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104-483: Giovanni Carmelo Verga di Fontanabianca ( Italian: [dʒoˈvanni karˈmɛːlo ˈverɡa] ; 2 September 1840 – 27 January 1922) was an Italian realist ( verista ) writer. The first son of Giovanni Battista Catalano Verga and Caterina Di Mauro, Verga was born into a prosperous family of Catania in Sicily. He began writing in his teens, producing the historical novel Amore e Patria ( Love and Homeland ) when he

208-424: A blood clot to prevent blood loss. Even when a blood vessel is not injured, blood clots may form in the body under certain conditions. A clot, or a piece of the clot, that breaks free and begins to travel around the body is known as an embolus . Thrombosis may occur in veins ( venous thrombosis ) or in arteries ( arterial thrombosis ). Venous thrombosis (sometimes called DVT, deep vein thrombosis ) leads to

312-419: A blood clot in the affected part of the body, while arterial thrombosis (and, rarely, severe venous thrombosis) affects the blood supply and leads to damage of the tissue supplied by that artery ( ischemia and necrosis ). A piece of either an arterial or a venous thrombus can break off as an embolus , which could then travel through the circulation and lodge somewhere else as an embolism . This type of embolism

416-497: A blood vessel, which unless treated very quickly will lead to tissue necrosis (an infarction ) in the area past the occlusion. Venous thrombosis can lead to pulmonary embolism when the migrated embolus becomes lodged in the lung. In people with a "shunt" (a connection between the pulmonary and systemic circulation), either in the heart or in the lung, a venous clot can also end up in the arteries and cause arterial embolism. Arterial embolism can lead to obstruction of blood flow through

520-745: A drug addict who drifts in and out of her life. A sub-set of realism emerged in Australia's literary scene known as "dirty realism", typically written by "new, young authors" who examined "gritty, dirty, real existences", of lower-income young people, whose lives revolve around a nihilistic pursuit of casual sex , recreational drug use and alcohol , which are used to escape boredom . Examples of dirty-realism include Andrew McGahan 's Praise (1992), Christos Tsiolkas 's Loaded (1995), Justine Ettler 's The River Ophelia (1995) and Brendan Cowell 's How It Feels (2010), although many of these, including their predecessor Monkey Grip , are now labelled with

624-499: A focus on everyday (middle-class) drama, ordinary speech, and dull settings. Realism and naturalism diverge chiefly on the degree of choice that characters have: while naturalism believes in the overall strength of external forces over internal decisions, realism asserts the power of the individual to choose (see A Doll's House ). Russia's first professional playwright, Aleksey Pisemsky , along with novelists Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy ( The Power of Darkness (1886)), began

728-457: A full recovery. The mortality rate is 4.3%. Jugular vein thrombosis is a condition that may occur due to infection, intravenous drug use or malignancy. Jugular vein thrombosis can have a varying list of complications, including: systemic sepsis , pulmonary embolism , and papilledema . Though characterized by a sharp pain at the site of the vein, it can prove difficult to diagnose, because it can occur at random. Cavernous sinus thrombosis

832-606: A genre coined in 1995 as " grunge lit ". Ian Watt in The Rise of the Novel (1957) saw the novel as originating in the early 18th-century and he argued that the novel's 'novelty' was its 'formal realism': the idea 'that the novel is a full and authentic report of human experience'. His examples are novelists Daniel Defoe , Samuel Richardson and Henry Fielding . Watt argued that the novel's concern with realistically described relations between ordinary individuals, ran parallel to

936-575: A large audience. Later in the 19th century George Eliot 's (1819–1880) Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life (1871–72), described by novelists Martin Amis and Julian Barnes as the greatest novel in the English language, is a work of realism. Through the voices and opinions of different characters the reader becomes aware of important issues of the day, including the Reform Bill of 1832,

1040-648: A man who, ironically, falls from materialistic fortune by his own mistakes. One of the earliest examples of realism was Josiah Gilbert Holland’s second novel, Miss Gilbert’s Career, published “a full decade before any of the so-called pioneer American realistic novelists begin to publish.“ The 1860 novel “anticipated these much abler and more penetrating realists.“ This includes Samuel Clemens (1835–1910), better known by his pen name of Mark Twain , author of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), and Stephen Crane (1871–1900). Twain's style, based on vigorous, realistic, colloquial American speech, gave American writers

1144-587: A multitude of cardioprotective interventions investigated with largely neutral clinical data. Of these, RIC has the most robust clinical evidence, especially in the context of STEMI, but also emerging for other indications such as acute ischemic stroke and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Treatment options for full-term and preterm babies who develop thromboembolism include expectant management (with careful observation), nitroglycerin ointment, pharmacological therapy (thrombolytics and/or anticoagulants), and surgery. The evidence supporting these treatment approaches

