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46-423: In Greek mythology, Glaucus was a Greek prophetic sea-god. Glaucus , often transliterated to Glafkos , may also refer to: Glaucus Glaucus's parentage is different in the different traditions: (i) Nereus ; (ii) Copeus ; (iii) Polybus , son of Hermes , and Euboea , daughter of Larymnus ; (iv) Anthedon and Alcyone ; or Poseidon and the nymph Naïs . The story of Glaucus's apotheosis

92-418: A nymph and married her. Cf. also above for the version that made Glaucus an Argonaut himself. In Euripides 's play Orestes , Glaucus appeared in front of Menelaus on the latter's voyage home, announcing to him the death of his brother Agamemnon by the hand of Clytaemnestra . According to Ovid and Hyginus , Glaucus fell in love with the beautiful nymph Scylla and wanted her for his wife, but she

138-490: A field with fire-breathing oxen, the Khalkotauroi , that he had to yoke himself. Medea provided an ointment that protected him from the oxen's flames. Then, Jason sowed the teeth of a dragon into a field. The teeth sprouted into an army of warriors ( spartoi ). Medea had previously warned Jason of this and told him how to defeat this foe. Before they attacked him, he threw a rock into the crowd. Unable to discover where

184-614: A fish's tail instead of legs (though some versions say he simply became a merman -like being), forcing him to dwell forever in the sea. Glaucus was initially upset by this side-effect, but Oceanus and Tethys received him well and he was quickly accepted among the deities of the sea, learning from them the art of prophecy . John Tzetzes adds to the above story that Glaucus became "immortal, but not immune to aging". In an alternate, non-extant version cited in Athenaeus (with reference to Nicander 's Aetolian History ), Glaucus chased

230-449: A hare on Mount Oreia until the animal fell down almost dead, then carried his prey to a spring and rubbed it with a bunch of grass that was growing about. The herb brought the hare back to life. Glaucus then tasted it himself and fell into a state of "divine madness", in which state Zeus made him fling himself into the stormy sea. Athenaeus also informs that in yet another version followed by Possis of Magnesia, Glaucus (rather than Argus )

276-562: A number of heroes, known as the Argonauts after their ship, the Argo . The group of heroes included: The isle of Lemnos is situated in the north Aegean Sea , near the Western coast of Asia Minor (modern day Turkey ). The island was inhabited by a race of women who had killed their husbands. The women had neglected their worship of Aphrodite , and as a punishment the goddess made

322-458: A while without men, with Hypsipyle as their queen. During the visit of the Argonauts the women mingled with the men creating a new "race" called Minyae . Jason fathered twins with the queen. Heracles pressured them to leave as he was disgusted by the antics of the Argonauts. He had not taken part, which is truly unusual considering the numerous affairs he had with other women. After Lemnos

368-489: The Hercules episode "Hercules and the Argonauts" voiced by William Shatner . He is shown to have been a student of Philoctetes and takes his advice to let Hercules travel with him. In the series The Heroes of Olympus ' s first novel The Lost Hero , there was a reference to the mythical Jason when Jason Grace and his friends encounter Medea. The BBC series Atlantis , which premiered in 2013, featured Jason as

414-528: The Odyssey . The Sirens lived on three small, rocky islands called Sirenum scopuli and sang beautiful songs that enticed sailors to come to them, which resulted in the crashing of their ship into the islands. When Orpheus heard their voices, he drew his lyre and played music that was more beautiful and louder, drowning out the Sirens' bewitching songs. The Argo then came to the island of Crete , guarded by

460-510: The centaur Chiron . She claimed that she had been having an affair with him all along. Pelias, fearing that his ill-gotten kingship might be challenged, consulted an oracle , who warned him to beware of a man wearing only one sandal. Many years later, Pelias was holding games in honor of Poseidon when the grown Jason arrived in Iolcus, having lost one of his sandals in the river Anauros ("wintry Anauros") while helping an old woman (actually

506-640: The epic poem has been lost, or if it was never finished. A third version is the Argonautica Orphica , which emphasizes the role of Orpheus in the story. Jason is briefly mentioned in Dante's Divine Comedy in the poem Inferno . He appears in the Canto XVIII. In it, he is seen by Dante and his guide Virgil being punished in Hell's Eighth Circle (Bolgia 1) by being driven to march through

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552-610: The Argonauts landed among the Doliones , whose king Cyzicus treated them graciously. He told them about the land beyond Bear Mountain, but forgot to mention what lived there. What lived in the land beyond Bear Mountain were the Gegeines , which are a tribe of Earthborn giants with six arms who wore leather loincloths. While most of the crew went into the forest to search for supplies, the Gegeines saw that few Argonauts were guarding

