HIPPI , short for High Performance Parallel Interface , is a computer bus for the attachment of high speed storage devices to supercomputers , in a point-to-point link . It was popular in the late 1980s and into the mid-to-late 1990s, but has since been replaced by ever-faster standard interfaces like Fibre Channel and 10 Gigabit Ethernet .
24-461: HIPPI was the first “near-gigabit” (0.8 Gbit/s) ( ANSI ) standard for network data transmission. It was specifically designed for supercomputers and was never intended for mass market networks such as Ethernet . Many of the features developed for HIPPI were integrated into such technologies as InfiniBand . What is remarkable about HIPPI is that it came out when Ethernet was still a 10 Mbit/s data link and SONET at OC-3 (155 Mbit/s)
48-437: A channel are bundled in a single multi-fiber connector and cable. A full-duplex connection thus consists of two separate cables. American National Standards Institute The American National Standards Institute ( ANSI / ˈ æ n s i / AN -see ) is a private nonprofit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in
72-430: A national standards organization. According to Adam Stanton, the first permanent secretary and head of staff in 1919, AESC started as an ambitious program and little else. Staff for the first year consisted of one executive, Clifford B. LePage, who was on loan from a founding member, ASME. An annual budget of $ 7,500 was provided by the founding bodies. In 1931, the organization (renamed ASA in 1928) became affiliated with
96-497: A single pair of twisted pair copper wires. Both of these systems have since been supplanted by even higher performance systems during the 2000s. From 1996 on an effort to improve the speed resulted in HIPPI-6400, which was later renamed to GSN (for Gigabyte System Network ), but GSN saw little use due to competing standards and high cost. GSN has a full-duplex bandwidth of 6400 Mbit/s or 800 MB/s in each direction. GSN
120-478: A total of 23 lines, all of which are differential. The connectors (Berg Micropax 100) have 100 pins total, of which 92 (23×2×2) are used. Fiber-optic cables (HIPPI-6400-OPT) are limited to 1 km. It uses the same principal signals as the copper interface, but runs everything at twice the clock rate, which halves the number of data and control fibers. Each channel thus consists of 8 data fibers, two control fibers and one clock and framing fiber each. All 12 fibers of
144-642: Is copyright infringement for them to be provided to the public by others free of charge. These assertions have been the subject of criticism and litigation. ANSI was most likely formed in 1918, when five engineering societies and three government agencies founded the American Engineering Standards Committee ( AESC ). In 1928, the AESC became the American Standards Association ( ASA ). In 1966,
168-688: Is allowed under a provision of the Freedom of Information Act , 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(1). Section 552(a) requires agencies to publish regulations in the Federal Register in order to enforce them. Section 552(a)(1) provides that if material published elsewhere is "reasonably available to the class of persons affected" and the Director of the Federal Register approves its incorporation by reference, that material will be "deemed published" in
192-502: Is the act of including a second document within another document by only mentioning the second document. This act, if completed properly, makes the entire second document a part of the main document. Incorporation by reference is often found in laws, regulations, contracts, legal and regulated documentation. In American administrative law , incorporation by reference is a drafting tool that enables federal agencies to give legal effect to materials that are already published elsewhere. This
216-463: Is the difficulty of balancing "the interests of both the nation's industrial and commercial sectors and the nation as a whole." Although ANSI itself does not develop standards, the Institute oversees the development and use of standards by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organizations. ANSI accreditation signifies that the procedures used by standards developing organizations meet
240-561: Is treated as part of the text of the application as filed. In law regarding wills , it is a doctrine at common law which allows a testator, or a creator of a will, to dispose of assets in his estate in accordance with a separate document. To be valid, such a document must comply with the following requirements: An exception to the first requirement is made for small gifts of tangible personal property , such as household furniture and items of sentimental value. Oral instructions cannot be subject to incorporation by reference. For example, if
264-671: The ASA was reorganized and became United States of America Standards Institute ( USASI ). The present name was adopted in 1969. Prior to 1918, these five founding engineering societies: had been members of the United Engineering Society (UES). At the behest of the AIEE, they invited the U.S. government Departments of War, Navy (combined in 1947 to become the Department of Defense or DOD) and Commerce to join in founding
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#1732782971424288-681: The Federal Register. It is most controversially used to incorporate privately authored voluntary consensus standards into health and safety regulations without infringing the standards developers' copyright . Federal law and policy, embodied in the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-119, requires federal agencies to use these standards instead of creating "government-unique" technical standards purely to serve regulatory purposes. Commercial contracts may refer to separate documents which are incorporated into
