Government victory
53-578: Giovanni " Gianni " Alemanno (born 3 March 1958) is an Italian politician who from April 2008 until June 2013 was mayor of Rome for The People of Freedom . He was the secretary of the National Movement for Sovereignty from 2017 to 2019. At an early age Alemanno joined the neo-fascist /post-fascist Italian Social Movement , and although arrested three times he was never convicted. The first arrest took place in Rome on 20 November 1981, when he
106-589: A 17 May 1973 ceremony honouring Luigi Calabresi, in which the Interior Minister was present, Gianfranco Bertoli , an anarchist , threw a bomb that killed four and injured 45. In 1975, Bertoli was sentenced to life imprisonment: the Milan Court wrote that he was connected with the far-right New Order and was a SID informant and a confidant of the Police. In the 1990s it was suspected that Bertoli
159-687: A bomb exploded during an anti-fascist demonstration in Brescia , Lombardy, killing eight and wounding 102. On 16 November 2010, the Court of Brescia acquitted the defendants: Francesco Delfino (a Carabiniere), Carlo Maria Maggi , Pino Rauti , Maurizio Tramonte , and Delfo Zorzi (members of the Ordine Nuovo neo-fascist group). The prosecutor had requested life sentences for Delfino, Maggi, Tramonte, and Zorzi, and acquittal for lack of evidence for Pino Rauti. The four defendants were acquitted again by
212-573: A brawl that broke out during a protest against the USSR. Despite being sentenced to eight months in Rebibbia Prison , he was subsequently acquitted. Alemanno became national secretary of the youth organization of the party in 1988. After being elected regional deputy of Lazio in 1990, he was elected for the first time to the Chamber of Deputies in the 1994 general election . In 1995 he joined
265-666: A failed attempt at freeing the jailed members. Years later, the Red Brigades killed judge Francesco Coco on June 8, 1976, along with his two police escorts, Giovanni Saponara and Antioco Deiana, in revenge. On 17 May 1972, police officer Luigi Calabresi, a recipient of the gold medal of the Italian Republic for civil valour, was killed in Milan. Authorities initially focused on suspects in Lotta Continua ; then it
318-615: A neo-fascist coup, dubbed the Golpe Borghese , was planned by young far-right fanatics, elderly veterans of Italian Social Republic , and supported by members of the Corpo Forestale dello Stato , along with right-aligned entrepreneurs and industrialists. The "Black Prince", Junio Valerio Borghese , took part in it. The coup, called off at the last moment, was discovered by the newspaper Paese Sera , and publicly exposed three months later. On 26 March, Alessandro Floris
371-609: A single authoritarian Rector ( Podestà ) chosen by the National Fascist Party . The rector of Rome was called "Governatore" ( Governor ). After World War II , the Mayor was chosen by the City Council. In 1993, the election of the Mayor was transferred from the City Council to direct election by the people. In 2001, the schedule of such elections was changed from every 4 years to every 5 years. From 1558 to 1870,
424-472: A window had been caused by his being taken ill and losing his balance. Meanwhile, the anarchist Valpreda and five others were convicted and jailed for the bombing. They were later released after three years of preventive detention . Then, two neo-fascists, Franco Freda (resident in Padua ) and Giovanni Ventura , were arrested and accused of being the organizers of the massacre; in 1987 they were acquitted by
477-470: Is a marginal event I could not verify the legal requirements because it was not about my election campaign." On 18 December 2015, he was indicted for corruption and illicit financing. According to the accusation, Alemanno received €125,000 from the cooperatives' boss Salvatore Buzzi. On 7 February 2017, the allegation of an external cooperation in a mafia association was filed, including the allegations of corruption and illicit funding. In February 2019 Alemanno
530-540: Is elected by the population of Rome. Citizens elect also the members of the City Council, which also controls the mayor's policy guidelines and is able to enforce the mayor's resignation by a motion of no confidence . The mayor is entitled to appoint and release the members of the Council, which are twelve ( Italian : Assessori delle Giunta Capitolina ) according to the Italian Constitution. The seat of
583-649: Is nominated and eventually dismissed by the Mayor. Anni di Piombo [REDACTED] Italian Government Supported by: Far-left terrorists : Supported by: Far-right terrorists : Supported by: [REDACTED] Italy : 14 civil servants murdered Armed Forces: Carabinieri: State Police: Penitentiary Police : [REDACTED] Italy : 67 killed in total [REDACTED] U.S. : [REDACTED] BR: [REDACTED] PL: [REDACTED] O22: 8 arrested [REDACTED] PAC: [REDACTED] CS: [REDACTED] AO: Timeline In Italy ,
