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43-1053: Giovanni Michelotti (6 October 1921 – 23 January 1980) was one of the most prolific designers of sports cars in the 20th century. His notable contributions were for Ferrari , Lancia , Maserati and Triumph marques. He was also associated with truck designs for Leyland Motors , and with designs for British Leyland (including the Leyland National bus) after the merger of Leyland and BMC . Born in Turin , Italy, Michelotti worked for coachbuilders, including Stabilimenti Farina , Vignale , Allemano , Bertone , Ghia , Ghia-Aigle , Scioneri, Monterosa, Viotti , Fissore and OSI , before opening his own design studio in 1959. He also cooperated with manufacturers producing their own cars based on Fiat or other mechanicals, like Siata , Moretti , Francis Lombardi and Nardi . From 1962, Michelotti concluded cooperation with Carrozzeria Vignale and began his own coachbuilding activities. Towards

86-531: A footprint just 50 cm (19.7 in) longer than the original Mini Cooper and on the same 2 m (78.7 in) wheelbase as the 600 saloon. This was achieved by moving the driver's compartment forward over the front axle, effectively eliminating the boot but giving the body a very minivan -like "one-box" , flat-front look. The car debuted at the Brussels Motor Show in January 1956, and

129-814: A later model on the Onassis' private island Skorpios . Around 1980, the Fiat 127 -based "Every" appeared, a light buggy-styled vehicle. Michelotti also marketed a luxurious version of the Daihatsu Taft . In 1985 the Michelotti PAC was presented, a one-off citycar prototype (PAC = "Project Automotive Commuter") based on the Daihatsu Cuore . In the 1960s, Michelotti designed a glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) cab for certain lorries made by Scammell , who had become part of Leyland Motors in 1955. The cab

172-566: A more affordable successor, the 1974 SEAT 133 , updated with a similarly modernised body and interior, but largely reusing the Fiat 600 platform. For a while, Fiat also sold it as the Fiat 133, a cheaper alternative to the 127. Codenamed Progetto 100 ("Project 100"), the Fiat 600 mirrored the layout of the Volkswagen Beetle and Renault 4CV of its era. Aimed at being an economical but capable vehicle, its design parameters stipulated

215-880: A number of prototypes which did not go into production, such as the Triumph Fury . The only Triumphs after 1960 that were not his work were the TR6 and the TR7 , plus the Honda -based Acclaim . After Triumph's parent company Leyland Motors became a part of British Leyland , Michelotti undertook a facelift of the BMC 1100 – which became the Spanish-built Austin Victoria and also the South African-built Austin Apache . He also designed

258-630: A record price of $ 170,500 at a collector car auction in Scottsdale, Arizona, in January 2015. Italian tuning company Abarth produced various versions of the Fiat 600 from 1956 to 1970 under a variety of model names, including Abarth 210 A, Fiat-Abarth 750, 850, and 1000. Many suffixes like Granturismo, Berlina, TC, and TCR were also used and many were built with aluminium bodywork by Zagato and other famed Italian carrozzerie . Abarth competitor Giannini Automobili also produced tuned 600s (as did countless other, smaller modifiers), most famously

301-507: A soft-top version was introduced, as well as a six-seater variant—the Fiat 600 Multipla. It was a precursor of current multi-purpose vehicles . The millionth 600 was produced in February 1961, less than six years after the car's launch. At the time when the millionth car was produced, the manufacturer reported it was producing the car at the then remarkable rate of 1,000 a day. As of mid 2017 there were 78 registered as taxed for road use in

344-404: A weight of around 450 kg with the ability to carry 4 people and luggage with a cruising speed of no less than 85 km/h. A total of 5 prototypes were built between 1952 and 1954, which all differed from each other. Chassis number 000001 with engine number 000002 is believed to be the sole remaining example, according to a recent report by Quattroruote 's "Ruoteclassiche" vintage division. It

387-492: Is considered a pop icon of the Italian economic miracle , and the three-row seating Multipla, though diminutive and odd-looking, is seen as one the first mass-produced minivans . Measuring just 3.22 m (10 ft 7 in) long, its all-new design was Fiat's first rear-engined car, and was priced at 590,000  lire (the equivalent of about €8,680 or US$ 9,440 in 2023). The total number produced from 1955 to 1969 at

430-471: Is generally adequate, for high-power modified versions a front-mounted radiator or oil cooler is needed to complement the rear-mounted radiator. All models of the 600 had generators with mechanical external regulators. The top speed ranged from 95 km/h (59 mph) empty with the 633 cc inline-four engine to 110 km/h (68 mph) with the 767 cc version. The car had good ventilation and defrosting systems. A year after its debut, in 1956,

