A gift or present is an item given to someone (who is not already the owner) without the expectation of payment or anything in return. Although gift-giving might involve an expectation of reciprocity, a gift is intended to be free. In many countries, the act of mutually exchanging money , goods , etc., may sustain social relationships and contribute to social cohesion . Economists have elaborated the economics of gift-giving into the notion of a gift economy . By extension, the term gift can refer to any item or act of service that makes the other happier or less sad , especially as a favor, including forgiveness and kindness . Gifts are often presented on occasions such as birthdays and holidays .
57-459: [REDACTED] Look up giving in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Giving may refer to: Gift , the transfer of something without the expectation of receiving something in return Generosity , the habit of giving freely without expecting anything in return Charity (practice) , the giving of help to those in need who are not related to
114-425: A reward for compliance , possibly for an underhand manipulative and abusive purpose. Giving the appropriate gift that aligns with the recipient's preferences poses a formidable challenge. Gift givers commonly err in the process of gift selection, either by offering gifts that the recipients' do not wish to receive or by failing to provide gifts that recipients earnestly desired. For example, givers avoid giving
171-537: A Quality Assessment Agency for UK universities produced guidelines for universities to enhance personal development as: In the 1990s, business schools began to set up specific personal-development programs for leadership and career orientation and in 1998 the European Foundation for Management Development set up the EQUIS accreditation system which specified that personal development must form part of
228-842: A category of phronesis or practical wisdom, where the practice of virtues ( arête ) leads to eudaimonia , commonly translated as "happiness" but more accurately understood as "human flourishing" or "living well". Aristotle continues to influence the Western concept of personal development to this day , particularly in the economics of human development and in positive psychology . In Chinese tradition, Confucius (around 551 BCE – 479 BCE) founded an ongoing philosophy. His ideas continue to influence family values , education and personnel management in China and East Asia. In his Great Learning Confucius wrote: The ancients who wished to illustrate illustrious virtue throughout
285-692: A desire for autonomy and grow more and more independent as they grow older. The balance of social involvement and autonomy varies per person, but normally autonomous behavior increases with age. Some studies suggest that selfishness begins to diminish, and prosocial behaviors increase, between the ages of six years old to twelve years old. Additionally, the years of adulthood are times of development—self-actualization, relational and occupational development, loss, and coping skills development, etc.—affected by those around us: parents, co-workers, romantic partners, and children. Social psychology draws from many other psychological theories and principles yet views them through
342-483: A global market size of 38.28 billion dollars in 2019. A wide array of personal development products are available to individuals. Examples include self-help books ; education technology , neuroenhancement , and experiential learning ( instructor-led training , motivational speeches , seminars , social or spiritual retreats). Some consulting firms such as DDI and FranklinCovey specialize in personal development, but as of 2009 generalist firms operating in
399-628: A great difference in his growth whether his initial life structure is consonant with and infused by the Dream, or opposed to it. If the Dream remains unconnected to his life it may simply die, and with it his sense of aliveness and purpose. Research on success in reaching goals, as undertaken by Albert Bandura (1925–2021), suggested that self-efficacy best explains why people with the same level of knowledge and skills get very different results. Having self-efficacy leads to an increased likelihood of success. According to Bandura self-confidence functions as
456-807: A lens of social interaction. The psychodynamic view of personal development varies from other perspectives. Namely, that the development of our traits, personalities, and thinking patterns are predominantly subconscious. Psychodynamic theory suggests these subconscious changes—which emerge as external actions—are formed from suppressed sexual and aggressive urges and other internalized conflicts. Sigmund Freud and other notable psychodynamic theorists postulate that these repressed cognitions form during childhood and adolescence. Conscious development would then be "digging up" these repressed memories and feelings. Once repressed memories and emotions are discovered, an individual can sift through them and receive healthy closure. Much, if not all, of conscious development occurs with
513-496: A novel by Lois Lowry Givers , an American indie rock band Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Giving . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giving&oldid=1193009356 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
570-417: A person may feel intense anger but would still behave in a positive manner. They are able to suppress their emotions and act in a more socially acceptable way. The accumulation of these efforts would change the person into a more patient individual. Cognitive reframing plays an instrumental role in personal development. Cognitive-behavioral psychologists believe that how we view events is more important than
