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54-644: The Gleinalm Tunnel (German: Gleinalmtunnel) is a highway tunnel in Styria , Austria . It lies along the Pyhrn Autobahn and it is 8320 m long. It connects the district of Leoben with the district Graz-Umgebung . It was opened on 1978. The tunnel was in part built as an alternative route from Graz to the Murau District and the Murtal district , shortening the trip by about 20 minutes. Currently

108-515: A Kingdom of Rhaetia from out of Austrian and Bavarian Alpine possessions. These rumors increased his isolation from the Court. Tired of warfare, John turned away from the military and developed a great interest for nature, technology and agriculture. He collected minerals and was active as an alpinist and hunter in the Duchy of Styria . In his early days Archduke John and his brother Louis had

162-455: A column of hoped-for reinforcements at the Battle of Sankt Michael . Forced to flee northeast into Hungary , John offered battle again but was defeated at Raab on 14 June 1809. Ordered to join his brother Archduke Charles at the Battle of Wagram on 5 and 6 July, John's small army arrived too late to avert an Austrian defeat. His brother criticized him for tardiness. After the conclusion of

216-524: A liberal and his personal character as a loyal prince of the reigning House, Archduke John was appointed on 16 June to be an effective viceroy in the absence of the emperor. He was to both open the Constituent Diet and conduct the normal business of the government. By a proclamation dated 25 June and written entirely by himself, the Archduke assumed his responsibilities and set the date to open

270-456: A middle-class woman. The remarks he had reputedly made in favor of German unification at the banquet in 1842, added to circulating rumors that the Archduke was a man of political liberalism, even though he was kept very far from politics by the Court. Rioting in the streets of Vienna caused the Imperial household to flee to Innsbruck on 17 May 1848. Based on his reputation among the masses as

324-473: A nocturnal ceremony in Brandhof. By this morganatic marriage , John was excluded from succession to the throne. Emperor Francis elevated Anna to a "Baroness of Brandhofen" in 1834 and in 1839 she gave birth to a son, Franz , the only child from the marriage. His descendants were styled "Counts of Meran" and "Barons of Brandhofen", Proprietors of Stainz and Brandhofen. John was also a passionate mountaineer in

378-528: A prolonged stay at the health resort of Bad Gastein . At this point, the National Assembly was reduced to a rump parliament led by radicals and in opposition to the Regent. The Regency existed in name only, though the Archduke continued formal correspondence with Vienna and Berlin as such. He finally was allowed to resign from his office on 20 December 1849. When Archduke John came back to Frankfurt on

432-409: A proposal by the liberal politician Heinrich von Gagern , the assembly on 28 June 1848 voted for the establishment of a central authority ( Provisorische Zentralgewalt ) and on the next day a broad majority elected Archduke John regent of the realm ( Reichsverweser ). Archduke John accepted the nomination as head of the short-lived German Empire on 5 July 1848, and on 12 July the delegates of

486-466: A significant victory at the Battle of Sacile on 16 April 1809, his army advanced almost to Verona . Having detached forces to besiege Venice and other fortresses, John's army was soon outnumbered by Eugène's heavily reinforced host. Worse, news of the Austrian defeat at the Battle of Eckmühl reached him and compelled him to order a retreat. Before withdrawing, he fought off Franco-Italian attacks at

540-639: A visit in 1858, he openly regretted the failure of German unification. After nearly two years absence, the Archduke returned to Stainz, where he was elected the town's first mayor on 23 July 1850. This was the first and only case in Austria when a member of the Imperial family was elected mayor of a small market town. He exercised this office until 1858, represented in his occasional absence by market judge Georg Ensbrunner. Archduke John died in 1859 in Graz, where

594-518: A ÖVP candidate. In the 2021 municipal election in Graz, the Communist Party of Austria (KPÖ) surprisingly took over first place from the ÖVP, thus pushing long-time mayor Siegfried Nagl (ÖVP) out of office. The result was noted internationally. Elke Kahr led the KPÖ for a third time in the 2021 Graz local election . Despite opinion polling suggesting a victory for the ruling ÖVP, the KPÖ became

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648-645: Is particularly notable. The inheritance of his maternal uncle Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen enabled him to acquire a tin factory in Krems near Voitsberg and coal mines near Köflach , thereby he also became an industrialist. In 1840, he bought the Stainz dominion. He was already the lord of the Brandhof manor in Mariazell . In 1829, he married Anna Plochl (1804–1885), the daughter of Jakob Plochl, postmaster of Aussee , and his wife Maria Anna Pilz, during