598-643: The Argonauts was described by Diodorus Siculus and Philostratus the Elder . When the Argonauts were caught in a storm, Orpheus addressed the Cabeiroi with prayer; the wind ceased, and Glaucus appeared. He followed the Argo for two days and prophesied to Heracles and the Dioscuri their future adventures and eventual deification. He addressed other members of the crew individually as well, especially noting that he

644-603: The Doliones, among them the king Cyzicus. Cyzicus' wife killed herself. The Argonauts realized their horrible mistake when dawn came and held a funeral for him. Soon, Jason reached the court of Phineus of Salmydessus in Thrace . Zeus had sent the harpies to steal the food put out for Phineus each day. Jason took pity on the emaciated king and killed the Harpies when they returned; in other versions, Calais and Zetes chase

690-568: The Gorgon's Head the mythical story of Jason is described. Padraic Colum wrote an adaptation for children, The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles , illustrated by Willy Pogany and published in 1921. The mythical geography of the voyage of the Argonauts has been connected to specific geographic locations by Livio Stecchini but his theories have not been widely adopted. Jason appeared in

736-428: The bronze man, Talos . As the ship approached, Talos hurled huge stones at the ship, keeping it at bay. Talos had one ichor vessel which went from his neck to his ankle, bound shut by only one bronze nail (as in metal casting by the lost wax method). Medea cast a spell on Talos to calm him; she removed the bronze nail and Talos bled to death. The Argo was then able to sail on. Thomas Bulfinch has an antecedent to

782-401: The burial of the dead, prophesies the future", and "announces the foundation of a cult". Later Jason and Peleus , father of the hero Achilles , attacked and defeated Acastus, reclaiming the throne of Iolcus for himself once more. Jason's son, Thessalus , then became king. As a result of breaking his vow to love Medea forever, Jason lost his favor with Hera and died lonely and unhappy. He

828-508: The cauldron. Medea did not add the magical herbs, and Pelias was dead. Pelias' son, Acastus , drove Jason and Medea into exile for the murder, and the couple settled in Corinth. In Corinth, Jason became engaged to marry Creusa (sometimes referred to as Glauce ), a daughter of the King of Corinth, to strengthen his political ties. When Medea confronted Jason about the engagement and cited all

874-438: The circle for all eternity while being whipped by devils . He is included among the panderers and seducers (possibly for his seduction and subsequent abandoning of Medea). The story of Medea 's revenge on Jason is told with devastating effect by Euripides in his tragedy Medea . William Morris wrote an English epic poem, The Life and Death of Jason , published in 1867. In the 1898 short novel The Story of Perseus and

920-491: The daughter of Salmoneus , and the sea god Poseidon . In a bitter feud, he overthrew Aeson (the rightful king), killing all the descendants of Aeson that he could. He spared his half-brother for unknown reasons. Aeson's wife Alcimede I had a newborn son named Jason, whom she saved from Pelias by having female attendants cluster around the infant and cry as if he were stillborn . Fearing that Pelias would eventually notice and kill her son, Alcimede sent him away to be reared by

966-467: The definitive telling, on which this account relies, is that of Apollonius of Rhodes in his epic poem Argonautica , written in Alexandria in the late 3rd century BC. Another Argonautica was written by Gaius Valerius Flaccus in the late 1st century AD, eight books in length. The poem ends abruptly with the request of Medea to accompany Jason on his homeward voyage. It is unclear if part of

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1012-530: The dove made it through, to row with all their might. If the dove was crushed, he was doomed to fail. Jason released the dove as advised, which made it through, losing only a few tail feathers. Seeing this, they rowed strongly and made it through with minor damage at the extreme stern of the ship. From that time on, the clashing rocks were forever joined leaving free passage for others to pass. Jason arrived in Colchis (modern Black Sea coast of Georgia ) to claim

1058-467: The fleece as his own. It was owned by King Aeetes of Colchis. The fleece was given to him by Phrixus . Aeetes promised to give it to Jason only if he could perform three certain tasks. Presented with the tasks, Jason became discouraged and fell into depression. However, Hera had persuaded Aphrodite to convince her son Eros to make Aeetes' daughter, Medea , fall in love with Jason. As a result, Medea aided Jason in his tasks. First, Jason had to plow