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1248-563: A new appreciation of their national voice. Twain was the first major author to come from the interior of the country, and he captured its distinctive, humorous slang and iconoclasm. For Twain and other American writers of the late 19th century, realism was not merely a literary technique: It was a way of speaking truth and exploding worn-out conventions. Crane was primarily a journalist who also wrote fiction, essays, poetry, and plays. Crane saw life at its rawest, in slums and on battlefields. His haunting Civil War novel, The Red Badge of Courage ,

1352-433: A pivotal role in deep vein thrombosis, mediating numerous pro-thrombotic actions. Any inflammatory process, such as trauma, surgery or infection, can cause damage to the endothelial lining of the vessel's wall. The main mechanism is exposure of tissue factor to the blood coagulation system. Inflammatory and other stimuli (such as hypercholesterolemia ) can lead to changes in gene expression in endothelium producing to

1456-697: A pro-thrombotic state. When this occurs, endothelial cells downregulate substances such as thrombomodulin , which is a key modulator of thrombin activity. The result is a sustained activation of thrombin and reduced production of protein C and tissue factor inhibitor, which furthers the pro-thrombotic state. Endothelial injury is almost invariably involved in the formation of thrombi in arteries, as high rates of blood flow normally hinder clot formation. In addition, arterial and cardiac clots are normally rich in platelets–which are required for clot formation in areas under high stress due to blood flow. Causes of disturbed blood flow include stagnation of blood flow past

1560-494: A result, naturalistic writers were frequently criticized for focusing too much on human vice and misery. Verismo (from Italian vero , meaning 'true, real') was an Italian literary movement which aimed to describe reality. Its main representatives were Giovanni Verga and Luigi Capuana , regarded as the authors of a " manifesto " of the genre. Among other exponents were Matilde Serao and 1926 Nobel Prize winner Grazia Deledda (see main article for more). Protagonists of

1664-442: A sense, Émile Zola , whose naturalism is often regarded as an offshoot of realism. Theatrical realism was a general movement in 19th-century theatre from the time period of 1870–1960 that developed a set of dramatic and theatrical conventions with the aim of bringing a greater fidelity of real life to texts and performances. Part of a broader artistic movement , it shared many stylistic choices with naturalism , including

1768-433: A small vessel that leads to complete occlusion), wound healing will reorganise the occlusive thrombus into collagenous scar tissue, where the scar tissue will either permanently obstruct the vessel, or contract down with myofibroblastic activity to unblock the lumen . For a mural thrombus (defined as a thrombus in a large vessel that restricts the blood flow but does not occlude completely), histological reorganisation of

1872-413: A style of social realism . Its protagonists usually could be described as angry young men, and it often depicted the domestic situations of working-class Britons living in cramped rented accommodation and spending their off-hours drinking in grimy pubs , to explore social issues and political controversies. The films, plays and novels employing this style are set frequently in poorer industrial areas in

1976-638: A tradition of psychological realism in Russia which culminated with the establishment of the Moscow Art Theatre by Constantin Stanislavski and Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko . Their ground-breaking productions of the plays of Anton Chekhov in turn influenced Maxim Gorky and Mikhail Bulgakov . Stanislavski went on to develop his 'system' , a form of actor training that is particularly suited to psychological realism. 19th-century realism

2080-450: A young man, who soon deserts her. When her self-righteous mother rejects her, Maggie becomes a prostitute to survive but soon dies. Crane's earthy subject matter and his objective, scientific style, devoid of moralizing, earmark Maggie as a naturalist work. Other later American realists are John Steinbeck , Frank Norris , Theodore Dreiser , Upton Sinclair , Jack London , Edith Wharton and Henry James . Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850)

2184-476: Is Esther Waters (1894), was also influenced by the naturalism of Zola. William Dean Howells (1837–1920) was the first American author to bring a realist aesthetic to the literature of the United States. His stories of middle and upper class life set in the 1880s and 1890s are highly regarded among scholars of American fiction. His most popular novel, The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885), depicts

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2288-545: Is a key reason for the continued high mortality and morbidity in these conditions, despite endovascular reperfusion treatments and continuous efforts to improve timeliness and access to these treatments. Hence, protective therapies are required to attenuate IRI alongside reperfusion in acute ischemic conditions to improve clinical outcomes. Therapeutic strategies that have potential to improve clinical outcomes in reperfused STEMI patients include remote ischemic conditioning (RIC), exenatide, and metoprolol. These have emerged amongst

2392-412: Is a specialised form of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, where there is thrombosis of the cavernous sinus of the basal skull dura, due to the retrograde spread of infection and endothelial damage from the danger triangle of the face. The facial veins in this area anastomose with the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins of the orbit, which drain directly posteriorly into the cavernous sinus through

2496-434: Is a writing style or sub-genre of realistic fiction centered around historical events and time periods. In historical realism, the structure and context of a text is usually solely derived from a real historical event or time period. As a consequence of this, many texts that fall under this category are philosophical by nature. In the early nineteenth century, there was growing impetus to establish an Australian culture that

