Aldo Leopold Leadership Fellowship 2001,
58-1322: Giblin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Anne E. Giblin , marine biologist fr:Béatrice Giblin (born 1947), French scholar Belinda Giblin (born 1950), Australian actress Edmund Giblin (1923–2000), English footballer Irene M. Giblin (1888–1974), American ragtime musician John Giblin , British double bassist and bass guitarist Lyndhurst Giblin (1872–1951), Australian statistician and economist Paul Giblin , American investigative journalist Peter Giblin (born 1943), English mathematician Sally Ann Giblin MBE (born 1972), English psychotherapist Ronald Worthy Giblin (1863–1936), Australian surveyor and historian Thomas P. Giblin (born 1947), US Democratic Party politician Vincent Giblin (1817–1884), Australian cricket player and banker William Giblin (1840–1887), Premier of Tasmania, Australia See also [ edit ] Giblin family pioneering family of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Giblin, Illinois , unincorporated community in Champaign County, Illinois, US 7728 Giblin , asteroid. [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
116-439: A 6- or 7-fold increase in the flux of NO x to the atmosphere. Its production is a function of combustion temperature - the higher the temperature, the more NO x is produced. Fossil fuel combustion is a primary contributor, but so are biofuels and even the burning of hydrogen. However, the rate that hydrogen is directly injected into the combustion chambers of internal combustion engines can be controlled to prevent
174-445: A few notable and well-known exceptions that include most Prochlorococcus and some Synechococcus that can only take up nitrogen as ammonium. The nutrients in the ocean are not uniformly distributed. Areas of upwelling provide supplies of nitrogen from below the euphotic zone. Coastal zones provide nitrogen from runoff and upwelling occurs readily along the coast. However, the rate at which nitrogen can be taken up by phytoplankton
232-533: A further build-up of fixed nitrogen in the ocean, with the potential consequence of eutrophication . Gray arrows represent an increase while black arrows represent a decrease in the associated process. As a result of extensive cultivation of legumes (particularly soy , alfalfa , and clover ), growing use of the Haber–Bosch process in the production of chemical fertilizers , and pollution emitted by vehicles and industrial plants, human beings have more than doubled
290-491: A long-term fertilization experiment in a pair of lakes and observed their recovery, to anticipate the effects of what will happen with a longer growing season. Data from this project could inform the management of the landscape. Giblin has also worked have had to do with acid deposition on the sulfur cycle of lakes, the movement of trace metals in salt marsh sediments, nitrogen inputs and hydrologic disturbances to estuaries and Arctic lakes. Grants: Giblin's research
348-529: A major proportion of nitrogen conversion in the oceans . The stoichiometrically balanced formula for the ANAMMOX chemical reaction can be written as following, where an ammonium ion includes the ammonia molecule, its conjugated base : This an exergonic process (here also an exothermic reaction ) releasing energy, as indicated by the negative value of Δ G °, the difference in Gibbs free energy between
406-432: A plant or animal dies or an animal expels waste, the initial form of nitrogen is organic . Bacteria or fungi convert the organic nitrogen within the remains back into ammonium ( NH + 4 ), a process called ammonification or mineralization . Enzymes involved are: The conversion of ammonium to nitrate is performed primarily by soil-living bacteria and other nitrifying bacteria. In the primary stage of nitrification,
464-472: A process that leads to high algal population and growth, especially blue-green algal populations. While not directly toxic to fish life, like ammonia, nitrate can have indirect effects on fish if it contributes to this eutrophication. Nitrogen has contributed to severe eutrophication problems in some water bodies. Since 2006, the application of nitrogen fertilizer has been increasingly controlled in Britain and
522-399: A symbiotic relationship with rhizobia, some nitrogen is assimilated in the form of ammonium ions directly from the nodules. It is now known that there is a more complex cycling of amino acids between Rhizobia bacteroids and plants. The plant provides amino acids to the bacteroids so ammonia assimilation is not required and the bacteroids pass amino acids (with the newly fixed nitrogen) back to
