81-712: Gibbons may refer to: Gibbon , an ape in the family Hylobatidae Gibbons (surname) Gibbons, Alberta Gibbons (automobile) , a British light car of the 1920s Gibbons P.C. , a leading American law firm headquartered in New Jersey Gibbons, a character from Tom Goes to the Mayor See also [ edit ] Gibbons v. Ogden , an 1824 United States Supreme Court case Justice Gibbons (disambiguation) Gibbon (disambiguation) All pages with titles containing Gibbons Topics referred to by
162-623: A heterogeneous indigenous population forming a national minority in Malaysia . They are the oldest inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia . As of 2017, the Orang Asli accounted for 0.7% of the population of Peninsular Malaysia. Although seldom mentioned in the country's demographics, the Orang Asli are a distinct group, alongside the Malays , Chinese , Indians , and the indigenous East Malaysians of Sabah and Sarawak . Their special status
243-508: A branch breaks or a hand slips, and researchers estimate that the majority of gibbons suffer bone fractures one or more times during their lifetimes. They are the fastest of all tree-dwelling, nonflying mammals. On the ground, gibbons tend to walk bipedally, and their Achilles tendon morphology is more similar to that of humans than that of any other ape. Gibbons' diets are about 60% fruit-based, but they also consume twigs, leaves, insects, flowers, and occasionally birds' eggs. Gibbons were
324-442: A cyclical dynamic of expansions and contractions of their forest habitat, an instance of radiation experienced by the gibbon genera. This may have led to the development of a suite of physical characteristics, distinct from their great ape relatives, to adapt to their habitat of dense, canopy forest. These crucial findings in genetics have contributed to the use of gibbons as a genetic model for chromosome breakage and fusion, which
405-982: A dominant presence. The state of the Northern Aslian languages also remains stable. Nomadic groups who speak them have little contact with the Malays, and although these populations are small, their languages are not threatened with extinction. Today, the Lanoh language belongs to the category of endangered languages, but among others, the Mah Meri language is in the greatest danger. The continuance of these languages can be found in radio broadcasts, which did not begin in Orang Asli until in 1959. Asyik.FM currently broadcasts daily in Radio Malaysia in Semai, Temyar, Teman and Jakun languages from 8 am to 11 pm. The channel
486-450: A genus, are also suspected to occur in wild gibbons where their ranges overlap. No records exist, however, of fertile hybrids between different gibbon genera, either in the wild or in captivity. One unique aspect of a gibbon's anatomy is the wrist, which functions something like a ball-and-socket joint , allowing for biaxial movement. This greatly reduces the amount of energy needed in the upper arm and torso, while also reducing stress on
567-532: A permanent housing estate under the relocation program initiated by the government. These settlements are equipped with modern amenities including electricity, running water and school. They were also awarded plots of palm oil land to be cultivated and as a source of income. Other programmes initiated by the government includes various special scholarship for the Orang Asli children for their studies and entrepreneurship courses, training and monetary funds for Orang Asli adult. The Malaysian Government aims to increase
648-508: A premature termination state leading to an alteration in transcription . This incorporation of the jumping gene near genes involved in chromosome replication is thought to make the rearrangement in the genome even more likely, leading to a greater diversity within the gibbon genera. In addition, some characteristic genes in the gibbon genome had gone through a positive selection and are suggested to give rise to specific anatomical features for gibbons to adapt to their new environment. One of them
729-522: A relic group of people who are descendants of the first migrants who came from Africa between 44,000 and 63,000 years ago. This does not mean, however, that they have survived to this day in their original form. Over thousands of years, they have undergone local evolution. Thus, the Hoabinhian inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula were taller than the modern Semang people and did not belong to
810-534: A separate Aslian languages group, which form part of the Austroasiatic language family . On the basis of language, these peoples have historical ties with the indigenous peoples of Myanmar , Thailand and the larger Indochina . These are further divided into the Jahaic languages (North Aslian), Senoic languages , Semelaic languages (South Aslian), and Jah Hut language . The languages which fall under