627-410: A person's capabilities and potential, enhance quality of life , and facilitate the realization of dreams and aspirations. Personal development may take place over the course of an individual's entire lifespan and is not limited to one stage of a person's life. It can include official and informal actions for developing others in roles such as a teacher, guide, counselor, manager, coach, or mentor, and it
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#1732772079869684-508: A personal development process came from study by Herminia Ibarra in her Working Identity on the relationship with career change and identity change, indicating that priorities of work and lifestyle continually develop through life. Personal development programs in companies fall into two categories: the provision of employee benefits and the fostering of development strategies. Employee surveys may help organizations find out personal-development needs, preferences and problems, and they use
741-636: A powerful predictor of success because: In 1998 Martin Seligman won election to a one-year term as President of the American Psychological Association and proposed a new focus: on healthy individuals rather than on pathology (he created the "positive psychology" current) We have discovered that there is a set of human strengths that are the most likely buffers against mental illness: courage, optimism, interpersonal skill, work ethic, hope, honesty and perseverance. Much of
798-437: A practical gift that they have requested over a more expensive , showier gift chosen by the giver. One cause of the mismatch between the giver's and receiver's view is that the giver is focused on the act of giving the gift, while the receiver is more interested in the long-term utilitarian value of the gift. Due to the mismatch between givers' and recipients' gift preferences, a significant fraction of gifts are unwanted, or
855-501: A specific discipline is often associated with business schools. As an area of research, personal development draws on links to other academic disciplines: Personal Development can include gaining self-awareness of the course of one's lifespan. It includes multiple definitions but is different from self knowledge. Self-awareness is more in depth and explores the conscious and unconscious aspects of ourselves. We are able to gain self-awareness through socializing and communicating according to
912-516: Is achieved. Personal development, if it is to be long-lasting, is achieved incrementally. Educational psychology focuses on the human learning experience: learning and teaching methods, aptitude testing, and so on. Educational psychology seeks to further personal development by increasing one's ability to learn, retain information, and apply knowledge to real-world experiences. If one is able to increase efficacious learning, they are better equipped for personal development. Education offers children
969-409: Is capable of becoming". In other words, self actualization is the ambition to become a better version of oneself, to become everything one is capable of being. Since Maslow himself believed that only a small minority of people self-actualize —he estimated one percent —his hierarchy of needs had the consequence that organizations came to regard self-actualization or personal development as occurring at
1026-859: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Gift In many cultures gifts are traditionally packaged in some way. For example, in Western cultures , gifts are often wrapped in wrapping paper and accompanied by a gift note which may note the occasion, the recipient's name and the giver's name. In Chinese culture , red wrapping connotes luck. Although inexpensive gifts are common among colleagues, associates and acquaintances, expensive or amorous gifts are considered more appropriate among close friends, romantic interests or relatives. Gift-giving occasions may be: Promotional gifts differ from regular gifts. Recipients may include employees or clients. These gifts are primarily used for advertising. They help promote
1083-543: Is eudaimonic well-being which is living life by making choices that are congruent with authentic being. Social psychology heavily emphasizes and focuses on human behavior and how individuals interact with others in society. Infants develop socially by creating trusting and dependent relationships with others—namely parental figures. They learn how to act and treat other people based on the example of parental figures and other adults they interact with often. Toddlers further develop social skills. Additionally, they begin to gain
1140-525: Is not restricted to self-help. When personal development takes place in the context of institutions , it refers to the methods, programs, tools, techniques, and assessment systems offered to support positive adult development at the individual level in organizations . Among other things, personal development may include the following activities: A distinction can be made between personal development and personal growth. Although similar, both concepts portray different ideas. Personal development specifies
1197-481: Is the result of a “life well-lived ”. In an article written by Ugur, H., Constantinescu, P.M., & Stevens, M.J. (2015) they described that society has taught us to create positive illusions that give the appearance of positive development but are only effective in the short term. Additionally, they give two examples of personal development. The first is hedonic well-being which is the pursuit of pleasurable experiences that lead to increased personal happiness. The second