2600-513: Is apparent in the fantastic The Temptation of Saint Anthony (final version published 1874) and the baroque and exotic scenes of ancient Carthage in Salammbô (1862). In German literature , 19th-century realism developed under the name of "Poetic Realism" or "Bourgeois Realism," and major figures include Theodor Fontane , Gustav Freytag , Gottfried Keller , Wilhelm Raabe , Adalbert Stifter , and Theodor Storm . In Italian literature ,

2704-649: Is closely connected to the development of modern drama, which, as Martin Harrison explains, "is usually said to have begun in the early 1870s" with the "middle-period" work of the Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen . Ibsen's realistic drama in prose has been "enormously influential." In opera , verismo refers to a post-Romantic Italian tradition that sought to incorporate the naturalism of Émile Zola and Henrik Ibsen. It included realistic – sometimes sordid or violent – depictions of contemporary everyday life, especially

2808-435: Is considered mere reportage , not art, and based on naïve metaphysics . Thrombosis Thrombosis (from Ancient Greek θρόμβωσις (thrómbōsis)  'clotting') is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel , obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system . When a blood vessel (a vein or an artery ) is injured, the body uses platelets (thrombocytes) and fibrin to form

2912-400: Is increasingly emphasized. In patients admitted for surgery, graded compression stockings are widely used, and in severe illness, prolonged immobility and in all orthopedic surgery , professional guidelines recommend low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) administration, mechanical calf compression or (if all else is contraindicated and the patient has recently developed deep vein thrombosis)

3016-530: Is initiated. An arterial thrombus or embolus can also form in the limbs, which can lead to acute limb ischemia . Hepatic artery thrombosis usually occurs as a devastating complication after liver transplantation . Thrombosis prevention is initiated with assessing the risk for its development. Some people have a higher risk of developing thrombosis and its possible development into thromboembolism . Some of these risk factors are related to inflammation . " Virchow's triad " has been suggested to describe

3120-414: Is known as a thromboembolism . Complications can arise when a venous thromboembolism (commonly called a VTE) lodges in the lung as a pulmonary embolism . An arterial embolus may travel further down the affected blood vessel, where it can lodge as an embolism. Thrombosis is generally defined by the type of blood vessel affected (arterial or venous thrombosis) and the precise location of the blood vessel or

3224-405: Is monitored. Self-monitoring and self-management are safe options for competent patients, though their practice varies. In Germany, about 20% of patients were self-managed while only 1% of U.S. patients did home self-testing (according to one 2012 study). Other medications such as direct thrombin inhibitors and direct Xa inhibitors are increasingly being used instead of warfarin. Thrombolysis

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3328-681: Is platelet-rich, and inhibition of platelet aggregation with antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin may reduce the risk of recurrence or progression. With reperfusion comes ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury (IRI), which paradoxically causes cell death in reperfused tissue and contributes significantly to post-reperfusion mortality and morbidity. For example, in a feline model of intestinal ischemia, four hours of ischemia resulted in less injury than three hours of ischemia followed by one hour of reperfusion. In ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), IRI contributes up to 50% of final infarct size despite timely primary percutaneous coronary intervention. This

3432-618: Is possible. However, the changes were gradual since the social realism tradition was so ingrained into the psyche of the Soviet literati that even dissidents followed the habits of this type of composition, rarely straying from its formal and ideological mold. The Soviet socialist realism did not exactly emerge on the very day it was promulgated in the Soviet Union in 1932 by way of a decree that abolished independent writers' organizations. This movement had existed for at least fifteen years and

3536-569: Is required, as all anticoagulants lead to an increased risk of bleeding. In people admitted to hospital, thrombosis is a major cause for complications and occasionally death. In the UK, for instance, the Parliamentary Health Select Committee heard in 2005 that the annual rate of death due to thrombosis was 25,000, with at least 50% of these being hospital-acquired. Hence thromboprophylaxis (prevention of thrombosis)

3640-414: Is seen as tantamount to complicity in a creating a process wherein "the artefactual nature of reality is overlooked or even concealed." According to Catherine Gallagher , realistic fiction invariably undermines, in practice, the ideology it purports to exemplify because if appearances were self-sufficient, there would probably be no need for novels. This can be demonstrated in literary naturalism's focus in

3744-443: Is the most prominent representative of 19th-century realism in fiction through the inclusion of specific detail and recurring characters. His La Comédie humaine , a vast collection of nearly 100 novels, was the most ambitious scheme ever devised by a writer of fiction—nothing less than a complete contemporary history of his countrymen. Realism is also an important aspect of the works of Alexandre Dumas, fils (1824–1895). Many of

3848-519: Is the obstruction of an arm vein (such as the axillary vein or subclavian vein ) by a thrombus. The condition usually comes to light after vigorous exercise and usually presents in younger, otherwise healthy people. Men are affected more than women. Budd-Chiari syndrome is the blockage of a hepatic vein or of the hepatic part of the inferior vena cava . This form of thrombosis presents with abdominal pain , ascites and enlarged liver . Treatment varies between therapy and surgical intervention by