891-549: Is TBX5 , which is a gene that is required for the development of the front extremities or forelimbs such as long arms. The other is COL1A1 , which is responsible for the development of collagen , a protein that is directly involved with the forming of connective tissues, bone, and cartilage. This gene is thought to have a role in gibbons' stronger muscles. Researchers have found a coincidence between major environmental changes in Southeast Asia about 5 Mya that caused
SECTION 10
#1732765503032972-490: Is vulnerable ), primarily due to degradation or loss of their forest habitats. On the island of Phuket in Thailand , a volunteer-based Gibbon Rehabilitation Center rescues gibbons that were kept in captivity, and are being released back into the wild. The Kalaweit Project also has gibbon rehabilitation centers on Borneo and Sumatra . The IUCN Species Survival Commission Primate Specialist Group announced 2015 to be
1053-498: Is a threat of extinction of certain Orang Asli languages. Almost all Orang Asli are now bilingual; in addition to their native language, they are also fluent Malay language , the national language of Malaysia . Malay is gradually displacing native languages, reducing their scope at the domestic level. The role of lingua franca between Orang Asli speakers is usually played by the Semai language or Temiar language , which establishes
1134-683: Is a type of translocation mutation. The unusually high number of structural changes in the DNA and chromosomal rearrangements could lead to problematic consequences in some species. Gibbons, however, not only seemed to be free from problems but let the change help them effectively adapt to their environment. Thus, gibbons are organisms on which genetics research could be focused to broaden the implications to human diseases related to chromosomal changes, such as cancer, including chronic myeloid leukemia . Most species are either endangered or critically endangered (the sole exception being H. leuconedys , which
1215-549: Is also available via the Internet. In Malaysia, Orang Asli languages lack both natively-written literature and official status. However, some Baháʼí Faith and Christian missionaries, as well as JAKOA newsletters, produce printed materials in Aslian languages. Orang Asli value literacy, but they are unlikely to be able to support writing in their native language based on Malay or English. Private texts recorded by radio announcers
1296-520: Is approximately 148,000. The largest group are the Senois, constituting about 54% of the total Orang Asli population. The Proto-Malays form 43%, and the Semang forming 3%. Thailand is home to roughly 600 Orang Asli, divided between Mani people with Thai citizenship, and 300 others in the deep south. At the same time, the number of Orang Asli has been growing steadily for many years. Between 1947 and 1997,
1377-493: Is based on Malay and English writing and are amateur in nature. The authors face the problems of transcription and spelling, and the influence of the stamps characteristic of the standard Malay language is felt. A new phenomenon is an emergence of text messages in the Orang Asli language, which are distributed by their speakers, in particular, when using mobile phones. Unfortunately, due to fears of invasion of privacy, most of them are not made known to outsiders. Another development in
1458-535: Is critical for evolutionary development. The very high rate of chromosomal disorder and rearrangements (such as duplications, deletions or inversions of large stretches of DNA) due to the moving of this large DNA segment is one of the key features that are unique to the gibbon genome. A special feature of the LAVA transposon is that it positioned itself precisely between genes that are involved in chromosome segregation and distribution during cell division, which results in
1539-501: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Gibbon Gibbons ( / ˈ ɡ ɪ b ə n z / ) are apes in the family Hylobatidae ( / ˌ h aɪ l ə ˈ b æ t ɪ d iː / ). The family historically contained one genus , but now is split into four extant genera and 20 species . Gibbons live in subtropical and tropical forests from eastern Bangladesh to Northeast India to southern China and Indonesia (including
1620-431: Is enshrined in law. Orang Asli settlements are scattered among the mostly Malay population of the country, often in mountainous areas or the jungles of the rainforest. While outsiders often perceive them as a single group, there are many distinctive groups and tribes, each with its own language, culture and customary land. Each group considers itself independent and different from the other communities. What mainly unites
