1806, King George finally acquiesced and allowed Grenville and Fox to form a new " Ministry of All the Talents ." This ministry had cross-party support, ranging from very socially conservative Tories , and the broad range of Whigs (among them Charles James Fox and the Foxites as well as Grenvillites ), selected for their combined broad political support in both Houses of Parliament and known capabilities in
11583-627: The assassination of the Christian Democrat leader Aldo Moro in 1978 and the Bologna railway station massacre in 1980, where 85 people died. In the 1980s, for the first time since 1945 two governments were led by non-Christian Democrat prime ministers: one Republican ( Giovanni Spadolini ) and one Socialist ( Bettino Craxi ). However, the Christian Democrats remained the main government party. During Craxi's government,
11726-479: The bridge, with the deaths of 43 people. The day after the collapse, Conte declared a state of emergency for the Liguria region, which would last for a year. After few days, Conte appointed Marco Bucci , the elected mayor of Genoa, as extraordinary commissioner for bridge reconstruction. In addition, the government put pressure on the managers of the Italian highway company, Autostrade per l’Italia (ASPI), which
11869-520: The cabinet in support of Salvini, and with the hope that a M5S government could lead to the party's failure. On 5 February 2019, Conte became acting Minister of European Affairs after the resignation of Paolo Savona , who was elected President of the Companies and Exchange Commission (CONSOB). He held the ad interim office until 10 July 2019, when he appointed Lorenzo Fontana as the new minister. In August 2019, after growing tensions within
12012-466: The candidate for office was appointed by the king and presided over a very unstable political system. The first prime minister was Camillo Benso di Cavour , who was appointed on 23 March 1861, but he died on 6 June the same year. From 1861 to 1911, Historical Right and Historical Left prime ministers alternatively governed the country. According to the letter of the Statuto Albertino ,
12155-422: The collapse of Conte's government . Conte was soon backed by many members of his cabinet, like Dario Franceschini , Luigi Di Maio , Roberto Speranza , Stefano Patuanelli , Alfonso Bonafede , Vincenzo Spadafora and Riccardo Fraccaro . On the following day, Conte took the ad interim roles of Minister of Agriculture and Minister for Family . On 18 January 2021, the government won the vote of confidence in
12298-490: The collapse of the First United Front. This new front acted as a national unity government for the extent of the war and represented the solely recognised government for China at the time, though the overall level of cooperation between the two parties – past the cessation of hostility – was mostly nominal. Croatia formed a national unity government in 1991 under prime minister Franjo Gregurić in response to
12441-536: The country, CGIL , CISL and UIL , and the Italian industrial employers' confederation, Confindustria , also took part in this estates general. The Prime Minister also invited also the opposition leaders; however, on 10 June, Matteo Salvini , Giorgia Meloni and Antonio Tajani said they would not take part in the conference. From 17 to 21 July, Giuseppe Conte took part in one of the longest European Councils in history. After days of harsh confrontations, especially between Conte and Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte ,
12584-703: The country, however since neither party was the centrally recognised Government of China at the time the First United Front cannot be viewed as a true example of a national unity government. Following the advent of the Second Sino-Japanese War , the KMT, the now solely recognised central party of the country, once again opted to form the Second United Front with the CCP – the two parties at this point had been engaged in an open civil war since
12727-571: The duration of World War II . The Dominion of Newfoundland (not to be part of Canada for another three decades) had a National Government during World War I led by Edward Patrick Morris . In modern Chinese history, the Republic of China twice saw United Fronts forms to provide national unity in a time of civil conflict. The First United Front (1923–1927) saw the Nationalists (KMT) and Communists (CCP) unite to end warlordism within
12870-611: The economy recovered and Italy became the world's fifth-largest industrial nation, gaining entry into the Group of Seven , but as a result of his spending policies, the Italian national debt skyrocketed during the Craxi era, soon passing 100% of the GDP. In the early 1990s, Italy faced significant challenges as voters—disenchanted with political paralysis, massive public debt and the extensive corruption system (known as Tangentopoli ) uncovered by
13013-444: The enactment of several policies of government intervention. Besides putting in place several tariffs , subsidies and government projects, Giolitti also nationalized the private telephone and railroad operators. Liberal proponents of free trade criticized the "Giolittian System", although Giolitti himself saw the development of the national economy as essential in the production of wealth. The Italian prime minister presided over
13156-435: The first from Southern Italy since Ciriaco De Mita in 1989. Conte was also the longest-serving independent prime minister in the history of Italy, even though he was widely seen as close to the M5S. Because of his leadership style, Conte has often been considered one of the leading examples of techno-populism , while his first cabinet was described by many publications, such as The New York Times and la Repubblica , as