3952-563: Is the pharmacological destruction of blood clots by administering thrombolytic drugs including recombinant tissue plasminogen activator , which enhances the normal destruction of blood clots by the body's enzymes. This carries an increased risk of bleeding so is generally only used for specific situations (such as severe stroke or a massive pulmonary embolism). Arterial thrombosis may require surgery if it causes acute limb ischemia . Mechanical clot retrieval and catheter-guided thrombolysis are used in certain situations. Arterial thrombosis

4056-415: Is the usage of a language which coincides with the characters' social condition and their level of education: therefore, if the protagonists of the story are e.g., peasants, they will use a popular, lowbrow language; middle class characters will speak in a higher, more raffinate way. The works often present terms deriving from vernaculars and regional Italian , especially Sicilian . Historical realism

4160-410: The 1848 Revolution . The realist painters rejected Romanticism , which had come to dominate French literature and art, with roots in the late 18th century. Realism as a movement in literature was a post-1848 phenomenon, according to its first theorist Jules-Français Champfleury. It aims to reproduce " objective reality ", and focuses on showing every day, quotidian activities and life, primarily among

4264-461: The Grand Guignol at the end of the century. Aleksis Kivi (1834–1872), known today as the "national author of Finland", wrote his only novel The Seven Brothers (1870), which was strongly influenced by Cervantes , and which received at time a very negative reception from critics because its contemporary descriptions of the life of a Finnish peasants in an unadorned realism, long before

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4368-655: The North of England , and use the rough-hewn speaking accents and slang heard in those regions. The film It Always Rains on Sunday (1947) is a precursor of the genre, and the John Osborne play Look Back in Anger (1956) is thought of as the first of the genre. The gritty love-triangle of Look Back in Anger , for example, takes place in a cramped, one-room flat in the English Midlands . The conventions of

4472-412: The kidney . Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare form of stroke which results from the blockage of the dural venous sinuses by a thrombus. Symptoms may include headache, abnormal vision, any of the symptoms of stroke such as weakness of the face and limbs on one side of the body and seizures . The diagnosis is usually made with a CT or MRI scan . The majority of persons affected make

4576-456: The superior orbital fissure . Staphyloccoal or Streptococcal infections of the face, for example nasal or upper lip pustules may thus spread directly into the cavernous sinus, causing stroke-like symptoms of double vision , squint , as well as spread of infection to cause meningitis . Arterial thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus within an artery . In most cases, arterial thrombosis follows rupture of atheroma (a fat-rich deposit in

4680-628: The Fields ), including "Fantasticheria" ("Daydreaming"), " La lupa " ("The She-wolf"), " Jeli il pastore " ("Jeli the Shepherd"), "Pentolaccia" ("The Plaything"), and Rosso Malpelo , most of which were about rural Sicily, came out. It also included "Cavalleria rusticana" ("Rustic Chivalry"), which he adapted for the theatre - and later formed the basis for several opera librettos , including Mascagni 's Cavalleria rusticana and Gastaldon 's Mala Pasqua! . Verga's short story, "Malaria" ,

4784-517: The Introduction to The Human Comedy (1842) Balzac "claims that poetic creation and scientific creation are closely related activities, manifesting the tendency of realists towards taking over scientific methods". The artists of realism used the achievements of contemporary science, the strictness and precision of the scientific method, in order to understand reality. The positivist spirit in science presupposes feeling contempt towards metaphysics,

4888-610: The POMPE-C, which stratifies risk of mortality due to pulmonary embolism in patients with cancer, who typically have higher rates of thrombosis. Also, there are several predictive scores for thromboembolic events, such as Padua, Khorana, and ThroLy score . Fibrinolysis is the physiological breakdown of blood clots by enzymes such as plasmin . Organisation: following the thrombotic event, residual vascular thrombus will be re-organised histologically with several possible outcomes. For an occlusive thrombus (defined as thrombosis within

4992-435: The United States during the late nineteenth century on the larger forces that determine the lives of its characters, as depicted in agricultural machines portrayed as immense and terrible, shredding "entangled" human bodies without compunction. The machines were used as a metaphor , but the metaphor contributed to the perception that such narratives were more like myth than reality. There are also critics who fault realism in

5096-560: The absence of a fixed definition. The argument is that there is no pure form of realism and the position that it is almost impossible to find literature that is not in fact realist, at least to some extent while, and that whenever one searches for pure realism, it vanishes. J.P. Stern countered this position when he maintained that this "looseness" or "untidiness" makes the term indispensable in common and literary discourse alike. Others also dismiss it as obvious and simple-minded while denying realistic aesthetic, branding as pretentious since it

5200-458: The artist, who can in turn represent this 'reality' faithfully. As literary critic Ian Watt states in The Rise of the Novel , modern realism "begins from the position that truth can be discovered by the individual through the senses" and as such "it has its origins in Descartes and Locke , and received its first full formulation by Thomas Reid in the middle of the eighteenth century." In

5304-426: The arts is the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, as well as implausible, exotic and supernatural elements. Realism has been prevalent in the arts at many periods, and is in large part a matter of technique and training, and the avoidance of stylization. In the visual arts, illusionistic realism is the accurate depiction of lifeforms, perspective, and