580-449: Is Azotobacter . Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium usually live in the root nodules of legumes (such as peas, alfalfa, and locust trees). Here they form a mutualistic relationship with the plant, producing ammonia in exchange for carbohydrates . Because of this relationship, legumes will often increase the nitrogen content of nitrogen-poor soils. A few non-legumes can also form such symbioses . Today, about 30% of
638-518: Is also known as the ANAMMOX process, an abbreviation coined by joining the first syllables of each of these three words. This biological process is a redox comproportionation reaction, in which ammonia (the reducing agent giving electrons) and nitrite (the oxidizing agent accepting electrons) transfer three electrons and are converted into one molecule of diatomic nitrogen ( N 2 ) gas and two water molecules. This process makes up
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#1732793686490696-496: Is an anaerobic respiration process. Microbes which undertake DNRA oxidise organic matter and use nitrate as an electron acceptor, reducing it to nitrite , then ammonium ( NO − 3 → NO − 2 → NH + 4 ). Both denitrifying and nitrate ammonification bacteria will be competing for nitrate in the environment, although DNRA acts to conserve bioavailable nitrogen as soluble ammonium rather than producing dinitrogen gas. The AN aerobic AMM onia OX idation process
754-432: Is an important component of the marine environment. One reason is that only continual input of new nitrogen can determine the total capacity of the ocean to produce a sustainable fish harvest. Harvesting fish from regenerated nitrogen areas will lead to a decrease in nitrogen and therefore a decrease in primary production. This will have a negative effect on the system. However, if fish are harvested from areas of new nitrogen
812-458: Is an important process in the ocean as well. While the overall cycle is similar, there are different players and modes of transfer for nitrogen in the ocean. Nitrogen enters the water through the precipitation, runoff, or as N 2 from the atmosphere. Nitrogen cannot be utilized by phytoplankton as N 2 so it must undergo nitrogen fixation which is performed predominately by cyanobacteria . Without supplies of fixed nitrogen entering
870-613: Is decreased in oligotrophic waters year-round and temperate water in the summer resulting in lower primary production. The distribution of the different forms of nitrogen varies throughout the oceans as well. Nitrate is depleted in near-surface water except in upwelling regions. Coastal upwelling regions usually have high nitrate and chlorophyll levels as a result of the increased production. However, there are regions of high surface nitrate but low chlorophyll that are referred to as HNLC (high nitrogen, low chlorophyll) regions. The best explanation for HNLC regions relates to iron scarcity in
928-752: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Anne E. Giblin Anne E. Giblin is a marine biologist who researches the cycling of elements nitrogen, sulfur, iron and phosphorus. She is a Senior Scientist and Acting Director of the Ecosystem Center at the Marine Biological Lab . Giblin earned her Bachelor of Science in Biology at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , in Troy, NY in 1975. She went on to earn her Ph.D. in ecology at
986-468: Is focused around the circulation of these elements in different redox (reduction-oxidation) conditions in soils and sediments. Another dominant theme in her work is to comprehend if sediment processes act as a buffer or act to exacerbate anthropogenic inputs of nutrients to the environment. For example, much of her work focuses on the nitrogen cycle , and the effects ecosystems may have if there are high nutrient inputs from wastewater or fertilizer. Gilbin
1044-484: Is likely to enhance nitrogen fixation by diazotrophs (gray arrow), which utilize H ions to convert nitrogen into bioavailable forms such as ammonia ( NH 3 ) and ammonium ions ( NH + 4 ). However, as pH decreases, and more ammonia is converted to ammonium ions (gray arrow), there is less oxidation of ammonia to nitrite (NO 2 ), resulting in an overall decrease in nitrification and denitrification (black arrows). This in turn would lead to
1102-425: Is present in the environment in a wide variety of chemical forms including organic nitrogen, ammonium ( NH + 4 ), nitrite ( NO − 2 ), nitrate ( NO − 3 ), nitrous oxide ( N 2 O ), nitric oxide (NO) or inorganic nitrogen gas ( N 2 ). Organic nitrogen may be in the form of a living organism, humus or in the intermediate products of organic matter decomposition. The processes in