473-514: Is in possession of the DAF museum in Eindhoven . Michelotti did present a few cars under his own name. The Shellette was a beach car with wicker seats and dashboard in the spirit of Ghia's , Fiat 500 and 600 Jollys. The Shellette was designed in collaboration with yacht designer Philip Schell . Originally constructed with DAF underpinnings, this was later changed to Fiat 850 mechanicals. Unlike

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516-722: The Dutch firm DAF , starting in 1963 with redesigning the ageing Daffodil 31 model into the Daffodil 32 and DAF 33 . The Shellette beach car was also originally developed to use DAF underpinnings. The DAF 44 (1966) was a completely new design from his hand and he also helped form its derivatives 46 , 55 and 66 , which culminated in the Volvo 66 (1975). In 1968, Michelotti built a concept car based on his DAF 55 design, called Siluro ( Italian for torpedo ), which remained in his possession until his death. The car has since been restored and

559-581: The Leyland National bus and the Australian-made Leyland P76 . Giovanni Michelotti's BMW association started with the BMW 700 (1959) and later the successful BMW New Class series of designs of which the most notable is the BMW 2002. His sport sedan designs later became the BMW design language, that was continued and refined by Ercole Spada well into the 1980s. Michelotti also worked with

602-508: The Mirafiori plant in Turin was 2,695,197. The 1955 Fiat 600 also formed the blueprint for an even smaller sibling, the 2.97 m (9 ft 9 in) 2nd generation "Nuova" (New) Fiat 500 , launched two years later – which was, although rounder in shape, largely copied from the 600's layout and design. Later, the 600's platform also formed the basis for the larger 850 saloon, coupé and spider, launched from 1964, which coexisted with

645-481: The US from 1958 to 1962. Famous Fiat Jolly owners include Aristotle Onassis, Yul Brynner , Grace Kelly , Mary Pickford , Mae West , Gianni Agnelli (for whom the original Jolly was constructed), Josip Broz Tito , Wiley T. Buchanan Jr. , and James Inglis. Fiat Jollys are highly sought after by collectors; however, replicas are being made and are being passed off as authentic. A genuine 1960 Fiat Jolly "600" model brought

688-634: The "Marinella" with a wickerwork wraparound bench in the rear. The Fiat 600T is a van derivative of the 600 Multipla. It is powered by a rear-mounted 633 cc 4-cylinder engine. In 1958 Fiat shipped a number of Fiat 600s to the Italian design house Ghia for conversion into the Jolly. Featuring wicker seats and the option of a fringed top to shield its occupants from the Mediterranean sun, these cars were originally made for use on large yachts of

731-515: The 600 in Fiats line-up for five years, until the 600 was cancelled. During the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, many units were built under licence in countries such as Spain (as SEAT 600 ), where it became the cultural icon of the Spanish miracle and where it was nicknamed Seiscientos ; Argentina , where it was nicknamed Fitito (a diminutive: "little Fiat") and former Yugoslavia where it

774-471: The 600: '750 Primavera', 'Rany', 'Milton', 'Serra', 'Gredos', 'Avia 50', 'Buggy', 'Siata Minivan', 'Siata Tarraca', etc. The SEAT 600 was the most popular car in Spain of the twentieth century, because it was the first car that any Spaniard could buy and served to definitively motorize the country. It is a fundamental element of the well-known " Spanish miracle ", the great industrial development that occurred in

817-430: The 600E received a slight facelift with bigger headlights, new rims, and a new "grille" in front. In November 1970 the 600R appeared. The external differences were limited to trim, but the interior saw more thorough changes, with a new steering wheel, inner ceiling, and seat coverings. The hubcaps were replaced with tiny rubber caps. The 767 cc 600 R had 36 hp SAE (26 kW) thanks to higher compression than in

860-575: The 60s during the Government of General Franco. This great development transformed the country from an agriculture-based economy to the eighth industrial power in the world. The Fiat 600 was also manufactured at Fiat Neckar in Germany between 1956 and 1967. Presented in a first time as Jagst 600, in 1960 with the release of Fiat 600D it became Jagst 770. The model was manufactured until the end of 1967, more than 172,000 copies. In former Yugoslavia

903-542: The E, and was in turn replaced by the 32 hp DIN (24 kW) 843 cc 600 S in July 1977. The 600 S featured new bumpers with rubber overriders and a black plastic faux-grille to replace the previous chrome iteration. This version was equipped with an enlarged, 843 cc engine that could use 88 octane fuel. That engine was adapted in Córdoba from the 903 cc engine (requiring 93 octane fuel) which equipped