13299-463: The following day, he received 350 votes in favour out of 630 in the Chamber of Deputies , 236 votes against and 35 abstained. As in the Senate, in the Chamber of Deputies PD, FI and LeU voted against the government, while FdI abstained. Besides M5S and League, Conte received two votes from independent deputies and one vote from Vittorio Sgarbi , a notable and controversial member of Forza Italia who has always heavily criticised M5S, but decided to support
13442-479: The force of law that are signed by the president of the Republic. Article 95 of the Italian constitution provides that the prime minister "directs and coordinates the activity of the ministers". This power has been used to a quite variable extent in the history of the Italian state as it is strongly influenced by the political strength of individual ministers and thus by the parties they represent. The prime minister's activity has often consisted of mediating between
13585-532: The formation of a national salvation government . At the end of the consultations, President Mattarella gave the president of the Chamber Roberto Fico the task of verifying the possibility of a new government with the same majority of the previous one, composed by M5S, PD, IV and LeU. However, on 2 February, Italia Viva broke away from the majority due to disagreements on both platform and cabinet members, leading Fico to head back to Mattarella with
13728-530: The formation of a National Unity Government ( Burmese : အမျိုးသား ညီညွတ်ရေး အစိုးရ ), pursuant to the Federal Democracy Charter released on 31 March 2021. The National Unity Government re-introduced the position of Prime Minister, and consists of CRPH members and other ethnic leaders. Following the devastating April 2015 Nepal earthquake , top political parties in Nepal have decided to form
13871-752: The formation of a government . On 14 June 2024, the ANC, the Democratic Alliance (DA), the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) and the Patriotic Alliance (PA), agreed to form a coalition which they referred to as a ' Government of National Unity ' (GNU), led by the ANC's Cyril Ramaphosa who was re-elected President of South Africa with the support of the parties who then formed part of the GNU. A further six parties subsequently joined
14014-564: The foundation of the Northern Ireland Executive in 1999 have contained ministers from the five main parties ( Sinn Féin , Democratic Unionist Party , Ulster Unionist Party , Social Democratic and Labour Party and Alliance ), with seats allocated using the d'Hondt method . In hopes of bridging partisan politics during the American Civil War , Republican Abraham Lincoln ran for his second term under
14157-449: The government's anti-immigration base through strict controls on immigration to Italy . Since 2013, Italy had absorbed over 700,000 African migrants arriving by boat from Libya . During his premiership, Conte and his Interior Minister Matteo Salvini promoted stricter policies regarding immigration and public security. After Conte's approval on 10 June 2018, Salvini announced the closure of Italian ports to vessels rescuing immigrants in
14300-468: The government's economic recovery plans after the COVID-19 pandemic, and also demanded that Conte cede his mandate over the secret services coordination task. During his end-of-year press conference, Conte declined Renzi's requests, asserting that he still had a majority in the Parliament. During a press conference on 13 January, Renzi announced the resignation of IV's two ministers, effectively triggering
14443-405: The head of the Italian government and was sworn in as the new prime minister. His cabinet was predominantly composed of members of the M5S and the League, but also of prominent independent technocrats like the Minister of Foreign Affairs Enzo Moavero Milanesi , who previously served as the Minister of European Affairs in the government of Mario Monti , the university professor Giovanni Tria as
14586-497: The head of the new government. Mattarella then summoned Conte to the Quirinal Palace on 29 August to ask him to form a new cabinet. On 4 September, Conte announced the ministers of his new cabinet, which was sworn in at the Quirinal Palace the following day. On 9 September 2019, the Chamber of Deputies expressed its confidence in the new government with 343 votes in favor, 263 against and 3 abstentions. On 10 September 2019, in
14729-550: The investiture vote in the Italian Senate on 5 June, Conte stressed his wish to reduce illegal immigration and increase the pressure on human traffickers and smugglers. He also advocated a fight against political corruption, the introduction of a law which regulates the conflict of interests , a new bill which expands the right of self-defense , a reduction in taxes and a drastic cut in money going to elected politicians and government bureaucrats. Conte also proposed to lift
14872-727: The long recovery to the Great Depression would be the only further instances of National Governments. The next major government representing all parties came during World War II after the Norway Debate , in which Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and his cabinet were condemned for their handling of the war and faced a vote of no confidence in which members of his own party voted with the Opposition against him. The debate also revealed that Winston Churchill , an early opponent of Nazi Germany and appeasement , would be