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#17327720798691254-516: Is to work towards eternal life in Jannuh . There are many avenues in the journey to paradise, such as devoted practicing of the laws of the Quran and Sunnah , such as optimized service towards the self and others. Sincere worship of Allah is the foundation for self-discovery and self-development. Allah has provided ways to help those striving towards eternal life, including staying away from things of
1311-537: Is when the real self and the ideal self are accurate. Incongruence is what Rogers described to be when the real self and the ideal self are not accurate in their viewings. The ideal self is not lowered in order to compensate for the real self, but the real self is lifted by the ideal self in order to achieve healthy development. It is important to note that real lasting personal development is only achieved through meaningful and lasting accomplishments. Viktor Frankl emphasized this by stating "Genuine and lasting well-being
1368-579: The London Business School and Christopher Bartlett of the Harvard Business School wrote in 1997 that companies must manage people individually and establish a new work contract. On the one hand, the company must allegedly recognize that personal development creates economic value: "market performance flows not from the omnipotent wisdom of top managers but from the initiative, creativity and skills of all employees". On
1425-702: The Self the techniques of epimelia used in ancient Greece and Rome, which included dieting , exercise , sexual abstinence , contemplation , prayer, and confession —some of which also became practices within different branches of Christianity . Wushu and tai chi utilize traditional Chinese techniques, including breathing and qi exercises, meditation, martial arts, as well as practices linked to traditional Chinese medicine , such as dieting, massage , and acupuncture . Two individual ancient philosophical traditions: those of Aristotle (Western tradition) and Confucius (Eastern tradition) stand out and contribute to
1482-454: The U.S. each year is estimated to be about a billion dollars. In some cases, people know the preferences of recipients very well, and can give highly valued gifts. Some value in gift-giving comes from assisted preference discovery - people receiving gifts they did not know they would like, or which they did not know were available. Behavioral economists propose that the non-material value of gifts lies in strengthening relationships by signalling
1539-528: The aid of a trained psychodynamic therapist. Cognitive-behavioral views on personal development follow traditional patterns of personal development: behavior modification , cognitive reframing, and successive approximation being some of the more notable techniques. An individual is seen as in control of their actions and their thoughts, though self-mastery is required. With behavior modification, individuals will develop personal skills and traits by altering their behavior independent of their emotions. For example,
1596-425: The brand name and increase its awareness. In promotional gifting, the quality and presentation of the gifts are more important than the gifts themselves, as they serve as a gateway to acquire new clients or associates. Giving a gift to someone is not necessarily just an altruistic act. It may be given in the hope that the receiver reciprocates in a particular way. It may take the form of positive reinforcement as
1653-682: The bread and wine that are consecrated during the Divine Liturgy are referred to as "the Gifts." They are first of all the gifts of the community (both individually and corporately) to God, and then, after the epiklesis , the Gifts of the Body and Blood of Christ to the Church. Ritual sacrifices can be seen as return gifts to a deity . Self-improvement Personal development or self-improvement consists of activities that develops
1710-422: The buyer and receivers' tastes is advance coordination, often undertaken in the form of a wedding registry or Christmas list . Wedding registries in particular are often kept at a single store, which can designate the exact items to be purchased (resulting in matching housewares), and to coordinate purchases so the same gift is not purchased by different guests. One study found that wedding guests who departed from
1767-554: The case of personal development, an individual often functions as the primary judge of improvement or of regression, but the validation of objective improvement requires assessment using standard criteria. Personal-development frameworks may include: Personal development as an industry has several business-relationship formats of operating. The main ways are business-to-consumer and business-to-business . However, there have been two new ways emerge: consumer-to-business and consumer-to-consumer . The personal development market had
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1824-421: The concepts of lifestyle (1929—he defined "lifestyle" as an individual's characteristic approach to life, in facing problems) and of self-image , as a concept that influenced management under the heading of work-life balance , also known as the equilibrium between a person's career and personal life. Carl Gustav Jung made contributions to personal development with his concept of individuation , which he saw as
1881-535: The drive of the individual to achieve the wholeness and balance of the Self . Daniel Levinson (1920–1994) developed Jung's early concept of " life stages " and included a sociological perspective. Levinson proposed that personal development comes under the influence—throughout life —of aspirations, which he called "the Dream": Whatever the nature of his Dream, a young man has the developmental task of giving it greater definition and finding ways to live it out. It makes