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5408-483: The beginnings of the railways, and the state of contemporary medical science. Middlemarch also shows the deeply reactionary mindset within a settled community facing the prospect of what to many is unwelcome social, political and technological change. While George Gissing (1857–1903), author of New Grub Street (1891), amongst many other works, has traditionally been viewed as a naturalist, mainly influenced by Émile Zola , Jacob Korg has suggested that George Eliot

5512-440: The blood supply), which is often due to the obstruction of a coronary artery by a thrombus. This restriction gives an insufficient supply of oxygen to the heart muscle which then results in tissue death (infarction). A lesion is then formed which is the infarct . MI can quickly become fatal if emergency medical treatment is not received promptly. If diagnosed within 12 hours of the initial episode (attack) then thrombolytic therapy

5616-420: The blood vessel that is obstructed by it, and a lack of oxygen and nutrients ( ischemia ) of the downstream tissue. The tissue can become irreversibly damaged, a process known as necrosis . This can affect any organ; for instance, arterial embolism of the brain is one of the causes of stroke. The use of heparin following surgery is common if there are no issues with bleeding. Generally, a risk-benefit analysis

5720-458: The blood vessel wall), and is therefore referred to as atherothrombosis . Arterial embolism occurs when clots then migrate downstream and can affect any organ. Alternatively, arterial occlusion occurs as a consequence of embolism of blood clots originating from the heart ("cardiogenic" emboli). The most common cause is atrial fibrillation , which causes a blood stasis within the atria with easy thrombus formation, but blood clots can develop inside

5824-774: The body and it does not embolise, and if the thrombus is large enough to impair or occlude blood flow in the involved artery, then local ischemia or infarction will result. A venous thrombus may or may not be ischemic, since veins distribute deoxygenated blood that is less vital for cellular metabolism. Nevertheless, non-ischemic venous thrombosis may still be problematic, due to the swelling caused by blockage to venous drainage. In deep vein thrombosis this manifests as pain, redness, and swelling; in retinal vein occlusion this may result in macular oedema and visual acuity impairment, which if severe enough can lead to blindness. A thrombus may become detached and enter circulation as an embolus , finally lodging in and completely obstructing

5928-531: The coagulation system by cancer cells or secretion of procoagulant substances ( paraneoplastic syndrome ), by external compression on a blood vessel when a solid tumor is present, or (more rarely) extension into the vasculature (for example, renal cell cancers extending into the renal veins). Also, treatments for cancer (radiation, chemotherapy) often cause additional hypercoagulability. There are scores that correlate different aspects of patient data (comorbidities, vital signs, and others) to risk of thrombosis, such as

6032-399: The cult of the fact, experiment and proof, confidence in science and the progress that it brings, as well as striving to give a scientific form to studying social and moral phenomena." In the late 18th century Romanticism was a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the previous Age of Reason and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature found in

6136-496: The cultural debate on subjects such as physiology, positivism, and Darwinism was lively. Verga wrote the comedy Rose caduche ( Deciduous roses ), which was never performed and published posthumously in 1923, and his first successful novel, Storia di una capinera ( The Story of a blackcap ). He moved to Milan in 1872, where he developed his new approach, characterized by the use of dialogue to develop character, which resulted in his most significant works. In this period this city

6240-461: The details of light and colour. Realist works of art may emphasize the ugly or sordid, such as works of social realism , regionalism , or kitchen sink realism . There have been various realism movements in the arts, such as the opera style of verismo , literary realism, theatrical realism and Italian neorealist cinema . The realism art movement in painting began in France in the 1850s, after

6344-675: The dominant philosophy of the 18th century, as well as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution . It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education and the natural sciences . 19th-century realism was in its turn a reaction to Romanticism, and for this reason it is also commonly derogatorily referred to as traditional or "bourgeois realism". However, not all writers of Victorian literature produced works of realism. The rigidities, conventions, and other limitations of Victorian realism prompted in their turn

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6448-499: The everyday conditions of the working classes and the poor, and who are critical of the social structures that maintain these conditions. While the movement's artistic styles vary from nation to nation, it almost always uses a form of descriptive or critical realism. Kitchen sink realism (or kitchen sink drama) is a term coined to describe a British cultural movement that developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s in theatre , art , novels , film and television plays , which used

6552-440: The first chapter, and he did not even start the last two novels, L'Onorevole Scipioni and L'Uomo di Lusso . In 1894 Verga moved back to Catania, to the house in which he had lived as a child. This house in the city of Catania on via Sant'Anna #8 is now a museum dedicated to the author. The Casa-Museo Giovanni Verga is located on the second floor of a generally unimposing 18th-century palace. The furnishings were those present at

6656-402: The genre have continued into the 2000s, finding expression in such television shows as Coronation Street and EastEnders . In art, "Kitchen Sink School" was a term used by critic David Sylvester to describe painters who depicted social realist –type scenes of domestic life. Socialist realism is the official Soviet art form that was institutionalized by Joseph Stalin in 1934 and

