Astrakhan : 1523, 1531, 1549 -
43-590: Kazan : 1551 - Crimea : 1783 - The House of Giray ( Crimean Tatar : Geraylar , كرايلر ; Ottoman Turkish : آل جنكيز , romanized : Âl-i Cengiz , lit. 'Genghisids'), also Girays , were the Genghisid / Turkic dynasty that reigned in the Khanate of Crimea from its formation in 1431 until its downfall in 1783. The dynasty also supplied several khans of Kazan and Astrakhan between 1521 and 1550. Apart from
86-634: A Tatar raid on Podolia in 1457 (ending in victory for the Tatars) and one in 1459 on Muscovy (ending in a victory for the Muscovites). Küchük Muhammad was succeeded by his son Mahmud bin Küchük in 1459. Mahmud was usurped by his brother Ahmed Khan bin Küchük in 1465. Mahmud headed to Astrakhan , seceding and forming the Astrakhan Khanate . This led to the creation of a rivalry between
129-451: A continual desert.' There were no way stations , no places to buy provisions, and fresh water was hard to come by. He spotted some camels and horses that were apparently abandoned or lost by a previous caravan that presumably had suffered an ill fate as well. Ahmad Khan made it a policy to raid merchant caravans carrying valuable goods across his territory, in order to make up for these losses in revenue, but thus destabilising commerce in
172-471: A verbalizing suffix to a noun or adjective, as demonstrated in the following examples: тиш ле tiş le tooth- VB тиш ле tiş le Great Horde The Great Horde ( اولوغ اوردا , Uluğ Orda ) was a rump state of the Golden Horde that existed from the mid-15th century to 1502. It was centered at the core of the former Golden Horde at Sarai on the lower Volga . Both
215-580: Is agglutinating , with the exclusive use of suffixing to express grammatical categories. Generally, suffixes are attached to the ends of word stems, although derivational morphology makes uses of compounding as well. Overall, the grammatical structure of the language is similar to that of other West Kipchak varieties. Crimean Tatar is a pro-drop language with a generally SOV word order . Crimean Tatar, like most Turkic languages, features pervasive vowel harmony , which results in sound changes when suffixes are added to verb or noun stems. Essentially,
258-860: Is a Kipchak Turkic language spoken in Crimea and the Crimean Tatar diasporas of Uzbekistan , Turkey and Bulgaria , as well as small communities in the United States and Canada. It should not be confused with Tatar , spoken in Tatarstan and adjacent regions in Russia ; the two languages are related, but belong to different subgroups of the Kipchak languages , while maintaining a significant degree of mutual intelligibility . Crimean Tatar has been extensively influenced by nearby Oghuz dialects and
301-682: Is also mutually intelligible with them to varying degrees. A long-term ban on the study of the Crimean Tatar language following the deportation of the Crimean Tatars by the Soviet government has led to the fact that at the moment UNESCO ranked the Crimean Tatar language among the languages under serious threat of extinction ( severely endangered ). However, according to the Institute of Oriental Studies , due to negative situations,
344-454: Is fairly complex, inflecting for tense, number, person, aspect, mood and voice. Verbs are conjugated according to the following paradigm: It is possible, albeit rare, for a single verb to contain all of these possible components, as in: Мен Men I ювундырылмадым. yuvundırılmadım. wash- REFL - CAUS - PASS - NEG - PAST - 1SG Мен ювундырылмадым. Men yuvundırılmadım. I wash-REFL-CAUS-PASS-NEG-PAST-1SG "I
387-704: Is in the Oghuz branch of Turkic languages commonly spoken in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan The formation period of the Crimean Tatar spoken dialects began with the first Turkic invasions of Crimea by Cumans and Pechenegs and ended during the period of the Crimean Khanate . However, the official written languages of the Crimean Khanate were Chagatai and Ottoman Turkish . After Islamization , Crimean Tatars wrote with an Arabic script . In 1876,
430-470: Is one of the most seriously endangered languages in Europe. Almost all Crimean Tatars are bilingual or multilingual, using the dominant languages of their respective home countries, such as Russian, Turkish, Romanian, Uzbek, Bulgarian or Ukrainian. The Crimean Tatar language consists of three or four dialects. Among them is also the southern dialect, also known as the coastal dialect (yalıboyu, cenübiy), which
473-911: Is the same as the Turkish alphabet , with two additional characters: Ñ ñ and Q q. In the Russian-annexed " Republic of Crimea " all official communications and education in Crimean Tatar are conducted exclusively in the Cyrillic alphabet. The vowel system of Crimean Tatar is similar to some other Turkic languages. Because high vowels in Crimean Tatar are short and reduced, /i/ and /ɯ/ are realized close to [ɪ] , even though they are phonologically distinct. In addition to these phonemes, Crimean also displays marginal phonemes that occur in borrowed words, especially palatalized consonants . The southern (coastal) dialect substitutes / x / for / q / , e.g. standard qara 'black', southern xara . At