312-605: The ISO and the IEC, and administers many key committees and subgroups. In many instances, U.S. standards are taken forward to ISO and IEC, through ANSI or the USNC, where they are adopted in whole or in part as international standards. Adoption of ISO and IEC standards as American standards increased from 0.2% in 1986 to 15.5% in May 2012. The Institute administers nine standards panels: Each of
336-693: The U.S. National Committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ), which had been formed in 1904 to develop electrical and electronics standards. ANSI's members are government agencies, organizations, academic and international bodies, and individuals. In total, the Institute represents the interests of more than 270,000 companies and organizations and 30 million professionals worldwide. ANSI's market-driven, decentralized approach has been criticized in comparison with more planned and organized international approaches to standardization. An underlying issue
360-483: The United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. ANSI accredits standards that are developed by representatives of other standards organizations , government agencies , consumer groups , companies, and others. These standards ensure that the characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that people use
384-514: The adoption of international standards as national standards where appropriate. The institute is the official U.S. representative to the two major international standards organizations, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), as a founding member, and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), via the U.S. National Committee (USNC). ANSI participates in almost the entire technical program of both
408-442: The institute's requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and due process. ANSI also designates specific standards as American National Standards, or ANS, when the Institute determines that the standards were developed in an environment that is equitable, accessible and responsive to the requirements of various stakeholders. Voluntary consensus standards quicken the market acceptance of products while making clear how to improve
432-729: The panels works to identify, coordinate, and harmonize voluntary standards relevant to these areas. In 2009, ANSI and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) formed the Nuclear Energy Standards Coordination Collaborative (NESCC). NESCC is a joint initiative to identify and respond to the current need for standards in the nuclear industry. Incorporation by reference Sections Contest Property disposition Common types Other types Governing doctrines In law , incorporation by reference
456-442: The primary contract by reference to them. Examples include documents containing standard terms and conditions, or references to previous contracts between the two parties, whose terms are to apply to a further transaction. In some countries, a specification of a patent application may incorporate by reference the content of a previous patent , patent application, or non-patent publication. The information incorporated by reference
480-507: The safety of those products for the protection of consumers. There are approximately 9,500 American National Standards that carry the ANSI designation. The American National Standards process involves: In addition to facilitating the formation of standards in the United States, ANSI promotes the use of U.S. standards internationally, advocates U.S. policy and technical positions in international and regional standards organizations, and encourages
504-481: The same 25 MHz clock in parallel) as well as Serial HIPPI using fibre optics with a maximum range of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi). HIPPI usage dwindled in the late 1990s. This was partly because Ultra3 SCSI offered rates of 320 MB/s and was available at almost any computer store at commodity prices. Meanwhile, Fibre Channel offered simple interconnect with both HIPPI and SCSI (it can run both protocols) and speeds of up to 400 MB/s on fibre and 100 MB/s on
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#1732782971424528-938: The same definitions and terms, and that products are tested the same way. ANSI also accredits organizations that carry out product or personnel certification in accordance with requirements defined in international standards. The organization's headquarters are in Washington, D.C. ANSI's operations office is located in New York City. The ANSI annual operating budget is funded by the sale of publications, membership dues and fees, accreditation services, fee-based programs, and international standards programs. Many ANSI regulations are incorporated by reference into United States federal statutes (i.e. by OSHA regulations referring to individual ANSI specifications). ANSI does not make these standards publicly available, and charges money for access to these documents; it further claims that it
552-460: Was considered leading edge technology. The first HIPPI standard (HIPPI-PH) defined a 50-pair (100- wire ) unidirectional twisted pair cable, running at 800 Mbit/s (100 MB/s) with maximum range limited to 25 metres (82 ft). A bidirectional connection therefore required two separate cables. 32 bits are transferred in parallel with a 25 MHz clock. Later standards included a 1600 Mbit/s (200 MB/s) mode (using two cables running at
576-448: Was developed by Silicon Graphics and Los Alamos National Laboratory . It uses a parallel interface for higher speeds. GSN copper cables (HIPPI-6400-PH) are limited to 40 metres (130 ft). Like HiPPI-800, GSN uses two separate simplex channels (one in each direction). Unlike HiPPI-800, they are combined in a single cable and connector. Each channel consists of 16 data lines, four control lines, one framing line and two clock lines, for
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