6760-399: The genre were often (yet not always) poor, disadvantaged and scarcely educated people, who struggled against adversities. They often came from popular environments and their lifestyle was challenged by the progress that society was experiencing in the late 19th century; such characters usually could not adapt themselves to that progress. Other times, the protagonists were Bourgeois . Verismo

6864-404: The heart for other reasons too as infective endocarditis. A stroke is the rapid decline of brain function due to a disturbance in the supply of blood to the brain. This can be due to ischemia , thrombus, embolus (a lodged particle) or hemorrhage (a bleed). In thrombotic stroke, a thrombus (blood clot) usually forms around atherosclerotic plaques. Since blockage of the artery is gradual,

6968-478: The idea that we do not often understand what is real correctly. To present reality, we draw on what is "real" according to how we remember it as well as how we experience it. However, remembered or experienced reality does not always correspond to what the truth is. Instead, we often obtain a distorted version of it that is only related to what is out there or how things really are. Realism is criticized for its supposed inability to address this challenge and such failure

7072-415: The impact on the person, and the risk of complications from treatment. Warfarin and vitamin K antagonists are anticoagulants that can be taken orally to reduce thromboembolic occurrence. Where a more effective response is required, heparin can be given (by injection) concomitantly. As a side effect of any anticoagulant, the risk of bleeding is increased, so the international normalized ratio of blood

7176-544: The insertion of a vena cava filter . In patients with medical rather than surgical illness, LMWH too is known to prevent thrombosis, and in the United Kingdom the Chief Medical Officer has issued guidance to the effect that preventative measures should be used in medical patients, in anticipation of formal guidelines. The treatment for thrombosis depends on whether it is in a vein or an artery,

7280-488: The life of rural dwellers, including bullock drivers , squatters and itinerant travellers, in southern New South Wales and Victoria , during the 1880s. Catherine Helen Spence 's Clara Morison (1854), which detailed a Scottish woman's immigration to Adelaide, South Australia , in a time when many people were leaving the freely settled state of South Australia to claim fortunes in the gold rushes of Victoria and New South Wales. The burgeoning literary concept that Australia

7384-456: The life of the lower classes. In France in addition to melodramas , popular and bourgeois theater in the mid-century turned to realism in the "well-made" bourgeois farces of Eugène Marin Labiche and the moral dramas of Émile Augier . Critics of realism cite that depicting reality is not often realistic, with some observers calling it "imaginary" or "project[ed]". This argument is based on

7488-511: The middle- or lower-class society, without romantic idealization or dramatization. It may be regarded as the general attempt to depict subjects as they are considered to exist in third person objective reality , without embellishment or interpretation and "in accordance with secular, empirical rules." As such, the approach inherently implies a belief that such reality is ontologically independent of man's conceptual schemes, linguistic practices and beliefs, and thus can be known (or knowable) to

7592-405: The more general development of philosophical realism, middle-class economic individualism and Puritan individualism. He also claims that the form addressed the interests and capacities of the new middle-class reading public and the new book trade evolving in response to them. As tradesmen themselves, Defoe and Richardson had only to 'consult their own standards' to know that their work would appeal to

7696-407: The novels in this period, including Balzac's, were published in newspapers in serial form , and the immensely popular realist "roman feuilleton" tended to specialize in portraying the hidden side of urban life (crime, police spies, criminal slang), as in the novels of Eugène Sue . Similar tendencies appeared in the theatrical melodramas of the period and, in an even more lurid and gruesome light, in

7800-498: The official Verga 100 event was launched, dedicated to the centenary of the writer, with many events from Palermo to Milan, from theater to musical performances, Cinema, and Book Festival Spring and other Stories (1877) (Primavera e altri racconti) The Life of the Fields (1880) (Vita dei campi) Little Novels of Sicily (1883) (Novelle rusticane) translated by D.H. Lawrence (1925) Literary realism Broadly defined as "the representation of reality", realism in

7904-426: The onset of symptomatic thrombotic strokes is slower. Thrombotic stroke can be divided into two categories — large vessel disease or small vessel disease. The former affects vessels such as the internal carotids , vertebral and the circle of Willis . The latter can affect smaller vessels, such as the branches of the circle of Willis. Myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack, is caused by ischemia (restriction in

8008-414: The organ supplied by it. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is the formation of a blood clot within a deep vein . It most commonly affects leg veins, such as the femoral vein . Three factors are important in the formation of a blood clot within a deep vein—these are: Classical signs of DVT include swelling , pain and redness of the affected area. Paget-Schroetter disease or upper extremity DVT (UEDVT)

8112-423: The point of injury, or venous stasis which may occur in heart failure, or after long periods of sedentary behaviour, such as sitting on a long airplane flight. Also, atrial fibrillation , causes stagnant blood in the left atrium (LA), or left atrial appendage (LAA), and can lead to a thromboembolism . Cancers or malignancies such as leukemia may cause increased risk of thrombosis by possible activation of