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#1732764861023516-595: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and in the 1470s its traditional ally in the north, Muscovy, refusing to pay tribute any longer. By the second half of the 15th century, the Great Horde found itself unable to properly control and protect trade on the lower Volga anymore either. Tverian merchant Afanasy Nikitin recounted in his famous travelogue A Journey Beyond the Three Seas how he had no troubles sailing
559-849: The Kasimov Khanate , which had separated itself from Kazan. Each one of these Khanates claimed to be the legitimate successor to the Golden Horde. The Great Horde itself was centered on the Golden Horde's national center of Sarai , with its territory being led by four tribes - the Qiyat , the Manghud , the Sicivud , and the Qonqirat . The Great Horde was originally simply referred to as the Orda , or Horde, but it became increasingly important for
602-530: The Khanate of Astrakhan and the Khanate of Crimea broke away from the Great Horde throughout its existence, and were hostile to the Great Horde. According to later Russian tradition, the retreat of the forces of the Great Horde at the Great Stand on the Ugra River opposed by Ivan III of Russia marked the end of the " Tatar yoke " over Russia. The Golden Horde of Jochi had been showing cracks in
645-522: The Latin script . The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was replaced in 1938 by a Cyrillic alphabet . During the 1990s and 2000s, the government of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea under Ukraine encouraged replacing the script with a Latin version again, but the Cyrillic has still been widely used (mainly in published literature, newspapers and education). The current Latin-based Crimean Tatar alphabet
688-679: The Ottoman Sultan obtained the right of installing and deposing the khans at his will. Their early ancestor was Togay Timur (Tuqa Timur), a younger son of Jochi . The story of the Girays begin with Öreng Timur, son of Togay Timur, receiving Crimea from Mengu-Timur . According to some scholars, the Girays were regarded as the second family of the Ottoman Empire after the House of Ottoman : "If Rome and Byzantium represented two of
731-603: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , who allied with the Crimean Khanate. At the same time, envoys from Lithuanian nobles who were unhappy being under a Polish-dominant Commonwealth brought gifts to Sayid Ahmad, who invaded Poland-Lithuania in 1453. In 1455, the Crimeans again attacked Sarai, forcing Sayid Ahmad to flee to Kiev . However, a force led by Andrzej Odrowąż marched upon Kiev and captured him, leading him to die in prison. Further raids include
774-634: The 14th century, with periods of chaos within the polity. It was united by Tokhtamysh in the 1390s, but the invasion of Timur during this time further weakened the Horde. The death of Edigu (the last person to ever unite the Horde) in 1419 marked one of the final steps of the decay of the Golden Horde, which fractured into the separate states of the Nogai Khanate , the Kazan Khanate , and later
817-541: The Crimean Khanate subjugated what remained of the Great Horde, sacking Sarai in 1502. The Great Horde finally dissipated, and Lithuania thus lost its ally against Moscow. Lithuania and Muscovy agreed to a truce in 1503, bringing more territorial gains for the latter. After seeking refuge in Lithuania, Sheikh Ahmed , the last khan of the Horde, died in prison in Kaunas some time after 1504. According to other sources, he
860-470: The Great Horde burnt down the town of Aleksin and crossed the Oka, but was then repelled. Golden Horde / White Horde (Before Islamization) Golden Horde / White Horde / Great Horde (After Islamization) Astrakhan Khanate The Crimean Khanate considered itself the legal successor of the Golden Horde and Desht-i Kipchak , and called themselves khans of "the Great Horde,
903-549: The Horde of Sarai. During this time, the Horde lost control of Crimea as Hacı I Giray (brother of Devlet Berdi , who had previously wrested control of Crimea for himself from the Golden Horde) had kicked out authority from Sarai in August 1449. This is accepted as the way the Crimean Khanate became independent, which kicked off a rivalry between Crimea and the Great Horde. Küchük Muhammad drove out Ulugh Muhammad from
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#1732764861023946-1009: The Ottoman Empire, and was executed in Rhodes . Other dynasts were permitted by the Russian authorities to reside in their Bakhchisaray palace. Selim III 's young son, Qattı Giray , was converted by missionaries to Protestantism and married a Scottish heiress, Anne Neilson. After the execution of Şahin Giray by Abdul Hamid I , his family lived in Burgazada , Istanbul . Golden Horde / White Horde / Great Horde (After Islamization) Kazan Khanate Crimean Khanate Qasim Khanate Crimean Tatar language Crimean Tatar ( qırımtatar tili , къырымтатар тили , قریم تاتار تلی ), also called Crimean ( qırım tili , къырым тили , قریم تلی ),