15015-484: The majority, Deputy Prime Minister Salvini entered a motion of no confidence against Conte. Many political analysts believe the no-confidence motion was an attempt to force early elections to improve the Lega's standing in Parliament, to enable Salvini to become the next prime minister. On 20 August, following a parliamentary debate in the Senate, in which Conte accused Salvini of being a political opportunist who "had triggered
15158-472: The method of making a flexible, fluid centrist coalition in Parliament which sought to isolate the extremes of the left and the right in Italian politics. Under his influence, the Italian Liberals did not develop as a structured party. They were instead a series of informal personal groupings with no formal links to political constituencies. The period between the start of the 20th century and
15301-507: The most famous and influential prime ministers of this period was Francesco Crispi , a left-wing patriot and statesman, the first head of the government from Southern Italy . He led the country for six years from 1887 until 1891 and again from 1893 until 1896. Crispi was internationally famous and often mentioned along with world statesmen such as Otto von Bismarck , William Ewart Gladstone and Salisbury . Originally an enlightened Italian patriot and democrat liberal, Crispi went on to become
15444-400: The multi-party negotiations to end apartheid that started in 1990 allowed all parties that gained more than 5% of the vote to participate in a Government of National Unity . The new government that was elected in the 1994 general election therefore had members from many political parties in the cabinet. This government of national unity lasted until the 1999 general election , although it
15587-481: The negotiations to form a political government and Giorgia Meloni , leader of FdI, gave her support to this initiative. On 31 May, M5S and the League declared they had reached an agreement to form a new government without Savona as finance minister (he would become Minister of European Affairs) and with Conte at its head. On 1 June 2018, Conte officially succeeded the Democrat Paolo Gentiloni as
15730-546: The new National Union Party with Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate. The National Union Party allowed members to retain affiliations with other political parties. Since the Civil War, there has never been a "national unity" government in the United States in the traditional sense. There have been several instances, however, during national disasters or wars, that the two parties have briefly "rallied around
15873-478: The newly formed Christian Democracy ( Democrazia Cristiana , DC) political party. Following the 1946 Italian institutional referendum , the monarchy was abolished and De Gasperi became the first Prime Minister of the Italian Republic. The First Republic was dominated by the Christian Democracy which was the senior party in each government coalitions from 1946 to 1994 while the opposition was led by
16016-455: The office as being, ceremonially, the fourth-highest Italian state office after the president and the presiding officers of the two houses of parliament. In practice, the prime minister is the country's political leader and de facto chief executive. Giorgia Meloni has been the incumbent prime minister since 22 October 2022. As the president of the Council of Ministers , the prime minister
16159-494: The only Conservative minister under which both Labour and Conservative MPs would join a government. Churchill agreed to form a new government after Chamberlain resigned. The subsequent Churchill war ministry included Churchill as prime minister , Labour Party Leader Clement Attlee as deputy prime minister , Conservative Party Leader Chamberlain as Lord President of the Council , and Liberal leader Archibald Sinclair as Secretary of State for Air . After 10 years of rule by
16302-509: The opposition benches leaving MacDonald's supporters to rival mainstream party candidates in many cases as National Labour/National Labour Organisation or in the Liberal National Party . Notably candidates styled in this way contested the 1935 election ; this long period of quasi-national government took in broader support and widened its selections of ministers in the war years , and its fourth transmutation persisted until
16445-450: The original denomination of President of the Council was only restored in 1944, when Ivanoe Bonomi was appointed to the post of prime minister. Alcide De Gasperi became the first prime minister of the Italian Republic in 1946. The prime minister is the president of the Council of Ministers which holds executive power and the position is similar to those in most other parliamentary systems . The formal Italian order of precedence lists
16588-717: The outbreak of the Croatian War of Independence . Even though the cabinet included ministers from minority parties, all heads of ministries were either from the majority Croatian Democratic Union or soon defected to it. Estonia had national unity governments during the Estonian War of Independence (Päts I–III Provisional cabinets) and after the 1924 coup d'état attempt by the Communist Party of Estonia (Jaakson cabinet). A national unity government in Greece
16731-476: The participation of the Democratic Party of Afonso Costa . After Rwandan genocide in 1994, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), has ruled Rwanda using tactics which have been characterized as authoritarian . Elections are manipulated in various ways including banning opposition parties, arresting or assassinating critics, and electoral fraud . The interim constitution negotiated by