8216-647: The realism genre developed a detached description of the social and economic conditions of people in their time and environment. Major figures of Italian Verismo include Luigi Capuana , Giovanni Verga , Federico De Roberto , Matilde Serao , Salvatore Di Giacomo , and Grazia Deledda , who in 1926 received the Nobel Prize for Literature . Later realist writers included Fyodor Dostoevsky , Leo Tolstoy , Benito Pérez Galdós , Guy de Maupassant , Anton Chekhov , Leopoldo Alas (Clarín) , Machado de Assis , Eça de Queiroz , Henryk Sienkiewicz , Bolesław Prus and, in

8320-407: The revolt of modernism . Starting around 1900, the driving motive of modernist literature was the criticism of the 19th-century bourgeois social order and world view, which was countered with an antirationalist, antirealist and antibourgeois program. Social realism is an international art movement that includes the work of painters, printmakers, photographers and filmmakers who draw attention to

8424-486: The risk for thrombosis increases over the life course of individuals, depending on life style factors like smoking, diet, and physical activity, the presence of other diseases like cancer or autoimmune disease, while also platelet properties change in aging individuals which is an important consideration as well. Hypercoagulability or thrombophilia , is caused by, for example, genetic deficiencies or autoimmune disorders . Recent studies indicate that white blood cells play

8528-467: The three factors necessary for the formation of thrombosis: Some risk factors predispose for venous thrombosis while others increase the risk of arterial thrombosis. Newborn babies in the neonatal period are also at risk of a thromboembolism. The main causes of thrombosis are given in Virchow's triad which lists thrombophilia , endothelial cell injury, and disturbed blood flow . Generally speaking

8632-419: The thrombus does not occur via the classic wound healing mechanism. Instead, the platelet-derived growth factor degranulated by the clotted platelets will attract a layer of smooth muscle cells to cover the clot, and this layer of mural smooth muscle will be vascularised by the blood inside the vessel lumen rather than by the vasa vasorum . Ischemia/infarction: if an arterial thrombus cannot be lysed by

8736-571: The time of his death, including his large personal library. Also in Catania, a performance stage that often performs works of local artists, the Teatro Verga , was founded in 1969 in a former cinema located on Via Giuseppe Fava #34. In 1920 he was appointed Senator of the Kingdom (Senatore del Regno) for life (ad vitam) . He died of a cerebral thrombosis in 1922. He was an atheist. In 2022

8840-550: The twentieth century, as the working-class community of Sydney proliferated, the focus was shifted from the bush archetype to a more urban, inner-city setting: William Lane 's The Working Man's Paradise (1892), Christina Stead 's Seven Poor Men of Sydney (1934) and Ruth Park 's The Harp in the South (1948) all depicted the harsh, gritty reality of working class Sydney. Patrick White 's novels Tree of Man (1955) and Voss (1957) fared particularly well and in 1973 White

8944-426: The underlying forces (e.g., the environment or heredity) influencing the actions of its subjects. Naturalistic works often include supposed sordid subject matter, for example, Émile Zola 's frank treatment of sexuality , as well as pervasive pessimism. Naturalistic works tend to focus on the darker aspects of life, including poverty, racism , violence, prejudice, disease, corruption, prostitution , and filth. As

9048-427: The use of shunts . Portal vein thrombosis affects the hepatic portal vein , which can lead to portal hypertension and reduction of the blood supply to the liver . It usually happens in the setting of another disease such as pancreatitis , cirrhosis , diverticulitis or cholangiocarcinoma . Renal vein thrombosis is the obstruction of the renal vein by a thrombus. This tends to lead to reduced drainage from

9152-552: The way it supposedly defines itself as a reaction to the excesses of literary genres such as Romanticism and the Gothic – those that focus on the exotic, sentimental, and sensational narratives. Some scholars began to call this an impulse to contradict so that in the end, the limit that it imposes on itself leads to "either the representation of verifiable and objective truth or the merely relative, some partial, subjective truth, therefore no truth at all." There are also critics who cite

9256-500: The way their characters act. This does not happen in Verismo: in fact, Verist authors such as Giovanni Verga usually believe that reality cannot be changed through literature, so they do not make any comment on their characters and tend to distance themselves from the narration, by adopting an objective, non-intrusive perspective (yet the authors somehow manage to let the readers understand their point of view). A typical feature of Verismo

9360-412: The work achieved the status of a national novel. Gustave Flaubert 's (1821–1880) acclaimed novels Madame Bovary (1857), which reveals the tragic consequences of romanticism on the wife of a provincial doctor, and Sentimental Education (1869) represent perhaps the highest stages in the development of French realism. Flaubert also wrote other works in an entirely different style and his romanticism

9464-748: Was a greater influence. Other novelists, such as Arnold Bennett (1867–1931) and Anglo-Irishman George Moore (1852–1933), consciously imitated the French realists. Bennett's most famous works are the Clayhanger trilogy (1910–18) and The Old Wives' Tale (1908). These books draw on his experience of life in the Staffordshire Potteries , an industrial area encompassing the six towns that now make up Stoke-on-Trent in Staffordshire , England. George Moore, whose most famous work