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#1732800860768636-610: The Donation of Pepin made Rome the capital of a newly formed Federation of the Papal States. After this, the city would be directly ruled by the same Popes who also ruled the much larger Papal States territory. During the final third or so of its existence, the Papal States also had a Governor of Rome, appointed by the Pope to rule the city in his name, allowing the Pope himself to focus on national and ecclesial matters. Having been
689-757: The Italian Socialist Party (PSI) gaining power in the 1960s and they created a coalition. The assassination of the Christian Democrat leader Aldo Moro in 1978 ended the strategy of historic compromise between the DC and the Italian Communist Party (PCI). The assassination was carried out by the Red Brigades , then led by Mario Moretti . Between 1968 and 1988, 428 murders were attributed to political violence in
742-473: The National Fascist Party . From 1946 to 1993, the Mayor of Rome was chosen by the City Council. Since 1993, under provisions of new local administration law, the Mayor of Rome is chosen by direct election, originally every four, and since 2001 every five years. The office of the Deputy Mayor of Rome was officially created in 1993 with the adoption of the new local administration law. The Deputy Mayor
795-625: The Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari were convicted. Far-right terrorist organizations were also involved in various other bombings that resulted in the killings of multiple civilians, including the Piazza della Loggia bombing in 1974 which killed eight people and wounded 102 others. The terrorist organizations gradually disbanded, and police arrested their members throughout the 1980s. Sporadic political violence continued in Italy until
848-687: The Papal States created the office of Governatore (Governor), also called Vice Camerlengo , chosen by the Pope . From 1870, when Rome was annexed, the Kingdom of Italy created the office of the Mayor of Rome ( Sindaco di Roma ), chosen by the City council. In 1926, the Fascist dictatorship abolished mayors and City councils, replacing them with a single authoritarian Governatore (Governor) chosen by
901-526: The Red Brigades , eventually became notorious as a terrorist organization during the period; in 1978, they kidnapped and assassinated former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro . Another major crime associated with the Italian Years of Lead was the 1980 bombing of the Bologna railway station , which killed 85 people and for which several members of the far-right, neo-fascist terrorist group known as
954-831: The University of Trento and later married, and Alberto Franceschini . While the Trento group around Curcio had its main roots in the Sociology Department of the Catholic University, the Reggio Emilia group (around Franceschini) mostly included former members of the FGCI (the Communist youth movement) expelled from the parent party for their extremist views. Another group of militants came from
1007-523: The 2006 mayoral election of Rome , in April 2008 he defeated Francesco Rutelli and became Mayor of the city. Alemanno rejected a formal alliance with the far-right party, but his critics emphasized that his victory was greeted by crowds of supporters, among them far right skinheads , who chanted " Duce ! Duce! " and raised their arms in a fascist salute ; then Alemanno said: "People calling me Duce make me laugh. I’m not at all fascist and I think that today
1060-651: The Carabinieri, the Minister of the Interior , the customs services and the military and civilian intelligence services accepted the ideological reasoning behind the attack." A 16 April 1973 arson attack by members of Potere Operaio on the house of neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI) militant Mario Mattei in Primavalle , Rome , resulted in his two sons, aged 22 and 8, being burned alive. During
1113-612: The City Council is the city hall Palazzo Senatorio on the Capitoline Hill . When the City of Rome was founded, it was initially ruled by Kings. After the last King was overthrown, it would be ruled by Consuls who were elected by the Assembly of the Centuries. The Assembly of the Centuries was an extremely oligarchic voting system, with voters organized into blocks based on wealth, and each block having but one vote to elect
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#17328008607681166-630: The Consuls. There were two Consuls at a time, known as the Consul Priori and the Consul Posteriori, and they served a 1-year term. Technically the Consul Priori was in charge of the city as well as the larger Roman Republic, and the Consul Posteriori was his second-in-command, but in practice both Consuls shared power except in times of national emergency. (Said emergencies would lead to either Senatus Consultum Ultimum, or failing that