702-560: The Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ) , failed to win seats. In subsequent elections in 2010 and 2015, the SPÖ, the ÖVP, and the KPÖ each lost between one fourth and one third of their shares of the vote relative to 2005. The FPÖ grew from 4.6 percent to 26.8 percent. The current government of Styria is a coalition of SPÖ and ÖVP. The governor, Christopher Drexler , is a representative of

756-583: The Battle of Caldiero between 27 and 30 April. Attempting to blunt the Franco-Italian pursuit, he stood to fight on 8 May and was beaten at the Battle of Piave River . Trying to defend the entire border, he sent Ignaz Gyulai to defend Laibach in Carniola , while holding Villach in Carinthia with his own forces. Eugène's pursuit overran the frontier defenses at the Battle of Tarvis and wrecked

810-729: The Eastern Alps and attempted to be the first to climb the Großvenediger . For that reason, the Erzherzog-Johann-Hütte ( Adlersruhe ) at the Grossglockner , and the Archduke John's Vanilla Orchid ( Nigritella rubra subsp. archiducis-joannis ), an orchid growing on mountain meadows, are named after him. On 4 September 1842, King Frederick William IV of Prussia inaugurated new construction to

864-494: The Habsburgs reunified Austria in 1282, Pitten was returned to Styria until the 16th century when Austria finally annexed it. During this time, Styria formed the central part of Inner Austria . Styria developed economically under Archduke John of Austria , the so-called "Styrian Prince", between 1809 and 1859. In 1918, after World War I , the Duchy of Styria was partitioned broadly along ethnic lines (, though where mixed,

918-654: The Zeltweg Airfield in 1964 and then at the Osterreichring from 1970 to 1987. The sport returned to the circuit, now redesigned and rebranded as the A1-Ring, from 1997 to 2003. Formula One once again returned to the circuit, now renamed the Red Bull Ring, in 2014 and has been held at the track every year since. The COVID-19 pandemic saw the 2020 Formula One calendar massively revised, resulting in

972-695: The Diet for 22 July 1848. After he accepted the office of Regent of Germany on 5 July 1848 (see below), John maintained that he could not undertake his responsibilities in Frankfurt until he had fulfilled his responsibilities in Vienna. Therefore, he set out for Frankfurt on 8 July, the same day that the Austrian Ministry led by Baron Franz von Pillersdorf fell. After being appointed Regent in Frankfurt, he returned to Vienna on 17 July, and solemnly opened

1026-605: The Diet on 22 July as the emperor's representative. Shortly thereafter, the Archduke resigned his official duties and departed for Frankfurt. This caused the Diet to petition for the emperor's return to Vienna, and he did so on 12 August. Upon the March Revolution of 1848 , the Frankfurt Parliament discussed the appointment of an all- German government replacing the Federal Convention . On

1080-662: The Federal Convention, in response to public pressure, ceded their powers to him. On 15 July, the day he left for Vienna, the Regent appointed the ministers Anton von Schmerling , Johann Gustav Heckscher and Eduard von Peucker to office, completed by Prince Carl of Leiningen as minister president and head of government . Nevertheless, his political office did not offer many opportunities, though all laws had to be signed by him. On 16 July 1848, War Minister von Peucker issued an order to all German Federal Army soldiers that, on 6 August 1848, they were to parade in honor of

1134-714: The French and was awarded the Commander Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa . However, according to the Peace of Pressburg , Austria had to cede Tyrol and Vorarlberg to Bavaria. John remained obliged to Tyrol and maintained friendly contact with Baron Joseph Hormayr who forged a resistance movement against the Bavarian occupation. In 1808, John pressed for the creation of Tyrolean Landwehr forces based on

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1188-526: The German name "Steyer", a slightly modernized spelling of Steyr, was also common. The ancient link between the city of Steyr and Styria is also apparent in their nearly identical coats of arms, a white Panther on a green background. Styria is also popularly known as the "Green March", owing to it being the most forested of all the Austrian states, or as the "Iron Margraviate" for its long heritage of manufacturing and engineering. The western and eastern parts of

1242-518: The People's Party. His deputy, Anton Lang, is a SPÖ member. Archduke John of Austria Archduke John of Austria ( German : Erzherzog Johann Baptist Joseph Fabian Sebastian von Österreich , IPA: [ˈɛʁt͡sˌheʁt͡sok ˈjoːhan] ; Slovene : Nadvojvoda Janez Habsburško-Lotarinški (or simply Nadvojvoda Janez ); 20 January 1782 – 11 May 1859), a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine ,