1104-511: The goddess Hera in disguise) to cross. She blessed him, for she knew what Pelias had planned. When Jason entered Iolcus (the present-day city of Volos ), he was announced as a man wearing only one sandal. Jason, aware that he was the rightful king, so informed Pelias. Pelias replied, "To take my throne, which you shall, you must go on a quest to find the Golden Fleece." Jason readily accepted this condition. Jason assembled for his crew,

1150-444: The gods on her side. As Bernard Knox points out, Medea's last scene with concluding appearances parallels that of a number of indisputably divine beings in other plays by Euripides. Just like these gods, Medea "interrupts and puts a stop to the violent action of the human being on the lower level, ... justifies her savage revenge on the grounds that she has been treated with disrespect and mockery, ... takes measures and gives orders for

1196-484: The harpies away. In return for this favor, Phineus revealed to Jason the location of Colchis and how to pass the Symplegades , or The Clashing Rocks, and then they parted. The only way to reach Colchis was to sail through the Symplegades (Clashing Rocks), huge rock cliffs that came together and crushed anything that traveled between them. Phineus told Jason to release a dove when they approached these islands, and if

1242-468: The help she had given him, he retorted that it was not she that he should thank, but Aphrodite who made Medea fall in love with him. Infuriated with Jason for breaking his vow that he would be hers forever, Medea took her revenge by presenting to Creusa a cursed dress, as a wedding gift, that stuck to her body and burned her to death as soon as she put it on. Creusa's father, Creon , burned to death with his daughter as he tried to save her. Then Medea killed

1288-551: The highest mountain before he would stop loving Scylla. In her anger, Circe poisoned the pool where Scylla bathed, transforming her into a terrible monster with twelve feet and six heads. Euanthes and Theolytus of Methymna also recorded an affair between Glaucus and Ariadne : according to Athenaeus who cites these authors, Glaucus seduced Ariadne as she was abandoned by Theseus on Dia ( Naxos ). Dionysus then fought Glaucus over Ariadne and overpowered him, binding his hands and feet with grape vines; he, however, released Glaucus when

1334-554: The interaction of Medea and the daughters of Pelias. Jason, celebrating his return with the Golden Fleece, noted that his father was too aged and infirm to participate in the celebrations. He had seen and been served by Medea's magical powers. He asked Medea to take some years from his life and add them to the life of his father. She did so, but at no such cost to Jason's life. Medea withdrew the blood from Aeson's body and infused it with certain herbs; putting it back into his veins, returning vigor to him. Pelias' daughters saw this and wanted

1380-498: The latter disclosed his own name and origin. According to Mnaseas , cited by Athenaeus in his Deipnosophistae , Glaucus named the island of Syme after his wife , when they settled the island; according to Aeschrion of Samos, Glaucus was the lover of the semi-historical Hydne . Glaucus was reported to have had male lovers as well: Nicander in Europia mentioned Nereus as one, while Hedylus of Samos (or Athens) wrote that it

1426-533: The rock had come from, the soldiers attacked and defeated one another. His last task was to overcome the sleepless dragon which guarded the Golden Fleece . Jason sprayed the dragon with a potion, given by Medea, distilled from herbs. The dragon fell asleep, and Jason was able to seize the Golden Fleece. He then sailed away with Medea. Medea distracted her father, who chased them as they fled, by killing her brother Apsyrtus and throwing pieces of his body into

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1472-438: The same service for their father. Medea, using her sorcery, claimed to Pelias' daughters that she could make their father smooth and vigorous as a child by chopping him up into pieces and boiling the pieces in a cauldron of water and magical herbs. She demonstrated this remarkable feat with the oldest ram in the flock, which leapt out of the cauldron as a lamb. The girls, rather naively, sliced and diced their father and put him in

1518-410: The sea; Aeetes stopped to gather them. In another version, Medea lured Apsyrtus into a trap. Jason killed him, chopped off his fingers and toes, and buried the corpse. In any case, Jason and Medea escaped. On the way back to Iolcus, Medea prophesied to Euphemus , the Argo's helmsman, that one day he would rule Cyrene . This came true through Battus , a descendant of Euphemus. Zeus , as punishment for

1564-444: The ship and raided it. Heracles was among those guarding the ship at the time and managed to kill most of them before Jason and the others returned. Once some of the other Gegeines were killed, Jason and the Argonauts set sail. The Argonauts departed, losing their bearings and landing again at the same spot that night. In the darkness, the Doliones took them for enemies and they started fighting each other. The Argonauts killed many of