1219-660: The Romans to the mayor Alemanno rose to 60% in January 2009. In February 2009 Alemanno conferred honorary citizenship to Dalai Lama , leader of the Tibetan government-in-exile . In July 2009, Alemanno conferred honorary citizenship to captive Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit . Other important measures of the Alemanno Administration were: an ordinance against prostitution in the streets, an attempt to recapitalize
1272-584: The Sit-Siemens factories in Milan; these were Mario Moretti , a union official, Corrado Alunni , who would leave the Red Brigades to found another organization "fighter", and Alfredo Buonavita , a blue-collar worker. The first action of the RB was burning the car of Giuseppe Leoni (a leader of Sit-Siemens company in Milan) on 17 September 1970, in the context of the labour unrest within the factory. In December,
1325-604: The Supreme Court for lack of evidence. In the 1990s, new investigations into the Piazza Fontana bombing, citing new witnesses' testimony, implicated Freda and Ventura again. However, the pair cannot be put on trial again because of double jeopardy, as they were acquitted of the crime in 1987. The Red Brigades were founded in August 1970 by Renato Curcio and Margherita (Mara) Cagol , who had met as students at
1378-462: The appeal court in 2012 but, in 2014, the supreme court ruled that the appeal trial would have to be held again at the appeal court of Milan for Maggi and Tramonte. Delfino and Zorzi were definitively acquitted. On 22 July 2015, the appeal court sentenced Maggi and Tramonte to life imprisonment for ordering and coordinating the massacre. On 17 June 1974, two members of MSI were murdered in Padua . Initially, an internal feud between neo-fascist groups
1431-474: The assassination. Calabresi's assassination opened the chapter of assassinations carried out by armed groups of the far-left. On 31 May 1972, three Italian Carabinieri were killed in Peteano in a bombing, attributed to Lotta Continua . Officers of the Carabinieri were later indicted and convicted for perverting the course of justice. Judge Casson identified Ordine Nuovo member Vincenzo Vinciguerra as
1484-481: The capital of the Papal States , Rome did not receive its modern Mayor until 1870, when it became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy . The new Mayor served as a member of the city council , and he was appointed every three years by the King of Italy . Then since 1889 the Mayor was elected every four years by the City Council. However, the fascist dictatorship abolished mayors and City councils in 1926, replacing them with
1537-496: The couple had been "very careless" by camping in an area "forgotten by God and man" where camping was illegal. Alemanno said that the attack was an isolated case, and repeated that he wanted to crack down on crime, regaining total control of the territory. In November 2008, Alemanno decided to build a museum dedicated to the memory of the Holocaust in a Roman park. The leader of Rome's Jewish community , Riccardo Pacifici, praised
1590-644: The death of the policeman Antonio Annarumma in November 1969; the Piazza Fontana bombing in December of that year, which killed 17 and was perpetrated by right-wing terrorists in Milan ; and the death shortly after of anarchist worker Giuseppe Pinelli while in police custody under suspicion of being responsible for the attack, which he was ultimately deemed as not having committed. A far-left group,
1643-551: The form of bombings, assassinations , and street warfare between rival militant factions. Public protests shook Italy during 1969, with the workers' rights movement and autonomist student movement being particularly active, leading to the occupation of the Fiat Mirafiori automobile factory in Turin . On 19 November 1969, Antonio Annarumma , a Milanese policeman, was killed during a riot by far-left demonstrators. He
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1696-489: The late 1980s, resurfacing to a lesser extent in the late 1990s and continuing until the mid-2000s. The term's origin possibly came as a reference to the number of shootings during the period, or a popular 1981 German film Marianne and Juliane , released in Italy as Anni di piombo , which centred on the lives of two members of the West German militant far-left group Red Army Faction which had gained notoriety during
1749-647: The man who had planted the Peteano bomb. The neo-fascist terrorist Vinciguerra, arrested in the 1980s for the bombing in Peteano, declared to magistrate Felice Casson that this false flag attack had been intended to force the Italian state to declare a state of emergency and to become more authoritarian . Vinciguerra explained how the SISMI military intelligence agency had protected him, allowing him to escape to Francoist Spain . Casson's investigation revealed that