1160-412: Is reduced to NO − 2 , N 2 O, N 2 , and NH + 4 depending on the conditions and microbial species involved. The fecal plumes of cetaceans also act as a junction in the marine nitrogen cycle, concentrating nitrogen in the epipelagic zones of ocean environments before its dispersion through various marine layers, ultimately enhancing oceanic primary productivity. The nitrogen cycle
1218-609: Is supported by numerous grants from the National Science Foundation and the USGS Giblin's publications include the following: Nitrogen cycle The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmospheric , terrestrial , and marine ecosystems . The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in
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#17327936864901276-692: Is the lead PI of the Plum Island Ecosystems Long Term Ecological Research Site (PIE LTER). The Plum Island Ecosystems is composed of estuaries and watersheds located in northeastern Massachusetts . The three rivers that make up the ecosystem are the Ipswich River , Parker River , and the Rowley River . The goal of this research site is to develop an understanding of the long-term effect's sea-level rise linked to climate change may have on
1334-441: Is toxic to plants. Due to their very high solubility and because soils are highly unable to retain anions , nitrates can enter groundwater . Elevated nitrate in groundwater is a concern for drinking water use because nitrate can interfere with blood-oxygen levels in infants and cause methemoglobinemia or blue-baby syndrome. Where groundwater recharges stream flow, nitrate-enriched groundwater can contribute to eutrophication ,
1392-662: The Boston University Marine Program, in Woods Hole, MA , in 1982. Giblin did her graduate work in the Massachusetts Great Sippewissett Marsh, studying trace metal solubility in salt marsh sediments which were contaminated with sewage sludge. Gilbin's research primarily focuses on the cycling of elements such as nitrogen , sulfur , iron , and phosphorus in the environment. The majority of Giblin's research
1450-450: The nitrogenase enzyme that combines gaseous nitrogen with hydrogen to produce ammonia , which is converted by the bacteria into other organic compounds . Most biological nitrogen fixation occurs by the activity of molybdenum (Mo)-nitrogenase, found in a wide variety of bacteria and some Archaea . Mo-nitrogenase is a complex two-component enzyme that has multiple metal-containing prosthetic groups. An example of free-living bacteria
1508-441: The stratosphere , where it breaks down and acts as a catalyst in the destruction of atmospheric ozone . Nitrous oxide is also a greenhouse gas and is currently the third largest contributor to global warming , after carbon dioxide and methane . While not as abundant in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, it is, for an equivalent mass, nearly 300 times more potent in its ability to warm the planet. Ammonia ( NH 3 ) in
1566-409: The surname Giblin . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giblin&oldid=1188369461 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
1624-499: The United States. This is occurring along the same lines as control of phosphorus fertilizer, restriction of which is normally considered essential to the recovery of eutrophied waterbodies. Denitrification is the reduction of nitrates back into nitrogen gas ( N 2 ), completing the nitrogen cycle. This process is performed by bacterial species such as Pseudomonas and Paracoccus , under anaerobic conditions. They use
1682-688: The aboveground physiology and growth of plants near large point sources of nitrogen pollution. Changes to plant species may also occur as nitrogen compound accumulation increases availability in a given ecosystem, eventually changing the species composition, plant diversity, and nitrogen cycling. Ammonia and ammonium – two reduced forms of nitrogen – can be detrimental over time due to increased toxicity toward sensitive species of plants, particularly those that are accustomed to using nitrate as their source of nitrogen, causing poor development of their roots and shoots. Increased nitrogen deposition also leads to soil acidification, which increases base cation leaching in
1740-514: The annual transfer of nitrogen into biologically available forms. In addition, humans have significantly contributed to the transfer of nitrogen trace gases from Earth to the atmosphere and from the land to aquatic systems. Human alterations to the global nitrogen cycle are most intense in developed countries and in Asia, where vehicle emissions and industrial agriculture are highest. Generation of Nr, reactive nitrogen , has increased over 10 fold in