1938-404: The event itself. Thus, if one can view negative events in beneficial ways, they can progress and develop with fewer setbacks. Successive approximation—or shaping —most closely aligns with personal development. Successive approximation is when one desires a final result but takes incremental steps to achieve the result. Normally, each successful step towards the final goal is rewarded until the goal
1995-694: The fields of human resources, recruitment and organizational strategy—such as Hewitt , Watson Wyatt Worldwide , Hay Group , McKinsey , Boston Consulting Group , and Korn/Ferry —have entered what they perceive as a growing market, not to mention smaller firms and self-employed professionals who provide consulting, training and coaching. Major religions—such as the age-old Abrahamic and Indian religions —as well as 20th-century New Age philosophies have variously used practices such as prayer , music , dance , singing , chanting , poetry , writing , sports and martial arts. Michel Foucault describes in Care of
2052-423: The focus of the "what" that is evolving, while personal growth entails a much more holistic view of broader concepts including morals and values being developed. Personal development can also include developing other people's skills and personalities. This can happen through roles such as those of a teacher or mentor, either through a personal competency (such as the alleged skill of certain managers in developing
2109-463: The gift is given with an implicit or explicit agreement between the giver of the gift and its receiver that some type of service will be rendered (often outside of normal legitimate methods) because of the gift. Some groups, such as government workers, may have strict rules concerning gift giving and receiving so as to avoid the appearance of impropriety. Cross border monetary gifts are subject to taxation in both source and destination countries based on
2166-458: The giver Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World , a book by Bill Clinton Giving (album) , an album by Colm Ó Snodaigh See also [ edit ] Alternative giving , a form of gift-giving in which the giver makes a donation to a charitable organization in the recipient's name GAVE (disambiguation) Give (disambiguation) Given (disambiguation) The Giver ,
2223-408: The giver pays more for the item than the recipient values it, resulting in a misallocation of economic resources known as a deadweight loss . Unwanted gifts are often " regifted ", donated to charity, or thrown away. A gift that actually imposes a burden on the recipient, either due to maintenance or storage or disposal costs, is known as a white elephant . One means of reducing the mismatch between
2280-582: The giver was thoughtful, or spent time and effort on the gift. At common law , for a gift to have legal effect, it was required that there be (1) intent by the donor to give a gift, and (2) delivery to the recipient of the item to be given as a gift. In some countries, certain types of gifts above a certain monetary amount are subject to taxation. For the United States, see Gift tax in the United States . In some contexts, gift giving can be construed as bribery . This tends to occur in situations where
2337-413: The kingdom first ordered well their own states. Wishing to order well their states, they first regulated their families. Wishing to regulate their families, they first cultivated their persons. Wishing to cultivate their persons, they first rectified their hearts. Wishing to rectify their hearts, they first sought to be sincere in their thoughts. Wishing to be sincere in their thoughts, they first extended to
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2394-671: The learning process through internships, working on team projects and going abroad for work or exchange programs. The first personal development certification required for business school graduation originated in 2002 as a partnership between Metizo, a personal-development consulting firm, and the Euromed Management School in Marseilles: students must not only complete assignments but also demonstrate self-awareness and achievement of personal-development competencies. As an academic department, personal development as
2451-409: The needs of organizations in an open landscape of possibilities. Another contribution to the study of career development came with the recognition that women's careers show specific personal needs and different development paths from men. The 2007 study of women's careers by Sylvia Ann Hewlett Off-Ramps and On-Ramps had a major impact on the way companies view careers. Further work on the career as
2508-570: The opportunity to begin personal development at a young age. The curriculum taught at school must be carefully planned and managed in order to successfully promote personal development. Providing an environment for children that allows for quality social relationships to be made and clearly communicated objectives and aims is key to their development. If early education fails to meet these qualifications, it can greatly stunt development in children, hindering their success in education as well as society. They can fall behind in development compared to peers of
2565-415: The other hand, employees should recognize that their work includes personal development and "embrace the invigorating force of continuous learning and personal development". The 1997 publication of Ghoshal's and Bartlett's Individualized Corporation corresponded to a change in career development from a system of predefined paths defined by companies, to a strategy defined by the individual and matched to