9568-481: Was a mainly unorganized literary movement that sought to depict believable everyday reality , as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism , in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic or even supernatural treatment. Naturalism was an outgrowth of literary realism, influenced by Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution. Whereas realism seeks only to describe subjects as they really are, naturalism also attempts to determine "scientifically"

9672-600: Was a rejection of, according to what the Sydney Bulletin called in 1881 a "romantic identity" of the country. Most of the earliest writing in the colony was not literature in the most recent international sense, but rather journals and documentations of expeditions and environments, although literary style and preconceptions entered into the journal writing. Oftentimes in early Australian literature, romanticism and realism co-existed, as exemplified by Joseph Furphy 's Such Is Life (1897)–a fictional account of

9776-456: Was an extension of another, more distant country, was beginning to infiltrate into writing: "[those] who have at last understood the significance of Australian history as a transplanting of stocks and the sending down of roots in a new soil". Henry Handel Richardson , author of post- Federation novels such as Maurice Guest (1908) and The Getting of Wisdom (1910), was said to have been heavily influenced by French and Scandinavian realism. In

9880-546: Was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature . A new kind of literary realism emerged in the late twentieth century, helmed by Helen Garner 's Monkey Grip (1977) which revolutionised contemporary fiction in Australia, though it has since emerged that the novel was diaristic and based on Garner's own experiences. Monkey Grip concerns itself with a single-mother living in a succession of Melbourne share-houses, as she navigates her increasingly obsessive relationship with

9984-619: Was first seen during the Bolshevik Revolution . The 1934 declaration only formalized its canonical formulation through the speeches of the Andrei Zhdanov , the representative of the Party's Central Committee. The official definition of socialist realism has been criticized for its conflicting framework. While the concept itself is simple, discerning scholars struggle in reconciling its elements. According to Peter Kenez, "it

10088-457: Was impossible to reconcile the teleological requirement with realistic presentation," further stressing that "the world could either be depicted as it was or as it should be according to theory, but the two are obviously not the same." Naturalism was a literary movement or tendency from the 1880s to 1930s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity , and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. It

10192-431: Was inspired by French Naturalism, but differed from it in a significant way: in fact, Naturalist authors were more optimistic and believed that literature could have an influence on society and its development, therefore conceived the writer's role as charged with moral responsibilities and this is reflected in their works, which usually present comments by the authors and digressions where they express their opinion about

10296-463: Was later adopted by allied Communist parties worldwide. This form of realism held that successful art depicts and glorifies the proletariat 's struggle toward socialist progress. The Statute of the Union of Soviet Writers in 1934 stated that socialist realism The strict adherence to the above tenets, however, began to crumble after the death of Stalin when writers started expanding the limits of what

10400-616: Was one of the first literary depictions of the disease malaria. He then embarked on a projected series of five novels, the Ciclo dei vinti (Cycle of the Vanquished) dealing with the problem of social and economic advancement. However, he completed only two, I Malavoglia (1881) and Mastro-don Gesualdo (1889), the second of which was the last major work of his literary career. Both are widely recognized as masterpieces. He then began to write La Duchessa di Leyra , but he completed only

10504-779: Was only 16 years old. Although nominally studying law at the University of Catania , he used money his father had given him to publish his I carbonari della montagna ( The Carbonari of the Mountain ) in 1861 and 1862. This was followed by Sulle lagune ( On the Lagoons ) in 1863 and Una peccatrice ( A Sinner ) in 1866. Meanwhile, Verga had been serving in the Catania National Guard (1860–64), after which he travelled to Florence several times, settling there in 1869. Important personalities stayed in this city, and

10608-633: Was published to great acclaim in 1895, but he barely had time to bask in the attention before he died, at 28, having neglected his health. He has enjoyed continued success ever since—as a champion of the common man, a realist, and a symbolist. Crane's Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893), is one of the best, if not the earliest, naturalistic American novel. It is the harrowing story of a poor, sensitive young girl whose uneducated, alcoholic parents utterly fail her. In love, and eager to escape her violent home life, she allows herself to be seduced into living with

10712-711: Was separate from its English Colonial beginnings. Common artistic motifs and characters that were represented in Australian realism were the Australian Outback , known simply as "the bush", in its harsh and volatile beauty, the British settlers, the Indigenous Australian , the squatter and the digger —although some of these bordered into a more mythic territory in much of Australia's art scene. A significant portion of Australia's early realism

10816-545: Was the most modern one of the peninsula, economic capital and home to the main newspapers and major publishing houses to come into contact with modernity. He became assiduous with the most famous Milanese cultural circles, such as the salon of Countess Clara Maffei. He befriended unruly writers and teamed up at the Cova café with authors, publishers and literary critics. For instance he strengthened his friendship with Luigi Capuana. In 1880 his story collection Vita dei campi ( Life in

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