1701-565: Is marked by the appearance of the Neolithic on the Malay Peninsula, which is associated with the archaeological culture of Hòa Bình . New groups of people genetically related to the population of Thailand , Cambodia and Vietnam arrived on the Malay Peninsula bringing new technologies, better tools, and ceramics. In the peninsula, slash-and-burn agriculture was commonly practiced. Traditionally, these migrants are associated with
SECTION 20
#17327655030321782-665: Is part of the Austroasiatic language family, as do their Senoi agriculturalist neighbours. Most of them belong to the North Aslian language group, and only the Lanoh language belongs to the Central Aslian languages group. Negrito tribes: As of 2010, the Semang number approximately 4,800. They mostly live in Perak (2,413 people, 48.2%), Kelantan (1,381 people, 27.6%) and Pahang (925 people, 18.5%). The remaining 5.7% of Semang are distributed throughout Malaysia. Senoi
1863-461: Is singing, but also the area from which it comes. Gibbons often retain the same mate for life, although they do not always remain sexually monogamous. In addition to extra-pair copulations , pair-bonded gibbons occasionally "divorce". Gibbons are among nature's best brachiators . Their ball-and-socket wrist joints allow them unmatched speed and accuracy when swinging through trees. Nonetheless, their mode of transportation can lead to hazards when
1944-535: Is specific in small apes such as gibbons could potentially be due to factors that increase the rate of chromosomal breakage or factors that allow derivative chromosomes to be fixed in a homozygous state while mostly lost in other mammals. The whole genome of the gibbons in Southeast Asia was first sequenced in 2014 by the German Primate Center , including Christian Roos, Markus Brameier, and Lutz Walter, along with other international researchers. One of
2025-480: Is the largest subdivision of the Orang Asli, accounting for about 54% of their population. This ethnic group includes six tribes: Temiar, Semai, Semaq Beri, Jah Hut, Mah Meri and Cheq Wong. They live mainly in the central and northern parts of the Malay Peninsula. Their villages are scattered in the states of Perak, Kelantan and Pahang, including on the slopes of the Titiwangsa Mountains . Physically,
2106-604: Is very close to the standard Malay language , which form part of the Austronesian language family. These include the Jakun and Temuan languages among others. Semelai people and Temoq people speak Austroasiatic languages , with the latter are not distinguished in Malaysia as a separate people. According to Geoffrey Benjamin, a leading specialist in the study of Aslian languages and project Ethnologue: Languages of
2187-580: The Encyclopedia of Malaysia , the Semang or Pangan are regarded as the earliest inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula . They live mainly in the northern regions of the country, and are considered to be mostly descended from the people of the Hoabinhian cultural period, with many of their burials found dating back 10,000 years ago. They speak the Aslian languages branch of the Mon-Khmer language which
2268-629: The Malay language . The only exceptions are the Semelai language and the Temoq language , which are part of the Aslian languages , as are the Senoi and Semang languages. Aboriginal Malay tribes: Malays make up just over 50% of Malaysia's population, followed by Chinese (24%), Indians (7%) and the indigenous of Sabah and Sarawak (11%), while the remaining of Orang Asli is only 0.7%. Their population
2349-672: The Malayic and Chamic branches of the Austronesian language family. The Proto-Malays were originally considered ethnic Malay , but reclassified arbitrarily as part of Orang Asli by the British colonial authorities due to the similarity of their socio-economic and lifestyles with the Senoi and Semang . There are various degrees of admixture within all three groups. Only over time did indigenous peoples begin to identify themselves under
2430-704: The Negrito race. Recent studies have also shown genetic differences between Semang people and other Negritos , such as the indigenous Andamanese peoples and those from the Philippine Islands . Evidence of early human occupation of the Peninsula includes prehistoric artefacts and cave paintings such as the Tambun rock art , which is estimated to be around 2,000 to 12,000 years old. About 6,000–6,500 years ago, climatic conditions stabilised. This period