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946-635: The Ghia Jolly, the more powerful 47 hp (35 kW) Shellette was a reasonably useful car having a heater and various other creature comforts. It was also capable of a 60 mph (97 km/h) cruising speed. Only about 80 were built, with around ten still in existence. Famous buyers included the Dutch Royal Family , who used an early DAF-based Shellette at their summer property in Porto Ercole , and Jacqueline Onassis , who employed

989-680: The SEAT 600 D/E/L Especial an luxury version, the 'Descapotable' cabriolet , the 'Formicheta' commercial version, the 'Múltiple', the 'Savio', the 'Playera', etc. One unique variation produced between 1964 and 1967 was the SEAT 800, the sole four-door derivative of the 600 model which received a longer wheelbase. It was developed in-house by SEAT and produced exclusively by the Spanish automaker without any equivalent model in Fiat's range. In addition, in Spain many car bodybuilders or companies associated with SEAT, manufactured several versions derived from

1032-595: The Spanish-sourced Fiat 133, which coexisted with the 600 S in Argentina until 1982. Top speed was up to 120 km/h (75 mph) in the 600 S. The 600 was finally replaced by the Fiat 147 in April 1982, after having undergone one last tiny facelift in 1981 (black head and taillight surrounds, a black "shield" up front). Initially, the new 147 also used the 903 cc engine. In Colombia , it

1075-467: The UK and 44 registered as SORN (Statutory Off Road Notification). In Spain , the 600 model was made under the make of SEAT from 1957 to 1973. Up to 797,319 SEAT 600 were made at time, and the Spanish car maker exported them to a number of countries worldwide. SEAT produced various derivatives of the original 600 model some of them with improvements and special fittings like the use of "suicide doors" :

1118-620: The end of his life, asked whether he had ever designed anything other than cars, Michelotti acknowledged that virtually all of his design work had involved cars, but he admitted to having designed a coffee making machine shortly after the war . From the late 1950s Michelotti was responsible for all new models produced by the British company Standard Triumph , starting with a facelift of the Standard Vanguard and going on to design other models for Triumph such as: He also created

1161-605: The fuel tank (which on the regular 600 was housed in the front luggage compartment) to the rear, above the gearbox. The spare wheel was carried inside the cabin, in front of the passenger seat. The manufacturer advertised a top speed of 90 km/h (56 mph). A 633 cc, RHD Multipla was tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1956. It was found to have a top speed of 57.1 mph (91.9 km/h) and could accelerate from 0–50 mph (0–80 km/h) in 43.0 seconds. A fuel consumption of 38.4 miles per imperial gallon (7.36 L/100 km; 32.0 mpg ‑US )

1204-494: The increasing complexity in industrial design of today's society, and due to the needs of mass production where more time is usually associated with more cost, the production methods became more complex and with them, the way designs and their production are created. The classical areas are now subdivided into smaller and more specialized domains of design (landscape design, urban design, interior design, industrial design, furniture design, fashion design, and much more) according to

1247-432: The local parts content steadily increased. In 1962 the 600D was introduced, with a 32 hp SAE (24 kW) 767 cc engine. In August 1964, around the same time that the local firm changed its name to Fiat Concord S.A., the second 600D was introduced, with slight changes to its appearance. The suicide doors continued to be used until the April 1965 appearance of the 600E, which also gained some extra power. Early in 1967

1290-452: The methods of teaching or the program and theories followed vary according to schools and field of study. In industry, a design team for large projects is usually composed of a number of different types of designers and specialists. The relationships between team members will vary according to the proposed product, the processes of production or the research followed during the idea development, but normally they give an opportunity to everyone in

1333-713: The model was much sought after, and was produced under the name Zastava 750 (later 850), nicknamed "Fića" or "Fićo" in Serbo-Croatian, "Fičo" or "Fičko" in Slovene, and "Фиќо/Фичо" ( Fikjo/Ficho ) in Macedonian. It was produced by the Zastava factory in Kragujevac , Serbia , from the early 1955 until 1985, during which time it played a major role in motorisation of the country, due to its affordability. The 600

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1376-444: The product designed or perhaps its means of production. Despite various specializations within the design industry, all of them have similarities in terms of the approach, skills, and methods of working. Using design methods and design thinking to resolve problems and create new solutions are the most important aspects of being a designer. Part of a designer's job is to get to know the audience they intend on serving. In education,