16874-537: The party would fight the forthcoming election with its own leader and programme. During the Great Depression the first of four consecutive National Governments was formed in 1931 by Ramsay MacDonald ( Labour / National Labour ) succeeded by Stanley Baldwin ( Conservative ) with their largest opponent and the Liberals . Most members of the Labour and Liberal Parties rejected the government, however, and moved to
17017-589: The political crisis only to serve his personal interest", he said: "this government ends here". The Prime Minister resigned his post to President Mattarella . Subsequently, during a round of consultations between Mattarella and the parliamentary groupings, a possible new majority emerged between the Five Star Movement and the Democratic Party . On 28 August, at the Quirinal Palace , the PD leader Nicola Zingaretti announced his support for keeping Giuseppe Conte as
17160-446: The prime minister and other ministers were politically responsible to the king and legally responsible to Parliament. With time, it became all but impossible for a king to appoint a government entirely of his own choosing or keep it in office against the will of Parliament. As a result, in practice the prime minister was now both politically and legally responsible to Parliament, and had to maintain its confidence to stay in office. One of
17303-543: The prime minister needs the support of the president, who could theoretically refuse to re-appoint them following their resignation. The office was first established in 1848 in Italy's predecessor state, the Kingdom of Sardinia —although it was not mentioned in its constitution, the Albertine Statute . After the unification of Italy and the establishment of the kingdom , the procedure did not change. In fact,
17446-489: The prime minister was responsible to Parliament had become so entrenched that Mussolini had to pass a law stating that he was not responsible to Parliament. Mussolini remained in power until he was deposed by King Victor Emmanuel III in 1943 following a vote of no confidence by the Grand Council of Fascism and replaced by General Pietro Badoglio . A few months later, Italy was invaded by Nazi Germany and Mussolini
17589-405: The role of prime minister in the 2018 Italian government , despite reports in the Italian press suggesting that President Mattarella still had significant reservations about the direction of the new government. On 23 May, Conte was invited to the Quirinal Palace to receive the presidential mandate to form a new cabinet. In the traditional statement after the appointment, Conte said that he would be
17732-512: The second vote of confidence in the Senate, 169 voted in favour of the Conte government and 133 against. On 16 September, a few days from the investiture vote, in an interview with la Repubblica , former prime minister Matteo Renzi announced his intention to leave the PD, launching a new centrist and liberal party named Italia Viva (IV). In the interview he confirmed also the support to Conte's government. Two ministers and one undersecretary followed Renzi to his new movement. In December 2019,
17875-483: The squares during the Fridays for Future are extraordinary, with so many young people participating with such passion. On the part of the government, there is the utmost commitment to translate this request for change into concrete solutions. We all have a great responsibility for this." In February 2020, Conte appointed Mariana Mazzucato as his economic counselor. Mazzucato, a professor at University College London ,
18018-522: The start of World War I , when he was prime minister and Minister of the Interior from 1901 to 1914 with only brief interruptions, is often called the Giolittian Era. A left-wing liberal with strong ethical concerns, Giolitti's periods in the office were notable for the passage of a wide range of progressive social reforms which improved the living standards of ordinary Italians, together with
18161-426: The surrounding area. The reconstruction of a replacement bridge, designed by famous Italian architect Renzo Piano , began on 25 June 2019 and was completed on 28 April 2020. On 3 August 2020, the new bridge, named Saint George Bridge , after the patron saint of the Republic of Genoa , was inaugurated by Conte and President Mattarella and opened to motor vehicles after a few days. In July 2020, Paola De Micheli ,
18304-558: The two parties wanted to bring Italy out of the Eurozone and, as the guarantor of the Italian Constitution and the country's interest and stability, he could not allow this. On the following day, Mattarella gave Carlo Cottarelli , a former director of the International Monetary Fund , the task of forming a new government. On 28 May, the Democratic Party (PD) announced that it would abstain from
18447-441: The various parties in the majority coalition, rather than directing the activity of the Council of Ministers. The prime minister's supervisory power is further limited by the lack of any formal authority to fire ministers. In the past, in order to make a cabinet reshuffle, prime ministers have sometimes resigned so that they could be re-appointed by the president and allowed to form a new cabinet with new ministers. In order to do this
18590-409: Was a proposal from the right-wing League, it was also confirmed by Conte's second government, which had a centre-left bias. During his first cabinet, Conte's government rolled out what is known as the citizens' income ( Italian : reddito di cittadinanza ), a system of social welfare provision that provides a basic income and assistance in finding a job to help poor people and families. The income
