A parent is either the progenitor of a child or, in humans , it can refer to a caregiver or legal guardian , generally called an adoptive parent or step-parent . The gametes of a parent result in a child, a male through the sperm, and a female through the ovum. Parents who are progenitors are first-degree relatives and have 50% genetic meet. A female can also become a parent through surrogacy . Some parents may be adoptive parents, who nurture and raise an offspring, but are not related to the child. Orphans without adoptive parents can be raised by their grandparents or other family members .
56-641: The Giffoni International Film Festival is an Italian children's film festival which takes place annually in Giffoni Valle Piana , Campania . It began in 1971. The Giffoni International Film Festival typically has around 100,000 guests and has had events in other countries, such as the Giffoni Hollywood Film Festival in the United States. The Giffoni Film Festival was founded in 1971 by Claudio Gubitosi, and
112-575: A widow's peak , or the cleft chin , may serve as tentative indicators of (non-) parenthood as they are readily observable and inherited via autosomal-dominant genes. A more reliable way to ascertain parenthood is via DNA analysis (known as genetic fingerprinting of individuals), although older methods have included ABO blood group typing , analysis of various other proteins and enzymes , or using human leukocyte antigens . The current techniques for paternity testing are using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism . For
168-584: A Bike (2011) stands as an important children's film. In the 1960s, the UK made motion pictures dealing with children that are now regarded as classics. These films include The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (1962), Lord of the Flies (1963), Born Free (1966), To Sir, with Love (1967) (based on E. R. Braithwaite 's real experiences), and if.... (1968). The list also includes
224-602: A child aside from the biological relationship. A child has at least one biological father and at least one biological mother , but not every family is a traditional nuclear family . There are many variants, such as adoption , shared parenting , stepfamilies , and LGBT parenting , over which there has been controversy. The social science literature rejects the notion that there is an optimal gender mix of parents or that children and adolescents with same-sex parents suffer any developmental disadvantages compared with those with two opposite-sex parents. The professionals and
280-424: A child or children to whom she has given birth." The extent to which it is socially acceptable for a parent to be involved in their offspring's life varies from culture to culture, however one that exhibits too little involvement is sometimes said to exhibit child neglect , while one that is too involved is sometimes said to be overprotective , cosseting, nosey , or intrusive . A person's biological parents are
336-493: A father or a mother. Every sexually reproducing creature who is not a genetic chimera has a maximum of four genetic grandparents, eight genetic great-grandparents , sixteen genetic great-great-grandparents and so on. Rarely, such as in the case of sibling or half-sibling incest , these numbers are lower . A paternity test is conducted to prove paternity, that is, whether a male is the biological father of another individual. This may be relevant in view of rights and duties of
392-502: A haunting and powerful nightmarish depiction of alienated childhood, boarding school separation, maternal deprivation , separation anxiety , war, and consumerist greed that affects a child and further affects his relationships and experiences in adulthood. It shows the child with non traditional images and the social changes that has occurred with family. In Pink Floyd The Wall the representation of child and family "stresses confrontation, confusion, dysfunctionality and history". In
448-404: A legal guardian without a formal court appointment. In such circumstances the parent acting in that capacity is called the natural guardian of that parent's child. Parenting or child rearing is the process of promoting and supporting the physical , emotional , social, financial, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood . Parenting refers to the aspects of raising
504-402: A minor, and guardianship for developmentally disabled adults. Most countries and states have laws that provide that the parents of a minor child are the legal guardians of that child, and that the parents can designate who shall become the child's legal guardian in the event of death, subject to the approval of the court. Some jurisdictions allow a parent of a child to exercise the authority of
560-422: A product of long evolutionary history . This provides an underlying biological framework for what may fascinate a child and also impose limitations on the same. These can be seen in certain universal features shared in children's films. According to Grodal, films like Finding Nemo (2003), Bambi (1942), or Hayao Miyazaki 's Spirited Away (2001) are based on certain strong emotions like fear, that lead to
616-423: A universally accepted definition. The utilization of a surrogate mother may result in explication of there being two biological mothers. A father is a male parent of any type of offspring. It may be the person who shares in the raising of a child or who has provided the biological material, the sperm , which results in the birth of the child. Grandparents are the parents of a person's own parent, whether that be