1802-489: The mayor for this project. Alemanno is the son-in-law of Pino Rauti , a former leader of the Italian Social Movement . He always wears a necklace with a Celtic cross . He stated he wears it only as a religious symbol and because of a personal meaning for him, being a jewel worn by his friend Paolo di Nella , a far-right militant who had been killed during the 1970s Anni di Piombo . The approval of
1855-517: The municipal company AMA redefining its role, the census and the dismantling of six camps for nomads (including the Casilino 900) setting up garrisons, thus ensuring immunizations and education for Romani children, and to expel illegal immigrants. In August 2012 was approved the "family quotient", introduced by Alemanno to balance the waste charge according to economic situation, number of components, and any health burdens, of Roman families. Among
1908-758: The newly formed National Alliance party, which succeeded the Italian Social Movement following its repudiation of extremism at the Congress of Fiuggi in the 1994. Together with Francesco Storace , he founded Social Right , a national- and social-conservative faction within National Alliance. Between 2001 and 2006, Alemanno was Minister of Agriculture under Silvio Berlusconi (in Berlusconi's 2nd and 3rd cabinets). After having been heavily defeated by Walter Veltroni in
1961-483: The phrase Years of Lead ( Italian : Anni di piombo ) refers to a period of political violence and social upheaval that lasted from the late 1960s until the late 1980s, marked by a wave of both far-left and far-right incidents of political terrorism and violent clashes. The Years of Lead are sometimes considered to have begun with the 1968 movement in Italy and the Hot Autumn strikes starting in 1969;
2014-483: The position of Consul Posteriori having been ceded to the younger Eastern Roman Empire . In 534, a man named Decius Paulinus served as the very last Consul of Rome . (The last Consul was Byzantine Emperor Leo VI, but he did not rule from Rome.) The Senate survived as a city council of sorts, until it passed its final acts and voted to disband in 603. All the while, law and order were largely kept by various foreign occupiers (and their appointed city-governors). In 756,
2067-711: The projects of Alemanno as a mayor was the construction of a tourist amusement park dedicated to ancient Rome . In 2004 to encourage and patronage the Italian Mountaineering Expedition and Delegates bound for K2 he arrived Pakistan for participation in celebration of K2 Golden Jubilee ceremony at Concordia base camp.Alpine Club of Pakistan marked a friendship expedition headed by Hayatullah Khan Durrani as chief of Pakistan National mountaineering team to represent Pakistan in Golden Jubilee ceremony of k2 mount. In late 2014, Alemanno
2120-535: The right-wing organization Ordine Nuovo had collaborated with the Italian Military Secret Service, SID ( Servizio Informazioni Difesa ). Together, they had engineered the Peteano attack and then blamed the Red Brigades. He confessed and testified that he had been covered by a network of sympathizers in Italy and abroad who had ensured that he could escape after the attack. "A whole mechanism came into action", Vinciguerra recalled, "that is,
2173-581: The same period. There was widespread social conflict and unprecedented acts of terrorism carried out by both right- and left-wing groups. An attempt to endorse the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI) by the Tambroni Cabinet led to rioting and was short-lived. Widespread labour unrest and the collaboration of countercultural student activist groups with working class factory workers and pro-labour radical leftist organizations such as Potere Operaio and Lotta Continua culminated in
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2226-543: The so-called " Hot Autumn " of 1969, a massive series of strikes in factories and industrial centres in Northern Italy . Student strikes and labour strikes, often led by workers, leftists, left-sympathizing labourers, or Marxist activists, became increasingly common, often deteriorating into clashes between the police and demonstrators composed largely of workers, students, activists, and often left-wing militants. The Christian Democrats (DC) were instrumental in
2279-486: The strategic government of Rome . As Rome is a comune speciale since 2009, the office is different from the offices of the other Italian cities. The title is the equivalent of Lord Mayor in the meaning of an actual executive leader. According to the City of Rome Statutes, the Mayor of Rome is a member of the Rome City Council ( Italian : Assemblea Capitolina ) ex-oficio as its overall head. The Mayor