1419-406: The team to take a part in the creation process. Different types of designers include: Fiat 600 The Fiat 600 ( Italian : Seicento , pronounced [ˌsɛiˈtʃɛnto] ) is a small, rear-engined city car and economy family car made by Italian carmaker Fiat from 1955 to 1969 — offered in two-door fastback sedan and four-door Multipla mini MPV body styles. The 600

1462-447: The wealthy ( Aristotle Onassis owned one). The car was designed as a luxury vehicle for wealthy Europeans and the US market. With a cost of nearly double that of a standard "600", they were made in a very limited production. It is believed that fewer than 100 exist today, each one being unique. 32 Jolly cars were used as taxis on the island of Catalina off the coast of Los Angeles in

1505-417: Was a single double-mounted leafspring—which acts as a stabilizer—between the front wheels coupled to gas-charged shock absorbers , and an independent coil-over-shock absorber setup coupled to semi-trailing arms at the rear. All 600 models had 3-synchro (no synchro on 1st) 4-speed transaxles . Unlike the Volkswagen Beetle or Fiat 500 , the Fiat 600 is water-cooled with an ample cabin heater and, while cooling

1548-483: Was assembled by Colombian Mazda assemblers, Compañía Colombiana Automotriz , from 1979 to 1982. Marketed as the Fiat 750Z, colloquially it was called the "topolino". Parts content was divided into 60 per cent Colombian parts and 40 per cent Serbian parts (from the Zastava 750). The Fiat 600 Multipla was a four-door MPV based on the Fiat 600's drivetrain and Fiat 1100 front suspensions, that sat up to six people in

1591-638: Was built as the Fiat 600 R by Sevel in Argentina from 1960 to 1982, with assembly operations also taking place (beginning somewhat later) in Uruguay by Ayax S.A., and in Chile . At first, Someca S.A. built the 600 with rear-hinged doors and the 633 cc engine with 28 hp (21 kW), made mainly from parts shipped in from Italy. As a new plant was constructed in the Ferreyra, a suburb of Córdoba ,

1634-580: Was discontinued in the spring of 1967, to be replaced by the Fiat 850 Familiare . The Multipla name was reintroduced in late 1998 for the Fiat Multipla compact minivan . The 600 Multipla was available in three interior configurations: As mentioned, the 600 Multipla used the type 100.000 663 cc overhead valve inline-four cylinder engine from the 600 saloon, producing 21.5 DIN -rated PS (15.8  kW ; 21.2  hp ) or 24.5 CUNA -rated PS at 4,600 rpm. A shorter final drive ratio

1677-445: Was nicknamed Fića or Fićo (pronounced 'fee-cha' or 'fee-cho' respectively). Fiat replaced their 500 and 600 with the 126 and 127 models , featuring much more modern, but again very similar styling, however where the 126 carried over much of the 500's underpinnings, the 127 was an all new, slightly more expensive design with a front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout , and possibly a rear hatch . But in Spain, SEAT chose to develop

1720-424: Was powered by an innovative single-cam V2-cylinder engine designed to simplify maintenance and did not feature a clutch pedal. At the official launch in 1955, FIAT engineer, Dante Giacosa declared that the aim had been to create something new, both in the interest of progress and simplification. This prototype, however, did not become the chosen design. The car had hydraulic drum brakes on all four wheels. Suspension

1763-546: Was recorded. The test car cost £799 including taxes on the UK market. In September 1960 the 600 Multipla benefited from the same mechanical upgrades introduced on the 600 D saloon, the most significant one being an enlarged 767 cc engine, and became the 600 D Multipla . As on the saloon, the 106 D.000 four-cylinder had both larger bore and longer stroke, and produced 25 DIN -rated PS (18.4 kW; 24.7 hp) or 29 CUNA -rated PS 4,800 rpm. In 1956, Fissore designed an open-topped Multipla prototype called

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1806-428: Was the only change made to the 4-speed manual transmission , with synchromesh on the top three forward gears. Rear trailing arm suspension also came from the 600, while the front double wishbone suspension —complete with coil springs , coaxial hydraulic dampers and anti-roll bar —as well as steering components were sourced from the bigger 1100/103. Other changes included a larger capacity radiator and relocating

1849-688: Was used for the Routeman, Handyman and Trunker models. The Townsman also had a Michelotti designed cab. For other companies he designed the following (this is an incomplete list): Designers A Designer is someone who conceptualizes & creates new concepts/ideas/products for consumption by the general public. It is different from an artist who creates art for a select few to understand or appreciate. However, both domains require some understanding of aesthetics. The design of clothing , furniture , and other common artifacts were left mostly to tradition or artisans specializing in hand making them. With

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