2511-580: The independence of Malaysia . More significant is the differing origins of these sub-groups. In Indonesia and Malaysia , some believe there are two branches of the Austronesian peoples , identified as Proto-Malays and Deutero-Malays. According to this theory, the Proto-Malays inhabited the islands of the Sunda archipelago about 2,500 years ago. The migration of Deutero-Malays is attributed to later times, but more than 1,500 years ago. They mingled with
Gibbons - Misplaced Pages Continue
2592-628: The Aboriginal Department (responsible for dealing with Orang Asli issues since the British Malaya government) developed their own classification of indigenous tribes based on their physical characteristics, linguistic kinship, cultural practices and geographical settlement. This divides Orang Asli into three main categories, with six ethnic subgroups each (totaling 18 ethnic subgroups). This division does not claim to be scientific and has many shortcomings. The boundaries between
2673-663: The Chinese word yuán (猿) referred specifically to gibbons until they were extirpated throughout most of the country due to habitat destruction (around the 14th century). In modern usage, however, yuán is a generic word for ape. Early Chinese writers viewed the "noble" gibbons, gracefully moving high in the treetops, as the "gentlemen" ( jūnzǐ , 君子) of the forest, in contrast to the greedy macaques , attracted by human food. The Taoists ascribed occult properties to gibbons, believing them to be able to live for several hundred years and to turn into humans. Gibbon figurines as old as from
2754-740: The Jahaic language sub-group are the Cheq Wong , Jahai , Bateq , Kensiu , Mintil , Kintaq , and Mendriq languages. The Lanoh language , Temiar language , and Semai language fall into the Senoic language sub-group. Languages that fall into the Semelaic sub-group include the Semelai language , Semoq Beri language , Temoq language , and Besisi language (language spoken by the Mah Meri people ). The second group that speaks Aboriginal Malay languages , except Semelai language and Temoq language ,
2835-457: The Malay Peninsula, archaeologists date back to a period of about 75,000 years ago. Next, a number of evidence of ancient people living in the north of the peninsula were left about 40,000 years ago. The climate and geography of Southeast Asia at that time were vastly different from today. During the Ice age period, the sea level was much lower, the seabed between the islands of the Sunda archipelago
2916-440: The Orang Asli are not considered indigenous. Their presence there indicates the mobility of the Orang Asli, as they come to the industrial areas of the country in search of employment opportunities. Distribution of Orang Asli tribes by state: According to the 2006 census, the number of Orang Asli was 141,230. Of these, 36.9% lived in remote villages, 62.4% on the outskirts of Malay villages and 0.7% in cities and suburbs. Thus,
2997-457: The Orang Asli is their distinctiveness from the three major ethnic groups of Peninsular Malaysia (ethnic Malays, Chinese, and Indian) and their historical sidelining in social, economic, and cultural matters. Like other indigenous peoples, Orang Asli strive to preserve their own distinctive culture and identity, which is linked by physical, economic, social, cultural, territorial, and spiritual ties to their immediate natural environment. Prior to
3078-457: The Proto-Malays who were already inhabiting the land, as well as with the Siamese , Javanese people , Sumatrans, Indian ethnic groups , Thai people , and Persian , Arab and Chinese merchants , resulting in the formation of the modern Malays of the Malay Peninsula. Although this theory has not been supported by scientific evidence, it is generally accepted in the attitude of the Malays toward
3159-490: The Semang and Senoi as descendants of the Hoabinhian people, Further research showed Semang shared genetic drift with ancient genomes from Hoabinhian ancestry, suggesting that they are genetically closer to the ancestors of Hoabinhian hunter-gatherers who occupied northern parts of Peninsular Malaysia during the late Pleistocene. Both groups speak Austroasiatic languages (also known as Mon-Khmer language ). The Proto-Malays, who speak Austronesian languages , migrated to
3240-601: The Senois in general differ from the indigenous tribals in terms of being taller in height, and having much lighter skin colour, and wavy hair. They were thought to have similar physical characteristics to the Mongoloid (now a discredited racial term) and even the Dravidians . Like the Semang, they also speak Aslian languages . Many Senoi are believed to be descendants of unions of Negritos with migrants from Indochina , probably Proto-Malays . The term "Senoi" comes from