1798-512: The atmosphere has tripled as the result of human activities. It is a reactant in the atmosphere, where it acts as an aerosol , decreasing air quality and clinging to water droplets, eventually resulting in nitric acid ( H NO 3 ) that produces acid rain . Atmospheric ammonia and nitric acid also damage respiratory systems. The very high temperature of lightning naturally produces small amounts of NO x , NH 3 , and HNO 3 , but high-temperature combustion has contributed to
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1856-466: The cycle. N 2 can be returned to the atmosphere through denitrification . Ammonium is thought to be the preferred source of fixed nitrogen for phytoplankton because its assimilation does not involve a redox reaction and therefore requires little energy. Nitrate requires a redox reaction for assimilation but is more abundant so most phytoplankton have adapted to have the enzymes necessary to undertake this reduction ( nitrate reductase ). There are
1914-503: The emission of NO x , an unintentional waste product. When those reactive nitrogens are released into the lower atmosphere, they can induce the formation of smog, particulate matter , and aerosols, all of which are major contributors to adverse health effects on human health from air pollution. In the atmosphere, NO 2 can be oxidized to nitric acid ( HNO 3 ), and it can further react with NH 3 to form ammonium nitrate ( NH 4 NO 3 ), which facilitates
1972-462: The euphotic zone is referred to as new nitrogen because it is newly arrived from outside the productive layer. The new nitrogen can come from below the euphotic zone or from outside sources. Outside sources are upwelling from deep water and nitrogen fixation. If the organic matter is eaten, respired, delivered to the water as ammonia, and re-incorporated into organic matter by phytoplankton it is considered recycled/regenerated production. New production
2030-467: The euphotic zone. Bacteria are able to convert ammonia to nitrite and nitrate but they are inhibited by light so this must occur below the euphotic zone. Ammonification or Mineralization is performed by bacteria to convert organic nitrogen to ammonia. Nitrification can then occur to convert the ammonium to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrate can be returned to the euphotic zone by vertical mixing and upwelling where it can be taken up by phytoplankton to continue
2088-444: The fact that nitrite and ammonium are intermediate species. They are both rapidly produced and consumed through the water column. The amount of ammonium in the ocean is about 3 orders of magnitude less than nitrate. Between ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate, nitrite has the fastest turnover rate. It can be produced during nitrate assimilation, nitrification, and denitrification; however, it is immediately consumed again. Nitrogen entering
2146-458: The health of plants, animals, fish, and humans. Decreases in biodiversity can also result if higher nitrogen availability increases nitrogen-demanding grasses, causing a degradation of nitrogen-poor, species-diverse heathlands . Increasing levels of nitrogen deposition is shown to have several adverse effects on both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems . Nitrogen gases and aerosols can be directly toxic to certain plant species, affecting
2204-487: The higher combustion temperatures that produce NO x . Ammonia and nitrous oxides actively alter atmospheric chemistry . They are precursors of tropospheric (lower atmosphere) ozone production, which contributes to smog and acid rain , damages plants and increases nitrogen inputs to ecosystems. Ecosystem processes can increase with nitrogen fertilization , but anthropogenic input can also result in nitrogen saturation, which weakens productivity and can damage
2262-760: The human body, nitrate can react with organic compounds through nitrosation reactions in the stomach to form nitrosamines and nitrosamides , which are involved in some types of cancers (e.g., oral cancer and gastric cancer ). Human activities have also dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle by producing nitrogenous gases associated with global atmospheric nitrogen pollution. There are multiple sources of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (Nr) fluxes. Agricultural sources of reactive nitrogen can produce atmospheric emission of ammonia ( NH 3 ), nitrogen oxides ( NO x ) and nitrous oxide ( N 2 O ). Combustion processes in energy production, transportation, and industry can also form new reactive nitrogen via