1610-560: The slaughter of Medea's own brother, sent a series of storms at the Argo and blew it off course. The Argo then spoke and said that they should seek purification with Circe , a nymph living on the island of Aeaea. After being cleansed, they continued their journey home. Chiron had told Jason that without the aid of Orpheus , the Argonauts would never be able to pass the Sirens —the same Sirens encountered by Odysseus in Homer 's epic poem

1656-403: The tragedy Medea . In the modern world, Jason has emerged as a character in various adaptations of his myths, such as the 1963 film Jason and the Argonauts and the 2000 TV miniseries of the same name . Pelias (Aeson's half-brother) was power-hungry and sought to gain dominion over all of Thessaly . Pelias was the progeny of a union between their shared mother, Tyro ("high born Tyro"),

1702-406: The two boys that she bore to Jason, fearing that they would be murdered or enslaved as a result of their mother's actions. When Jason learned of this, Medea was already gone. She fled to Athens in a chariot of dragons sent by her grandfather, the sun-god Helios . Although Jason calls Medea most hateful to gods and men, the fact that the chariot is given to her by Helios indicates that she still has

1748-460: The women so foul in stench that their husbands could not bear to be near them. The men then took concubines from the Thracian mainland opposite, and the spurned women, angry at Aphrodite, killed all the male inhabitants while they slept. The king, Thoas , was saved by Hypsipyle , his daughter, who put him out to sea sealed in a chest from which he was later rescued. The women of Lemnos lived for

1794-472: Was an ancient Greek mythological hero and leader of the Argonauts , whose quest for the Golden Fleece is featured in Greek literature. He was the son of Aeson , the rightful king of Iolcos . He was married to the sorceress Medea , the granddaughter of the sungod Helios . Jason appeared in various literary works in the classical world of Greece and Rome , including the epic poem Argonautica and

1840-406: Was appalled by his fish-like features and fled onto land when he tried to approach her. He asked the witch Circe for a potion to make Scylla fall in love with him, but Circe fell in love with him instead. She tried to win his heart with her most passionate and loving words, telling him to scorn Scylla and stay with her. But he replied that trees would grow on the ocean floor and seaweed would grow on

1886-423: Was asleep under the stem of the rotting Argo when it fell on him, killing him instantly. Jason's father is invariably Aeson, but there is great variation as to his mother's name. According to various authors, she could be: Jason was also said to have had a younger brother, Promachus . Children by Medea : Children by Hypsipyle : Though some of the episodes of Jason's story draw on ancient material,

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1932-521: Was dealt with in detail by Ovid in Metamorphoses and briefly referenced by many other authors. According to Ovid, Glaucus began his life as a mortal fisherman living in the Boeotian city of Anthedon . He found a magical herb which could bring the fish he caught back to life, and decided to try eating it. The herb made him immortal, but also caused him to grow fins instead of arms and

1978-548: Was known as the "dog's-tooth" and was believed to have been sown by Cronus . Athenaeus, referring to Aristotle 's non-extant Constitution of Delos , related that Glaucus settled in Delos together with the Nereids and would give prophecies to whoever asked for them. He also mentions, this time with reference to Nicander, that Apollo was believed to have learned the art of prophecy from Glaucus. An encounter of Glaucus with

2024-646: Was out of love for Melicertes that Glaucus threw himself into the sea. Yet according to Nicanor of Cyrene 's Change of Names , Glaucus and the deified Melicertes were one and the same. It is not known if Glaucus had any children, but Pausanias mentions Glaucus of Carystus as an alleged descendant of Glaucus the sea god. Virgil seems to indicate the Cumaean Sibyl , Deiphobe, as a daughter of Glaucus. Jason Jason ( / ˈ dʒ eɪ s ən / JAY -sən ; ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ἰάσων , translit.   Iásōn [i.ǎːsɔːn] )

2070-587: Was sent to them thanks to Orpheus's prayer, and instructing them to further pray to the Cabeiroi. In Apollonius Rhodius 's version, Glaucus appeared at the point when Telamon quarreled with Jason over Heracles and Polyphemus being left behind on the coast of Bithynia where Hylas had been lost. Glaucus reconciled the two by letting them know that it had been ordained for Heracles to return to Eurystheus 's court and complete his Twelve Labours , and for Polyphemus to found Cius , while Hylas had been abducted by

2116-515: Was the builder and the pilot of Argo . During a naval battle between the Argonauts and the Etruscans , he fell into the sea and by the will of Zeus became a sea god. Alexander of Aetolia , cited in Athenaeus, related that the magical herb grew on the island Thrinacia sacred to Helios and served as a remedy against fatigue for the sun god's horses. Aeschrion of Samos informed that it

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