989-730: The Sultan demoted the Crimean Khan to the level of Grand Vizier. The Giray Khans were also sovereigns of their own realm. They could mint coins, make law by decree, and had their own tughras . The Crimean Khanate made alliances with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and with the Zaporizhian Sich . The assistance of İslâm III Giray during the Khmelnytsky Uprising in 1648 contributed greatly to
1032-651: The Ukrainian government), the other ones being Ukrainian and Russian. Today, more than 260,000 Crimean Tatars live in Crimea . Approximately 120,000 reside in Central Asia (mainly in Uzbekistan ), where their ancestors had been deported in 1944 during World War II by the Soviet Union. However, of all these people, mostly the older generations are the only ones still speaking Crimean Tatar. In 2013,
1075-451: The Volga downstream from Tver in 1466–1468, until his group of merchants was attacked and robbed by bandits near Astrakhan . Returning from Persia, Venetian diplomat Ambrogio Contarini had his property confiscated at Astrakhan when he passed through in 1475–1476; he was compelled to pay a large ransom to get it back. Contarini described 'the country between [Astrakhan] and Muscovy... [as]
1118-667: The different Turkic Crimean dialects were made into a uniform written language by Ismail Gasprinski . A preference was given to the Oghuz dialect of the Yalıboylus, in order to not break the link between the Crimeans and the Turks of the Ottoman Empire . In 1928, the language was reoriented to the middle dialect spoken by the majority of the people. In 1928, the alphabet was replaced with the Uniform Turkic Alphabet based on
1161-408: The disparate hordes in the region to be distinguished from each other, which led to the first mention of the "Great Horde" in sources in the 1430s. The name "Great Horde" might have been used to directly link the now greatly reduced administrative center of the Horde to the original greatness of the Golden Horde. Starting from the 1430s, both Küchük Muhammad and Sayid Ahmad I were in power within
1204-544: The heartland of the Golden Horde in 1438, being proclaimed Khan in Sarai. Ulugh Muhammad was forced to leave the steppe, and migrated with his Horde eastward towards the mid-Volga region, and founded the Khanate of Kazan there. Throughout the rules of Küchük Muhammad and Sayid Ahmad I, the Tatars tried to force their Russian subjects to pay taxes, invading them in 1449, 1450, 1451 and 1452. These attacks led to retaliation from
1247-536: The initial momentum of military successes for the Cossacks . The relationship with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was also strong - the dynasty of Girays would seek sanctuary in Lithuania in the 15th century before establishing themselves on the Crimean peninsula. After the khanate's annexation by Imperial Russia in 1783, the last khan Şahin Giray remained nominally in power until 1787, when he took refuge in
1290-405: The khan as his overlord. In 1480, Ahmed organized a military campaign against Moscow, resulting in a face off between two opposing armies known as the Great Stand on the Ugra River . Ahmed judged the conditions unfavorable and retreated. This incident formally ended the "Tatar yoke" over Russia. On 6 January 1481, Ahmed was killed by Ibak Khan , the prince of the Khanate of Sibir , and Nogays at
1333-613: The language was estimated to be on the brink of extinction, being taught in only around 15 schools in Crimea. Turkey has provided support to Ukraine, to aid in bringing the schools teaching in Crimean Tatar to a modern state. An estimated 5 million people of Crimean origin live in Turkey, descendants of those who emigrated in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Smaller Crimean Tatar communities such as ( Dobrujan Tatars ) are also found in Romania (22,000) and Bulgaria (1,400). Crimean Tatar
Giray dynasty - Misplaced Pages Continue
1376-552: The mouth of the Donets River. From 1486 to 1491, a conflict raged between the Sarai-based Great Horde and the Crimean Khanate , which had become a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire in 1475. The Muscovite prince Ivan III sided with Crimean khan Meñli I Giray , while Casimir IV Jagiellon of Lithuania and Poland allied himself with the Great Horde. The thus-caused Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1487–1494)
1419-433: The preceding segment is voiced or voiceless, or whether the segment demonstrates backness harmony. Consonants that alternate between [k], [q], [g] and [ɣ] are represented as K , alternating [k] and [g] as G , alternating [t] and [d] by D , and alternating [tʃ] and [dʒ] as Ç . Thus, the suffix - şAr could be rendered as "şar" or "şer" depending on the vowel in the morpheme preceding it. Crimean Tatar verbal morphology