3321-463: The World (20th edition, 2017) classifies the 18 Orang Asli tribes of Peninsular Malaysia linguistically as the following: Although the study of Orang Asli began in the early 20th century, even by the 1960s there was very little professional research. Intensive early 1990s field research spawned a new wave of scholarly material and yet, these languages still remain only somewhat fully understood. There
Gibbons - Misplaced Pages Continue
3402-562: The Year of the Gibbon and initiated events to be held around the world in zoos to promote awareness of the status of gibbons. Sinologist Robert van Gulik concluded gibbons were widespread in central and southern China until at least the Song dynasty , and furthermore, based on an analysis of references to primates in Chinese poetry and other literature and their portrayal in Chinese paintings,
3483-459: The adjective asal itself from Arabic : أصل , romanized : `asl "origin". The Communists won their support, and the government, seeking to do the same, began adopting the same terminology. Thus, the new, slightly modified term "Orang Asli", carrying the same sense of "original people", was born. The term was officially used in English, where it is identical in both the singular and
3564-441: The agricultural sector and have their own farms to grow rubber, oil palm, or cocoa. In the daily life of the Senoi people, the norms of customary laws are observed. Since the days of the colonial era, missionaries of world religions have been active among these jungle dwellers. Now some people among the tribes are adherents of Islam , Christianity , or Baháʼí Faith . Senoi tribes: Proto-Malays , or Aboriginal Malays, are
3645-541: The area between 2000 and 1500 BCE during the Austronesian expansion . Along with the ethnic Malays , they originated from the seaborne migration of the Austronesian peoples , ultimately from Taiwan . It is believed that Proto-Malays were the first wave of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian speakers that settled Borneo and the western Sunda Islands initially, but didn't penetrate Peninsula Malaysia due to preexisting populations of Austroasiatic speakers. Later Austronesian migrations from either western Borneo or Sumatra, settled
3726-493: The average growth rate averaged at 4% per year. This is largely due to the overall improvement in the quality of life of indigenous people. Population of the Orang Asli: Distribution of Orang Asli by state (2010) More than half of the Orang Asli live in the states of Pahang and Perak, followed by the indigenous peoples of Kelantan, Selangor, Johor, and Negeri Sembilan. In the states of Perlis and Penang,
3807-409: The coastal areas of Peninsular Malaysia became the modern Malayic -speaking populations ("Deutero-Malays"). However, other authors have also concluded that there is no real distinction between Proto-Malays and Deutero-Malays, and both are descendants of a single migration event into Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and southern Vietnam from western Borneo, This migration diverged into the modern speakers of
3888-426: The common hominoid ancestor to today's gibbons. No common specific sequence element in the independent rearrangements was found, while 46% of the gibbon-human synteny breakpoints occur in segmental duplication regions. This is an indication that these major differences in humans and gibbons could have had a common source of plasticity or change. Researchers view this unusually high rate of chromosomal rearrangement that
3969-414: The common name "Orang Asli" as a marker of collective identity as natives, distinct from the predominant ethnic groups more recently arrived to the peninsula. Orang Asli seldom associate themselves with the categories of "Negrito", "Senoi" and "Aboriginal Malays". The Orang Asli Negrito share a common genetic origin with East Asian people , but each can be differentiated on a finer scale. According to
4050-506: The development of indigenous languages was the release of individual recordings of pop music in Aslian languages, which can be heard on Asyik FM . In some states of Malaysia, attempts are being made to introduce Orang Asli languages into the educational process of primary school to bolster school attendance to benefit the overall Malaysian education system. Without sufficient studies and a standardisation of spelling these efforts have been unsuccessful. The earliest traces of modern humans in