SECTION 10
#1732780508521672-496: A wider audience, presenting narratives from an adult or parental perspective. This is shown through the casting, content of the plot , editing, and even mise-en-scène . According to Bazalgette and Staples, a fine example of a family film is Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (1989), which if it were a European children's film with a similar plot, the title would be Sis, Dad Shrunk Us , explaining that European children's films are told from
728-454: A wider universal audience. While cultural aspects shape how various films are created, these films refer to underlying universal aspects that are innate and biological. University of Melbourne scholar Timothy Laurie criticises the emphasis placed on children's innate psychic tendencies, noting that "pedagogical norms have been tirelessly heaped onto children's media", and that rather than deriving from hardwired biology, "the quality of childhood
784-478: Is a film genre that generally relates to children in the context of home and family. Children's films are made specifically for children and not necessarily for a general audience, while family films are made for a wider appeal with a general audience in mind. Children's films come in several major genres like realism , fantasy , adventure , war , musicals , comedy , and literary adaptations . Children are born with certain innate biological dispositions as
840-400: Is a female who has a maternal connection with another individual, whether arising from conception , by giving birth to, or raising the individual in the role of a parent. More than one female may have such connections with an individual. Because of the complexity and differences of a mother's social, cultural, and religious definitions and roles, it is challenging to define a mother to suit
896-569: Is also known by the alternative title, Shelter , by Sivan . It was awarded the Silver Elephant and Special International Jury & CIFEJ Jury Awards at the 7th International Children's Film Festival. India also has a neo-realist children's film about street children in Mumbai, Salaam Bombay (1988) by Mira Nair . It depicts the cruel way in which adults treat children in India by showing
952-433: Is more likely shaped by social policy, political opportunism, pedagogical institutions, and youth-specific market segmentation ". In the United States and Europe, the idea of children's films began to gain relative prominence in the 1930s. According to Bazalgette and Staples, the term "family film" is essentially an American expression while "children's film" is considered to be a European expression. The difference between
1008-407: Is possible to have more than two biological parents. Examples of third biological parents include instances involving surrogacy or a third person who has provided DNA samples during an assisted reproductive procedure that has altered the recipients' genetic material. The most common types of parents are mothers , fathers , step-parents , and grandparents . A mother is "a woman in relation to
1064-543: Is seen in E.T. the Extra Terrestrial , where the children have to cope with the issues of single parenting and divorce, as well as separation from their father. Also, in the motion picture Empire of the Sun (1987), the protagonist child Jim Graham has to deal with separation from his parents for years, to the point where he is unable to even remember what his mother looked like. He is wounded not by bullets, but by
1120-1032: Is ultimately rejected by society while the female protagonist holds on to his memory. The 1990s also saw additional live-action family films such as Back to the Future Part III (1990), which brought the Back to the Future franchise into this decade, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990), Home Alone (1990) and its sequel Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992), Hook (1991), Alan & Naomi (1992), Jurassic Park (1993), Steve Zaillian 's Searching for Bobby Fischer (1993), Super Mario Bros. (1993), Mrs. Doubtfire (1993), The Flintstones (1994), Babe (1995), Jumanji (1995), 101 Dalmatians (1996), Fly Away Home (1996), Vegas Vacation (1997), and October Sky (1999). Films such as A Little Princess (1995) were more successful in
1176-589: The home video market than in theaters. Direct-to-video became important for both animated and live-action films, such as The Return of Jafar (1994), and those starring Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen . In the 1930s and 1940s, a children's film studio was set up in Moscow . Several films were imported from this studio to the United Kingdom including The Magic Fish , The Land of Toys , and The Humpbacked Horse . Post World War II children's films include
SECTION 20
#17327805085211232-701: The 1960s that involved children include The Sound of Music (1965) by Robert Wise and The Miracle Worker (1962). These were very successful musical motion picture that were in the genre of family films. Four of the top ten highest-grossing films of the decade were family films: The Sound of Music , One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), The Jungle Book (1967), and Mary Poppins (1964). Hollywood also released motion pictures starring children though these were not commercially successful and they were literary adaptations nonetheless. These include ...And Now Miguel (1966), Doctor Dolittle (1967), and The Learning Tree (1969). Other family/children films of