2332-652: The true last resort was a Dictatorship, to be held by the Consul Priori.) Roman Emperors were essentially Mayors of Rome ex officio , although the Consuls continued to exist in a largely ceremonial role. The Assembly of the Centuries was abolished, and the power to elect Consuls was transferred to the Senate alone. Once the Western Roman Empire ended, Consuls retook charge of the city, even as Kings once again ruled larger territories that included Rome. By this time there were no longer two Consuls in Rome, but one,
2385-400: The word belongs to the history books. I’ve grown to hate all forms of totalitarianism, whether of the left or of the right". In August 2008, Alemanno ignited controversy over immigration and the status of Romani people in Italy, when a group of Romani men attacked a Dutch couple that had been camping outside Rome. The couple were beaten and robbed and the woman was raped. Alemanno stated that
2438-535: Was a member of Gladio but he denied it in an interview: in the list of 622 Gladio members made public in 1990, his name is missing. A magistrate investigating the assassination attempt of Mariano Rumor found that Bertoli's files were incomplete. General Gianadelio Maletti , head of the SID from 1971 to 1975, was convicted in absentia in 1990 for obstruction of justice in the Mariano Rumor case. In May 1974,
2491-455: Was accused (along with four others) of intimidating a 23-year-old student, Dario D'Andrea, who was hit on the head by Sergio Mariani, then secretary of the Fronte della Gioventù (the youth organization of the Italian Social Movement). Mariani was sentenced, while Alemanno was acquitted. The second time was in 1982, when Alemanno was accused of throwing a Molotov cocktail at the Soviet Union embassy. According to other sources, his arrest followed
2544-490: Was assassinated in Genoa by a unit of the October 22 Group , a far-left terrorist organization. An amateur photographer had taken a photo of the killer that enabled police to identify the terrorists. The group was investigated, and more members were arrested. Some fled to Milan and joined the Gruppi di Azione Partigiana (GAP) and, later, the Red Brigades. The Red Brigades considered Gruppo XXII Ottobre its predecessor and, in April 1974, they kidnapped Judge Mario Sossi in
2597-481: Was assumed that Calabresi had been killed by neo-fascist organizations, bringing about the arrest of two neo-fascist activists, Gianni Nardi and Bruno Stefano, along with German Gudrun Kiess, in 1974. They were ultimately released. Sixteen years later, Adriano Sofri , Giorgio Petrostefani , Ovidio Bompressi , and Leonardo Marino were arrested in Milan following Marino's confession to the murder. Their trial finally established their guilt in organising and carrying out
2650-548: Was denied by left-wing members, especially by members of the student movement , then prominent in Milan's universities, as they believed that the bombing was carried out by fascists. Following the death of Giuseppe Pinelli, who mysteriously died on 15 December while in police custody, the radical left-wing newspaper Lotta Continua started a campaign accusing police officer Luigi Calabresi of Pinelli's murder. In 1975, Calabresi and other police officials were acquitted by judge Gerardo D'Ambrosio who decided that Pinelli's fall from
2703-426: Was investigated in the 2014 Rome corruption scandal , involving an external cooperation in a mafia association. On 23 March 2015 he was indicted along with seven other people due to an alleged illicit funding received for the Lazio regional elections of the 2010 that would have been masked by a false poll in favor of Renata Polverini 's list. Alemanno says: "I have never called for or received unlawful financing, this
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#17328008607682756-415: Was sentenced to six years in prison for corruption and illicit financing in the Mafia Capitale trial. After the sentence, Alemanno resigned as secretary of the National Movement for Sovereignty . Mayor of Rome The mayor of Rome ( Italian : sindaco di Roma ) is an elected politician who, along with the Rome City Council ( Italian : Assemblea Capitolina ) of 48 members, is accountable for
2809-428: Was the first civil servant to die in the wave of violence. The Victor Emmanuel II Monument , the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro in Rome and the Banca Commerciale Italiana and the Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura in Milan were bombed in December. Local police arrested 80 or so suspects from left-wing groups, including Giuseppe Pinelli , an anarchist initially blamed for the bombing, and Pietro Valpreda . Their guilt
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