18733-577: Was able to win confidence votes in Parliament in the subsequent days, he chose to resign after failing to reach an absolute majority in the Senate. When negotiations to form Conte's third cabinet failed, the former president of the European Central Bank , Mario Draghi was asked to form a national unity government . Conte was the fifth prime minister appointed without prior political experience, after Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , Silvio Berlusconi , Lamberto Dini , and Mario Monti , as well as
18876-711: Was an elementary school teacher. After his family moved to San Giovanni Rotondo , Conte attended the Classical Lyceum " Pietro Giannone " in San Marco in Lamis and then studied law at the Sapienza University of Rome , where he graduated in 1988, with honours. In 1992, he formally qualified as a lawyer, before, for a short term, studying abroad. In the same year, he moved to the United States to study at Yale Law School and Duquesne University , and at
19019-409: Was appointed prime minister by King Umberto I , but after less than a year he was forced to resign and Crispi returned to power. In 1903, he was appointed again head of the government after a period of instability. Giolitti was prime minister five times between 1892 and 1921 and the second-longest serving prime minister in Italian history. Giolitti was a master in the political art of trasformismo ,
19162-484: Was appointed prime minister seven times from 1972 to 1992. From the late 1960s until the early 1980s, the country experienced the Years of Lead , a period characterised by economic crisis (especially after the 1973 oil crisis ), widespread social conflicts and terrorist massacres carried out by opposing extremist groups, with the alleged involvement of United States and Soviet intelligence. The Years of Lead culminated in
19305-626: Was dominated by the African National Congress (ANC) and a reported lack of shared decision-making prompted the second-largest party, the National Party , to withdraw from the GNU in 1996. In the 2024 South African general election , support for the ruling ANC party significantly declined. The ANC remained the largest party but lost the parliamentary majority that it had held since the inaugural post-apartheid election in 1994, which required negotiations between parties on
19448-470: Was formed in November 1945, in the aftermath of World War II , which had devastated Luxembourg. It was led by Pierre Dupong , who had been prime minister in the government in exile in the war, and included all four parties represented in the Chamber of Deputies. The government lasted until 1947, by which time, a normal coalition between two of the three largest parties had been arranged, thus maintaining
19591-451: Was formed with Ashraf Ghani as President of Afghanistan and Abdullah Abdullah in the new office of Chief Executive of Afghanistan. This power-sharing agreement broke apart after the 2019 Afghan presidential election , after which Ghani abolished the office of Chief Executive while Abdullah again refused to recognize Ghani's presidency and demanded the formation of a new government in northern Afghanistan. Both politicians lost power after
19734-797: Was made up of all parties in the parliament except the Communist party which was considered to be pro-Soviet and hence unreliable. The government consisted of six ministers from the Social Democratic party (including prime minister Per Albin Hansson ), three from the Right Wing party , three from the Liberal People's party , three from the Farmer's League and two nonpartisan politicians. The ultimate goal of this government's policy
19877-649: Was reinstated as head of a puppet State called Italian Social Republic , while the authorities of the Kingdom were forced to relocate in Southern Italy , which was under the control of the Allied Forces. In 1944 Badoglio resigned and Ivanoe Bonomi was appointed to the post of prime minister, restoring the old title of "President of the Council of Ministers. Bonomi was briefly succeeded by Ferruccio Parri in 1945 and then by Alcide de Gasperi , leader of
20020-490: Was set at a maximum of €780 per month, and in its first year the programme had almost 2.7 million applications. The bill was later confirmed by Conte's second cabinet. In September 2019, at the head of his second government, Conte launched a "Green New Deal", named after the analogous US proposed legislation that aimed to address climate change and economic inequality . In the same period, he praised students who protested against climate change , saying: "The images from
20163-587: Was suggested by Luigi Di Maio , leader of the Five Star Movement (M5S), as a possible Minister of the Public Administration in his potential cabinet following the 2018 Italian general election ; the election resulted in a hung parliament , as M5S became the party with the largest number of votes and of parliamentary seats, while the centre-right coalition , led by Matteo Salvini 's League and other right-wing parties, emerged with
20306-464: Was to keep Sweden out of the war, which they also succeeded with. The Hansson government introduced censorship of press, literature and culture, which was applied to both pro-nazi and pro-communist propaganda. The government also approved departures from the neutrality policy to keep Sweden out of the war. First-past-the-post voting , the British electoral system, has long increased the likelihood of
20449-671: Was unable to operate in the Gaza Strip . In the 1989 Polish parliamentary election , Poland's first semi-free election since World War II, candidates backed by the Solidarity movement won all 161 seats up for free election. The ruling Communist-dominated Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth —comprising the Communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), the United People's Party (ZSL), and
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