1288-518: The 1960s, important children's films from Japan include Bad Boys (1960), based on the lives of children in a reform school for juvenile delinquents, and Boy (1969). In the 1960s, important children's films from Asia include the film Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (1969) by Satyajit Ray . South India gave us the children's film Daisy (1988), depicting children in a boarding school and their experience of separation and longing. Other children's films from this region also include Abhayam (1991), which
1344-635: The 1980s and 1990s productions of classic children's films from America including Beauty and the Beast (1991) and Matilda (1996). American children's and family films of the 1980s include Popeye (1980), The Fox and the Hound (1981), Steven Spielberg 's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), The Great Mouse Detective (1986), and The Little Mermaid (1989). Spielberg portrays children realistically, having to cope with issues. This
1400-567: The Beast (1987), starring John Savage ; and Puss in Boots (1988), starring Christopher Walken . From Japan, Miyazaki's Spirited Away was voted as the number one film that must be seen by 14 years of age. That list also included the Māori film Whale Rider (2002). Another important children's film is Son of Maryam (1998), directed by Hamid Jebeli and set in Azerbaijan . It deals with
1456-481: The Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992), The Lion King (1994), Mulan (1998), The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), and the Pixar animated films Toy Story (1995), its sequel Toy Story 2 (1999), and A Bug's Life (1998). This decade introduced the modern fairy tale film Edward Scissorhands (1990), depicting an isolated, artificially created young man with human emotions and childlike qualities who
1512-804: The British-Italian romance film Romeo and Juliet (1968), and the French film L'Enfant sauvage (1969). French film directors Louis Malle and François Truffaut made significant contributions to children's films. Louis Malle made the films Zazie dans le Métro (1960), Murmur of the Heart (1971), and Pretty Baby (1978). The works of Truffaut include The 400 Blows (1959), The Wild Child (1970) and Small Change (1976). The film making style of Malle and Truffaunt inspired present day directors in making children's films; including Ponette (1996) directed by Jacques Doillon , which deals with
1568-535: The Chocolate Factory (1971), Sounder (1972), Benji (1974), Tuck Everlasting (1976), The Bad News Bears (1976), Freaky Friday (1976), and A Hero Ain't Nothin' but a Sandwich (1978), the divorce drama involving a child Kramer vs. Kramer (1978), and The Muppet Movie (1979). There were also combination live action/animation films such as 1971's Bedknobs and Broomsticks and Pete's Dragon (1977). This trend of films inspired
1624-591: The Conqueror (1988); The NeverEnding Story (1984), directed by German director Wolfgang Petersen ; the Danish film , Me and Mamma Mia (1989); and the Hungarian film Love, Mother (1987). Autumn Sonata by Ingmar Bergman is also an important cinema in the genre of family films, although it deals with issues between parent and child which the child expresses after reaching adulthood. The 1990s include
1680-460: The Future Part III (1990). "Since the resurgence of Disney feature films with The Little Mermaid (1989)", writes Laurie, "high-budget animations have become part of the Hollywood box office furniture, with phenomenal successes from Pixar Studios, DreamWorks animations and more recently, Blue Sky Studios". Important animated family films of the 1990s include Disney titles such as Beauty and
1736-700: The Giffoni Film Festival concept. The Giffoni-Australia Association was founded in 2005, based in Sydney . In 2008, the first edition of the Giffoni Hollywood Film Festival took place at the Kodak Theatre . The Giffoni World Alliance was also founded. In 2016, it was announced that Jennifer Aniston would attend the festival. 40°43′00″N 14°56′30″E / 40.71667°N 14.94167°E / 40.71667; 14.94167 Children%27s film A children's film , or family film ,
Giffoni Film Festival - Misplaced Pages Continue
1792-602: The Italian neorealist film Bicycle Thieves , by Vittorio De Sica (1948). According to Goldstein and Zornow, Clement's French film, Forbidden Games (1952), features children in the scenario of war, and shows the gap between children and adults. This period also includes the Czech children's film Journey to the Beginning of Time (1955), directed by Karel Zeman . In the 1960s, important European children's films include
1848-514: The Seven Dwarfs (1937). The period immediately before and during World War II saw the release of three significant family films in the U.S. These were Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs by Disney, Gulliver's Travels by Fleischer Studios , and Pinocchio (1940), also by Disney. All of these were loose adaptations of literary sources. After the war, Disney continued to make animated features that could be classified as family films given