2622-416: The potential of employees) or through a professional service (such as providing training, assessment, or coaching). Beyond improving oneself and developing others, "personal development" labels a field of practice and research: Any sort of development—whether economic, political, biological, organizational or personal—requires a framework if one wishes to know whether a change has actually occurred. In
2679-519: The registry typically did so because they wished to signal a closer relationship to the couple by personalizing a gift, and also found that as a result of not abiding by the recipients' preferences, their gifts were appreciated less often. An estimated $ 3.4 billion was spent on unwanted Christmas gifts in the United States in 2017. The day after Christmas is typically the busiest day for returns in countries with large Christmas gift giving traditions. The total unredeemed value of gift cards purchased in
2736-644: The same age group. During the 1960s a large increase in the number of students on American campuses led to research on the personal development needs of undergraduate students. Arthur Chickering defined seven vectors of personal development for young adults during their undergraduate years: In the UK, personal development took a central place in university policy in 1997 when the Dearing Report declared that universities should go beyond academic teaching to provide students with personal development. In 2001
2793-440: The same gifts more than once while recipients are more open to receiving a repeated gift, givers prefer to avoid giving self-improvement products (e.g., self-help books ) as gifts while recipients are more open to receiving such gifts, when choosing between giving digital and physical gift cards , givers opt for the latter more often than recipients want, and many receivers prefer a future experience instead of an object , or
2850-470: The social behaviorism view. Self-awareness can also be a positive intrapersonal experience where one is able to reflect during a moment of action or past actions. Becoming more self aware can help us to increase our emotional intelligence, leadership skills, and performance. Abraham Maslow (1908–1970), proposed a hierarchy of needs with self actualization at the top, defined as "the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one
2907-483: The task of prevention will be to create a science of human strength whose mission will be to foster these virtues in young people. Carl Rogers proposed a theory about humanistic psychology called Self Concept . This concept consisted of two ideas of the self. The first idea is the ideal self which describes the person we want to be. The second one is the real self which is the objective view of one self and who we really are. Rogers emphasized that healthy development
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#17327720798692964-534: The top of the organizational pyramid, while openness and job security in the workplace would fulfill the needs of the mass of employees. As organizations and labor markets became more global, responsibility for development shifted from the company to the individual. In 1999 management thinker Peter Drucker wrote in the Harvard Business Review : We live in an age of unprecedented opportunity: if you've got ambition and smarts, you can rise to
3021-460: The top of your chosen profession, regardless of where you started out. But with opportunity comes responsibility. Companies today aren't managing their employees' careers; knowledge workers must, effectively, be their own chief executive officers. It's up to you to carve out your place, to know when to change course, and to keep yourself engaged and productive during a work life that may span some 50 years. Management professors Sumantra Ghoshal of
3078-760: The treaty between the two countries. Lewis Hyde claims in The Gift that Christianity considers the Incarnation and subsequent death of Jesus to be the greatest gift to humankind, and that the Jataka contains a tale of the Buddha in his incarnation as the Wise Hare giving the ultimate alms by offering himself up as a meal for Sakka . (Hyde, 1983, 58–60) In the Eastern Orthodox Church ,
3135-488: The utmost their knowledge. Such extension of knowledge lay in the investigation of things. Psychology became linked to personal development in the early 20th century starting with the research efforts of Alfred Adler (1870–1937) and Carl Jung (1875–1961). Adler refused to limit psychology to analysis alone. He made the important point that aspirations focus on looking forward and do not limit themselves to unconscious drives or to childhood experiences. He also originated
3192-559: The world. These worldly things can distract those away from the path to paradise. It does not mean worldly success is inherently disruptive but can become so when spiritual beliefs do not align with the Sunnah. In the end, paradise will bring satisfaction to those working on their personal development because of the pleasure that comes from Allah. The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 BCE – 322 BCE) wrote Nicomachean Ethics , in which he defined personal development as
3249-602: The worldwide view of "personal development" in the 21st century. Elsewhere anonymous or named founders of schools of self-development appear endemic—note the traditions of the Indian sub-continent in this regard. Some ancient Indians aspired to "beingness, wisdom and happiness". Paul Oliver suggests that the popularity of Indian traditions for a personal developer may lie in their relative lack of prescriptive doctrine. Khurram Murad describes that personal development in Islam
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