1462-497: The real degree of threat has elevated to critically endangered languages in recent years, which are highly likely to face extinction in the coming generations. Crimean language is one of the official languages of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine), along with Ukrainian and Russian. It is also one of the state languages of the Republic of Crimea ( Russian occupation , considered " temporarily occupied territories " by
1505-406: The region even further. Moreover, the Great Horde raided the territory of its neighbouring states for extra spoils, including the Oka river border with its nominal vassal Muscovy from the late 1440s onwards. A 1460 attack on Ryazan by the Sarai khan served the same purpose. In 1472, by which time Ahmad Khan was allied with Lithuania, which urged him to raid territory of their mutual Muscovite enemy,
1548-556: The royal Girays, there was also a lateral branch, the Choban Girays ( Çoban Geraylar ). Before reaching the age of majority, young Girays were brought up in one of the Circassian tribes, where they were instructed in the arts of war. The Giray Khans were elected by other Crimean Tatar dynasts, called myrzas ( mırzalar ). They also elected an heir apparent , called the qalgha sultan ( qalğa sultan ). In later centuries,
1591-635: The same time the southern and some central dialects preserve glottal / h / which is pronounced / x / in the standard language. The northern dialect on the contrary lacks / x / and / f / , substituting / q / for / x / and / p / for / f / . The northern / v / is usually [ w ] , often in the place of / ɣ / , compare standard dağ and northern taw 'mountain' (also in other Oghuz and Kipchak languages, such as Azerbaijani : dağ and Kazakh : taw ). / k / and / ɡ / are usually fronted, close to [ c ] and [ ɟ ] . The grammar of Crimean Tatar, like all Turkic languages,
1634-794: The three international traditions of imperial legitimacy, the blood of Genghis Khan was the third... If ever the Ottomans became extinct, it was understood that the Genghisid Girays would succeed them" During the 15th and early 16th centuries, the Giray Khan was second to the Ottoman Emperor - and thus superior to the Grand Vizier - in the Ottoman protocol . After the disobedience and 1584 removal of Mehmed II Giray ,
1677-737: The two Khanates, ending with Ahmed's descendants occupying the throne of Astrakhan in 1502. In 1469, Ahmed attacked and killed the Uzbek Abu'l-Khayr Khan . In the summer of 1470, Ahmed organized an attack against Moldavia , the Kingdom of Poland , and Lithuania . The Moldavian forces under Stephen the Great defeated the Tatars at the battle of Lipnic (20 August 1470). By the 1470s, Muscovy had stopped paying tribute to Sarai, but continued to maintain diplomatic relations with them. In 1474 and 1476, Ahmed insisted that Ivan III of Russia recognize
1720-896: The vowel in a suffix undergoes assimilation to agree in certain categories with the vowel in the stem. The two main types of assimilation that characterize this agreement in Crimean Tatar morphophonology are backness harmony and rounding harmony. Using the transliteration system in Kavitskaya (2010), non-high vowels undergoing backness harmony vary between [a] and [e], and are represented as A . High vowels that undergo both backness and rounding harmony alternate between [i], [y], [ɪ] and [u] and are represented as I . High vowels in suffixes that are never rounded and alternate between [i] and [ɪ] are represented as Y , whereas high vowels in suffixes that are always round and alternate between [u] and [y] are represented as U . Some consonants undergo similar harmonizing changes depending on whether
1763-610: Was not forced to wash myself." For the most part, each type of suffix would only appear once in any given word, although it is possible in some circumstances for causative suffixes to double up. Infinitive verbs take the - mAK suffix and can be negated by the addition of the suffix - mA between the verb stem and the infinitive suffix, creating verb constructions that do not easily mirror English. яшамакъ yaşamaq яшамакъ yaşamaq "to live" яшамамакъ yaşamamaq яшамамакъ yaşamamaq "not to live" Verb derivation Novel verb stems are derived chiefly by applying
Giray dynasty - Misplaced Pages Continue
1806-460: Was released from the Lithuanian prison in 1527. Just like for the preceding Golden Horde, the main source of revenue of the Great Horde was collecting transit fees and customs duties from the commercial traffic along the lower Volga river. The khans at Sarai controlled a decreasing number of tributary vassals from previous centuries, losing the southwestern Rus' (Ruthenian) principalities to
1849-442: Was settled by a peace treaty and marriage alliance between Alexander Jagiellon of Lithuania and Helena of Moscow . From 1500 to 1502, the same two alliances fought a war after several Lithuanian princes defected to Muscovy, and Ivan III declared war on Alexander under the pretext that his daughter Helena had been forcibly converted to Catholicism despite the 1494 marital agreement that she could keep her Orthodox faith. Meanwhile,
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