2320-509: The impact of nitric acid rain deposition, resulting in the killing of fish and many other aquatic species. Ammonia ( NH 3 ) is highly toxic to fish, and the level of ammonia discharged from wastewater treatment facilities must be closely monitored. Nitrification via aeration before discharge is often desirable to prevent fish deaths. Land application can be an attractive alternative to aeration. Leakage of Nr (reactive nitrogen) from human activities can cause nitrate accumulation in
2378-532: The marine cycle, the fixed nitrogen would be used up in about 2000 years. Phytoplankton need nitrogen in biologically available forms for the initial synthesis of organic matter. Ammonia and urea are released into the water by excretion from plankton. Nitrogen sources are removed from the euphotic zone by the downward movement of the organic matter. This can occur from sinking of phytoplankton, vertical mixing, or sinking of waste of vertical migrators. The sinking results in ammonia being introduced at lower depths below
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2436-567: The natural water environment, which can create harmful impacts on human health. Excessive use of N-fertilizer in agriculture has been a significant source of nitrate pollution in groundwater and surface water. Due to its high solubility and low retention by soil, nitrate can easily escape from the subsoil layer to the groundwater, causing nitrate pollution. Some other non-point sources for nitrate pollution in groundwater originate from livestock feeding, animal and human contamination, and municipal and industrial waste. Since groundwater often serves as
2494-605: The nitrate as an electron acceptor in the place of oxygen during respiration. These facultatively (meaning optionally) anaerobic bacteria can also live in aerobic conditions. Denitrification happens in anaerobic conditions e.g. waterlogged soils. The denitrifying bacteria use nitrates in the soil to carry out respiration and consequently produce nitrogen gas, which is inert and unavailable to plants. Denitrification occurs in free-living microorganisms as well as obligate symbionts of anaerobic ciliates. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), or nitrate/nitrite ammonification,
2552-462: The nitrogen cycle include fixation , ammonification , nitrification , and denitrification . The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is atmospheric nitrogen , making it the largest source of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems . The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect
2610-426: The nitrogen cycle is to transform nitrogen from one form to another. Many of those processes are carried out by microbes , either in their effort to harvest energy or to accumulate nitrogen in a form needed for their growth. For example, the nitrogenous wastes in animal urine are broken down by nitrifying bacteria in the soil to be used by plants. The diagram alongside shows how these processes fit together to form
2668-459: The nitrogen cycle. The conversion of nitrogen gas ( N 2 ) into nitrates and nitrites through atmospheric, industrial and biological processes is called nitrogen fixation. Atmospheric nitrogen must be processed, or " fixed ", into a usable form to be taken up by plants. Between 5 and 10 billion kg per year are fixed by lightning strikes, but most fixation is done by free-living or symbiotic bacteria known as diazotrophs . These bacteria have
2726-433: The nitrogen will be replenished. As illustrated by the diagram on the right, additional carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is absorbed by the ocean and reacts with water, carbonic acid ( H 2 CO 3 ) is formed and broken down into both bicarbonate ( HCO − 3 ) and hydrogen ( H ) ions (gray arrow), which reduces bioavailable carbonate ( CO 2− 3 ) and decreases ocean pH (black arrow). This
2784-487: The ocean, which may play an important part in ocean dynamics and nutrient cycles. The input of iron varies by region and is delivered to the ocean by dust (from dust storms ) and leached out of rocks. Iron is under consideration as the true limiting element to ecosystem productivity in the ocean. Ammonium and nitrite show a maximum concentration at 50–80 m (lower end of the euphotic zone ) with decreasing concentration below that depth. This distribution can be accounted for by