1904-586: The activation of what Boyer and Lienard called the hazard-precaution system. This enables the brain to take precautions in case of danger. Children's films such as these explore various topics such as: attachment to parenting agency ; the development of friendship; reciprocal relationships between individuals; or deal with the necessity or need in children and young people to explore and to engage in play . Thus these diverse films deal with certain aspects that are not mere social constructions, but rather emotions relevant to all children and therefore have an appeal to
1960-547: The best family entertainment over the past generation. The 1970s and 1980s also include several films and their sequels as classics of family films, including: Star Wars (1977) and its sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983). Other similar movies and sequels include Robert Zemeckis 's film Back to the Future (1985) and its sequels Back to the Future Part II (1989) and Back to
2016-484: The child's perspective, portraying the story through the various emotions and experiences of the child. Because of these differences, American family films are more easily marketable toward domestic and international viewing audiences while European children's films are better received domestically with limited appeal to international audiences. The Walt Disney Company made animated adaptations of Grimms' Fairy Tales before World War II , beginning with Snow White and
2072-635: The contrast between films like Mary Poppins and Mouchette shows the ambiguous or schizoid nature of the depiction of children in the 1960s. European children's films from the 1970s and 1980s include: the German film directed by Wim Wenders , Alice in den Städten (1974); the Spanish film The Spirit of the Beehive (1973); Fanny & Alexander directed by Ingmar Bergman ; the Danish film Pelle
2128-820: The decade include Pollyanna (1960), Swiss Family Robinson (1960), In Search of the Castaways (1962), The Sword in the Stone (1963), That Darn Cat! (1965), Up the Down Staircase (1967), To Sir, With Love (1967), Yours, Mine and Ours (1968), and The Parent Trap (1961). Children's films in the 1970s from the United States include animated films such as The Aristocats (1970), Charlotte's Web (1973), Robin Hood (1973), The Rescuers (1977), and The Hobbit (1977). The decade also had live action children's films like Willy Wonka &
2184-421: The emotional and psychological pain and hurt that children experience "... while living without parental love and care". Other important European children's cinema in the 1960s include The Christmas Tree (1969), which tells the story of a child coping with his imminent death due to leukemia , and Robert Bresson 's film Mouchette (1964), which deals with the suicide of a 14-year-old girl. According to Wojcik,
2240-617: The father. Similarly, a maternity test can be carried out. This is less common, because at least during childbirth and pregnancy , except in the case of a pregnancy involving embryo transfer or egg donation , it is obvious who the mother is. However, it is used in a number of events such as legal battles where a person's maternity is challenged, where the mother is uncertain because she has not seen her child for an extended period of time, or where deceased persons need to be identified. Although not constituting completely reliable evidence, several congenital traits such as attached earlobes ,
2296-827: The festival and wrote "[o]f all the film festivals Giffoni is the most necessary". In the following years, Robert De Niro , Sergio Leone , Michelangelo Antonioni , and Alberto Sordi attended the festival. In 1997, the first stone of the "Cittadella del Cinema" in Giffoni was put down, beginning the Giffoni Multimedia Valley project. Between 1996 and 1998, the festival started three different competitive categories: First Screens, for children aged from 9 to 12, Free to Fly, for children aged from 12 to 14 years, and Y-Generation (formerly Rear Window), for youths from 15 to 19 years. Berlin and Miami hosted its Next Generation Film Festival. Poland and Albania hosted
Giffoni Film Festival - Misplaced Pages Continue
2352-460: The film Kes (1969). Some children's motion pictures belong to the category of avant-garde films because of the unconventional and often controversial treatment of the subject. According to film scholars; an important example of an avant-garde children's film is the British film Pink Floyd The Wall (1982). Pink Floyd The Wall is an unconventional and controversial motion picture that has
2408-830: The hard life of street children in Mumbai (also called as Bombay). Important children's films from India also include the Bollywood films Masoom (1983) and Mr. India (1987); both directed by Shekhar Kapoor . Other important children's films include the reproduction of the German Fairy tales of the Grimm brothers by the Israeli film companies Golan Globus and Cannon Films in their series called Cannon Movie Tales , which includes: The Frog Prince (1986), starring Aileen Quinn , Helen Hunt , and John Paragon ; Beauty and
2464-643: The important Russian films Burnt by the Sun (1994) and The Thief (1997), both of which are set in post-revolutionary Russia of 1917. In the 2000s, important European children's films include the Finnish film Mother of Mine (2005), the Italian short film Il supplente ("The Substitute") (2007), and the Polish animated film Peter and the Wolf (2006). In 2010s the Belgian, French language film, The Kid with