4131-491: The end of British colonial rule on the Malay Peninsula , there were attempts to classify these disparate groups. Residents of the southern regions often called them Jakun , and those in the northern regions called them Sakai . Later on, all indigenous groups became known as Sakai , meaning Aborigines . The term "aborigines", as an official name, appeared in the English version of the Constitution of British Malaya and
SECTION 50
#17327655030324212-403: The fastest of all tree-dwelling, nonflying mammals. Depending on the species and sex, gibbons' fur coloration varies from dark- to light-brown shades, and any shade between black and white, though a completely "white" gibbon is rare. The English word "gibbon" is a reborrowing from French and may originally derive from an Orang Asli word. Whole genome molecular dating analyses indicate that
4293-401: The first apes to diverge from the common ancestor of humans and apes about 16.8 Mya. With a genome that has a 96% similarity to humans, the gibbon has a role as a bridge between Old World monkeys, such as macaques , and the great apes. According to a study that mapped synteny (genes occurring on the same chromosome) disruptions in the gibbon and human genome, humans and great apes are part of
4374-560: The fishing and seafood industry. Semelai people and Temoq people differ from other groups in language. The Aboriginal Malays are considered a race of people grouped within each smaller tribe of their own. These had long remained unaffected by foreign influences. The Aboriginal Malays are often distinguished from the Malaysian Malays because they are generally not Muslims. But the Orang Kuala converted to Islam before
4455-404: The four genera are ordered as ( Symphalangus , ( Nomascus , ( Hoolock , Hylobates ))). Symphalangus Nomascus Hoolock Hylobates A coalescent-based species tree analysis of genome-scale datasets suggests a phylogeny for the four genera ordered as ( Hylobates , ( Nomascus , ( Hoolock , Symphalangus ))). Hylobates Nomascus Hoolock Symphalangus At
4536-839: The fourth to third centuries BCE (the Zhou dynasty ) have been found in China. Later on, gibbons became a popular subject for Chinese painters, especially during the Song dynasty and early Yuan dynasty , when Yì Yuánjí and Mùqī Fǎcháng excelled in painting these apes. From Chinese cultural influence, the Zen motif of the "gibbon grasping at the reflection of the moon in the water" became popular in Japanese art , as well, though gibbons have never occurred naturally in Japan. Orang Asli Orang Asli are
4617-559: The generic and species names Symphalangus and syndactylus . Like all primates, gibbons are social animals. They are strongly territorial, and defend their boundaries with vigorous visual and vocal displays. The vocal element, which can often be heard for distances up to 1 km (0.62 mi), consists of a duet between a mated pair, with their young sometimes joining in. In most species, males and some females sing solos to attract mates, as well as advertise their territories. The song can be used to identify not only which species of gibbon
4698-597: The gibbon lineage diverged from that of great apes around 16.8 million years ago (Mya) (95% confidence interval: 15.9–17.6 Mya; given a divergence of 29 Mya from Old World monkeys ). Adaptive divergence associated with chromosomal rearrangements led to rapid radiation of the four genera 5–7 Mya. Each genus comprises a distinct, well-delineated lineage, but the sequence and timing of divergences among these genera has been hard to resolve, even with whole genome data, due to radiative speciations and extensive incomplete lineage sorting . An analysis based on morphology suggests that
4779-462: The gibbons that had its genome sequenced is a white-cheeked gibbon ( Nomascus leucogenys , NLE) named Asia. The team found that a jumping DNA element named LAVA transposon (also called gibbon-specific retrotransposon) is unique to the gibbon genome apart from humans and the great apes. The LAVA transposon increases mutation rate, thus is supposed to have contributed to the rapid and greater change in gibbons in comparison to their close relatives, which
4860-439: The groups are not fixed, and merge into each other, and the Orang Asli themselves use names associated with their specific area or by a local term meaning 'human being'. Semang are part of the earliest modern human migration that arrived Peninsular Malaysia 50 to 60 thousand years ago, while Senoi are part of Austroasiatic population that arrived Peninsular Malaysia 10 to 30 thousand⁸ year ago. Some earlier hypotheses pointed out