2842-489: The oxidation of ammonium ( NH + 4 ) is performed by bacteria such as the Nitrosomonas species, which converts ammonia to nitrites ( NO − 2 ). Other bacterial species such as Nitrobacter , are responsible for the oxidation of the nitrites ( NO − 2 ) into nitrates ( NO − 3 ). It is important for the ammonia ( NH 3 ) to be converted to nitrates or nitrites because ammonia gas
2900-453: The past century due to global industrialisation . This form of nitrogen follows a cascade through the biosphere via a variety of mechanisms, and is accumulating as the rate of its generation is greater than the rate of denitrification . Nitrous oxide ( N 2 O ) has risen in the atmosphere as a result of agricultural fertilization, biomass burning, cattle and feedlots, and industrial sources. N 2 O has deleterious effects in
2958-422: The plant, thus forming an interdependent relationship. While many animals, fungi, and other heterotrophic organisms obtain nitrogen by ingestion of amino acids , nucleotides , and other small organic molecules, other heterotrophs (including many bacteria ) are able to utilize inorganic compounds, such as ammonium as sole N sources. Utilization of various N sources is carefully regulated in all organisms. When
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#17327936864903016-427: The primary domestic water supply, nitrate pollution can be extended from groundwater to surface and drinking water during potable water production, especially for small community water supplies, where poorly regulated and unsanitary waters are used. The WHO standard for drinking water is 50 mg NO − 3 L for short-term exposure, and for 3 mg NO − 3 L chronic effects. Once it enters
3074-419: The products of reaction and the reagents. Though nitrogen fixation is the primary source of plant-available nitrogen in most ecosystems , in areas with nitrogen-rich bedrock , the breakdown of this rock also serves as a nitrogen source. Nitrate reduction is also part of the iron cycle , under anoxic conditions Fe(II) can donate an electron to NO − 3 and is oxidized to Fe(III) while NO − 3
3132-410: The rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition . Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle . Human modification of the global nitrogen cycle can negatively affect the natural environment system and also human health. Nitrogen
3190-748: The soil and amounts of aluminum and other potentially toxic metals, along with decreasing the amount of nitrification occurring and increasing plant-derived litter. Due to the ongoing changes caused by high nitrogen deposition, an environment's susceptibility to ecological stress and disturbance – such as pests and pathogens – may increase, thus making it less resilient to situations that otherwise would have little impact on its long-term vitality. Additional risks posed by increased availability of inorganic nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems include water acidification; eutrophication of fresh and saltwater systems; and toxicity issues for animals, including humans. Eutrophication often leads to lower dissolved oxygen levels in
3248-519: The total fixed nitrogen is produced industrially using the Haber-Bosch process, which uses high temperatures and pressures to convert nitrogen gas and a hydrogen source (natural gas or petroleum) into ammonia. Plants can absorb nitrate or ammonium from the soil by their root hairs. If nitrate is absorbed, it is first reduced to nitrite ions and then ammonium ions for incorporation into amino acids, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll. In plants that have
3306-635: The water column, including hypoxic and anoxic conditions, which can cause death of aquatic fauna. Relatively sessile benthos, or bottom-dwelling creatures, are particularly vulnerable because of their lack of mobility, though large fish kills are not uncommon. Oceanic dead zones near the mouth of the Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico are a well-known example of algal bloom -induced hypoxia . The New York Adirondack Lakes , Catskills , Hudson Highlands , Rensselaer Plateau and parts of Long Island display
3364-543: The watershed. The knowledge gathered through this research site is used in policy and land management with the initiative to protect the natural resources of the coastal zone. Giblin is also works at the Arctic Long-Term Ecological Research (ARC LTER). The project is located on the north slope of Alaska. Similar to PIE LTER, this project was created to study anthropogenic as well as natural environmental change on ecosystems. Giblin conducted
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