2520-610: The madness and cruelty of war and separation from his parents. According to Robin Wood, in their films, Lucas and Spielberg both reconstruct "... the adult spectator as a child ..." or "... an adult who would like to be a child". Other important children's films from the U.S. in the late 1970s include Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977). Live action films like Superman (1978) and Superman II are also important children's and family films. They have been ranked as some of
2576-408: The major associations now agree there is a well-established and accepted consensus in the field that there is no optimal gender combination of parents. The family studies literature indicates that it is family processes (such as the quality of parenting and relationships within the family) that contribute to determining children's well-being and "outcomes", rather than family structures, per se, such as
2632-410: The most part, however, genetic fingerprinting has all but taken over all the other forms of testing. A legal guardian is a person who has the legal authority (and the corresponding duty) to care for the personal and property interests of another person, called a ward. Guardians are typically used in three situations: guardianship for an incapacitated senior (due to old age or infirmity), guardianship for
2688-441: The number of offspring, the offspring can increase their fitness by getting a greater share of parental investment often by competing with their siblings . The theory was proposed by Robert Trivers in 1974 and extends the more general selfish gene theory and has been used to explain many observed biological phenomena. For example, in some bird species, although parents often lay two eggs and attempt to raise two or more young,
2744-408: The number, gender, sexuality and co-habitation status of parents. An offspring who hates their father is called a misopater, one that hates their mother is a misomater, while a parent that hates their offspring is a misopedist. Parent–offspring conflict describes the evolutionary conflict arising from differences in optimal fitness of parents and their offspring . While parents tend to maximize
2800-542: The persons from whom the individual inherits their genes . The term is generally only used if there is a need to distinguish an individual's parents from their biological parents, For example, an individual whose father has remarried may call the father's new wife their stepmother and continue to refer to their mother normally, though someone who has had little or no contact with their biological mother may address their foster parent as their mother, and their biological mother as such, or perhaps by her first name. A mother
2856-732: The relationship between a Muslim boy and an Armenian priest. Children's films from South Africa include Tsotsi (2006). Another collection of family films is the anthology of 20 Canadian and European motion picture productions titled Tales for All . This includes the Canadian children's film Bach and Broccoli (Bach et Bottine) (1986) and the Argentine film Summer of the Colt (1990), directed by André Mélancon . Parent A parent can also be elaborated as an ancestor removed one generation . With recent medical advances, it
SECTION 50
#17327805085212912-513: The scope of its content. According to Wojcik, the most important film adaptations of children's literature in the immediate post-World War II period were the motion pictures The Diary of Anne Frank by George Stevens (1959), Treasure Island (1950) by Byron Haskin and Luigi Comencini 's 1952 motion picture Heidi . In the 1960s, motion pictures such as To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) and Oliver! (1968), directed by Carol Reed , portrayed children as naturally innocent. Other films of
2968-410: The sensitivity of the mother to insulin and thus make a larger supply of blood sugar available to the fetus. The mother responds by increasing the level of insulin in her bloodstream, the placenta has insulin receptors that stimulate the production of insulin-degrading enzymes which counteract this effect. In Europe, parents are generally happier than non-parents. In women, happiness increases after
3024-423: The strongest fledgling takes a greater share of the food brought by parents and will often kill the weaker sibling, an act known as siblicide . David Haig has argued that human fetal genes would be selected to draw more resources from the mother than it would be optimal for the mother to give, a hypothesis that has received empirical support. The placenta , for example, secretes allocrine hormones that decrease
3080-514: The terms can be seen in casting methods adopted by American and European films respectively. In American family films, the search for a child protagonist involves casting children who meet a specific criterion or standard for physical appearance. In contrast, European children's films look to cast children who appear "ordinary". Similarly, in American family films, the adult cast can be composed of well known actors or actresses in an effort to attract
3136-557: Was hosted in Giffoni Valle Piana , Campania . As earlier editions (connected with the Salerno Film Festival ) had limited budgets and a small number of films, the festival began to bring in films from Northern Europe and Soviet Union . During the 1980s the amount of children's films increased and films coming from France , Albania , Spain , Sweden , Norway , Canada , Iran , Australia , Poland and New Zealand were imported. In 1982, François Truffaut attended
#520479