4941-787: The hoolock gibbons. The family is divided into four genera based on their diploid chromosome number: Hylobates (44), Hoolock (38), Nomascus (52), and Symphalangus (50). Also, three extinct genera currently are recognised: Bunopithecus , Junzi , and Yuanmoupithecus . Family Hylobatidae : gibbons Many gibbons are hard to identify based on fur coloration, so are identified either by song or genetics. These morphological ambiguities have led to hybrids in zoos. Zoos often receive gibbons of unknown origin, so they rely on morphological variation or labels that are impossible to verify to assign species and subspecies names, so separate species of gibbons commonly are misidentified and housed together. Interspecific hybrids, within
SECTION 60
#17327655030325022-672: The indigenous tribes. Some of the Aboriginal Malay tribes, including the Orang Kanaq and Orang Kuala , are difficult to be regarded as indigenous to the Malay Peninsula, as they only migrated in the last few centuries, much later than the Malays. Most Orang Kuala still live on the eastern coast of Sumatra in Indonesia, where they are also known as the Duano people. The languages of the Proto-Malays are archaic dialects of
5103-674: The islands of Sumatra , Borneo and Java ). Also called the lesser apes , gibbons differ from the great apes ( chimpanzees , gorillas , orangutans and humans ) in being smaller, exhibiting low sexual dimorphism , and not making nests. Like all of the apes, gibbons are tailless . Unlike most of the great apes, gibbons frequently form long-term pair bonds . Their primary mode of locomotion, brachiation , involves swinging from branch to branch for distances up to 15 m (50 ft), at speeds as fast as 55 km/h (34 mph). They can also make leaps up to 8 m (26 ft), and walk bipedally with their arms raised for balance. They are
5184-533: The laws of the country. Past colonial rule by European and Islamic powers gave both the Malay word Sakai and the English term Aborigines pejorative connotations, hinting at the supposed backwardness and primitivism of these people. During the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s Communist rebels , seeking the support of the indigenous tribes, began referring to them as Orang Asal , meaning "native people":
5265-594: The level of state aid they receive, as well as the participation of indigenous peoples in the economic life of the country and the level of their income. As a result, residents of villages located in different areas differ in living standards. Orang Asli is the poorest community in Malaysia. The poverty rate among Orang Asli is 76.9%. According to the Department of Statistics of Malaysia in 2009, 50% of indigenous people in Peninsular Malaysia were below
5346-520: The majority of the indigenous population are in rural areas. Some of them make regular trips between their native villages and the cities where they work. Orang Asli do not show much desire to permanently settle in cities because of the high cost of living for them. In addition, they feel out of place in urban communities due to differences in education and socio-economic status, as well as language and racial barriers. The location of Orang Asli villages largely determines their accessibility and, consequently,
5427-442: The monthly household income for Orang Asli from RM 1,200.00 per-month in 2010 to RM 2,500.00 by year 2015. Changes in the distribution of Orang Asli by religion (according to JAKOA and the Department of Statistics of Malaysia): Linguistically the Orang Asli divide into two groups: from the Austroasiatic languages and the Austronesian languages family. Northern groups ( Senoi and Semang ) speak languages that are grouped into
5508-410: The national average of 73 years. The national infant mortality rate in Malaysia in 2010 was 8.9 children per 1,000 live births but among the Orang Asli the figure was at a maximum of 51.7 deaths per 1,000 births. The Malaysian Government has undertaken various measures to eradicate the poverty level among the Orang Asli, many of them have been relocated from their nomadic and semi-nomadic dwelling to
5589-423: The official use of the term "Orang Asli" beginning in the early 1960s, the common terms for the indigenous population of Peninsular Malaysia varied. Thomas John Newbold recorded that "Malays" of Rembau in present-day Negeri Sembilan had given their local forest-dwelling hunter-gathering population the contemporary name of orang benua ( Jawi : اورڠ بنوا ) meaning "people of the soil or country". Towards
5670-462: The plural. Despite its origin as an exonym , the term was adopted by indigenous peoples themselves. The Orang Asli makes up one of 95 subgroups of indigenous people of Malaysia , the Orang Asal , each with their own distinct language and culture. The British colonial government classified the indigenous population of the Malay Peninsula on physiological and cultural-economic grounds upon which
5751-559: The poverty line, compared to 3.8% in the country as a whole. In addition to this high rate, the Statistics Department of Malaysia has classified 35.2% of the population as being "very poor". The majority of Orang Asli live in rural areas, while a minority have moved into urban areas. In 1991, the literacy rate for the Orang Asli was 43% compared to the national rate of 86% at that time. They have an average life expectancy of 53 years (52 for male and 54 for female) against
5832-401: The river banks or on the coast are engaged in fishing. Many of them are also employed, and there are those who are engaged in entrepreneurial activities or work as professionals. The group term covers tribes that are very distinct from each other. Temuan people , for example, have a long tradition of agriculture. The Orang Kuala and Orang Seletar , who live by the sea, are mainly engaged in
5913-567: The same superfamily ( Hominoidea ) with gibbons. The karyotype of gibbons, however, diverged in a much more rapid fashion from the common hominoid ancestor than other apes. The common ancestor of hominoids is shown to have a minimum of 24 major chromosomal rearrangements from the presumed gibbon ancestor's karyotype. Reaching the common gibbon ancestor's karyotype from today's various living species of gibbons will require up to 28 additional rearrangements. Adding up, this implies that at least 52 major chromosomal rearrangements are needed to compare
5994-411: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Gibbons . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gibbons&oldid=1149304826 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
6075-493: The second largest group of Orang Asli, making up about 43%. This group consists of seven separate tribes: Jakun, Temuan, Temoq, Semelai, Kuala, Kanaq, and Seletar people. In the colonial period, they were all erroneously called Jakun people. They live mainly in the southern half of the peninsula, in the states of Selangor , Negeri Sembilan , Pahang and Johor . Most of the settlements of the Aboriginal Malays are in
6156-441: The shoulder joint. Gibbons also have long hands and feet, with a deep cleft between the first and second digits of their hands. Their fur is usually black, gray, or brownish, often with white markings on hands, feet and face. Some species such as the siamang have an enlarged throat sac , which inflates and serves as a resonating chamber when the animals call. This structure can become quite large in some species, sometimes equaling
6237-448: The size of the animal's head. Their voices are much more powerful than that of any human singer, although they are at best half a human's height. Gibbon skulls and teeth resemble those of the great apes, and their noses are similar to those of all catarrhine primates. The dental formula is 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3 . The siamang, which is the largest of the 18 species, is distinguished by having two fingers on each foot stuck together, hence
6318-430: The species level, estimates from mitochondrial DNA genome analyses suggest that Hylobates pileatus diverged from H. lar and H. agilis around 3.9 Mya, and H. lar and H. agilis separated around 3.3 Mya. Whole genome analysis suggests divergence of H. pileatus from H. moloch 1.5–3.0 Mya. The extinct Bunopithecus sericus is a gibbon or gibbon-like ape, which until recently, was thought to be closely related to
6399-482: The upper reaches of rivers and also along the coastal areas not pre-empted and taken over by the Malays. Their customs, culture and languages are very similar to the Malaysian Malays . They are similar to the Malays in appearance, having a dark skin colour, straight hair and an epicanthic fold . Today, Aboriginal Malays are firmly settled people, mostly permanently employed in agriculture. Those who live on
6480-426: The words sen-oi and seng-oi, which means "people" in Semai language and Temiar language , respectively. The traditional economy of the Senoi people was based on jungle resources, where they would engage in hunting, fishing, foraging and logging. In contact with the Malay and Siamese states, the Senoi people were involved in trading and were the main suppliers of jungle produce in the region. Now most of them work in
6561-568: Was then land, and the Asian mainland extended to present-day Sumatra , Java , Bali , Kalimantan , Palawan , forming the so-called Sundaland . Global warming about 10,000 years ago caused glacier melt and rising sea levels resulting in the formation of the Malayan peninsula by approximately 8,000 years ago. It is believed that the surviving prehistoric population were the ancestors of today's Semang people. Recent genetic studies identify them as
#31968