1296-539: The Red Bull Ring becoming the first circuit to host consecutive Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, with the first round running under the Austrian Grand Prix name and the second held as the Styrian Grand Prix. This continued in 2021. The federal state is divided into 13 districts ( Bezirke ), one of them a statutory city . There are 286 municipalities. The following is a list of

1350-619: The Regent as the supreme commander of the Army in Germany. Upon his arrival in Vienna, the Archduke was greeted by Austrian War Minister Latour , who was quite upset with the interference of the provisional government in Austrian Army affairs. The whole Austrian Ministerial Council demanded action, and, as a result, the Archduke was forced to dispatch a formal complaint as Viceroy of Austria to himself as Regent of Germany. First attempts by

1404-722: The Tuscan capital. In 1790, Leopold succeeded his brother Joseph II as the Holy Roman Emperor and his family moved from the Grand Duchy of Tuscany to the Imperial court in Vienna. Only two years later, John's elder brother Francis II ascended the Imperial throne. John's native language was Italian , though he learned to speak French and German fluently. Educated by the Swiss historian Johannes von Müller , he developed wide-ranging skills and interests, especially in

1458-535: The as yet incomplete Cologne Cathedral . Dignitaries from all over Germany and Austria were invited, including Archduke John and Chancellor Klemens von Metternich . A farewell banquet was held in the Augustusburg Palace at Brühl . There, Frederick William toasted all of the guests who had fought in the Napoleonic War, including Archduke John, "whose name exhilarates us as a fresh breeze from

1512-484: The cabinet gradually lost the support of the centrist Casino faction and finally its majority in parliament. Schmerling was forced to resign and on 17 December, Archduke John had to appoint Heinrich von Gagern new minister president, though he opposed his ' Lesser German ' ideas. By the terms of his Regency, Archduke John was forbidden to take part in the drafting of the Frankfurt Constitution , which

1566-565: The campaign, John again evolved plans for a widespread rebellion. However, upon the Treaty of Schönbrunn Austrian policies under Minister Klemens von Metternich sought a rapprochement to France. John's friend Baron Joseph Hormayr and other conspirators were arrested, the Archduke himself effectively was sidelined and retired to his estates in Thernberg . For many years thereafter, rumors dogged him that he and Hormayr had evolved plans to create

1620-751: The common man, by wearing the local Tracht , the Steireranzug , and by collecting and promoting the material and spiritual culture of the country. In 1811, he founded the Joanneum Museum in Graz and the predecessor of Graz University of Technology . Some other foundations were initiated by him, such as the Styrian State Archive 1817, the Steiermärkisch-Ständische Montanlehranstalt , which

1674-465: The defeated Austrian side lost the lands in question to Yugoslavia, such as the majority German-speaking Abstall basin,) into a northern part, constituting the Austrian state of Styria, as well as the continuation of the Styrian state altogether, and a southern one, traditionally called Lower Styria , though Lower Styria does not exist as any political entity and is only a traditional term. As a result of

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1728-511: The demise of the Babenberg dynasty (to which Leopold belonged), Styria came briefly under the control of Hungary and later Bohemia. During this time, it lost vast parts of its territory, including the former capital Steyr (which would later form a significant part of the emerging "Duchy of Austria above the Enns" or Upper Austria), as well as Pitten (now the southeastern part of Lower Austria). When

1782-424: The district Graz-Umgebung (literally, "Graz-surroundings") may or may not be considered parts of West and East Styria, respectively. The southern fourth of the historic Duchy of Styria , which after World War I became part of Yugoslavia and later Slovenia (except for World War II), was (and sometimes colloquially still is) referred to as " Lower Styria " ( Untersteiermark ; Slovene : Štajerska ). Styria

1836-746: The government to obtain supreme command of the German Federal Army faced entrenched resistance from the member states. To strengthen support, the left-wing politician Robert von Mohl joined the Leiningen Cabinet on 9 August. Leiningen himself resigned on 6 September, after the Frankfurt assembly refused to ratify the Armistice of Malmö , signed by Prussia during the First Schleswig War . Minister Anton von Schmerling acted as head of government, until from November 1848

1890-471: The gross regional product (GRP) and is one of the highest concentrations of leading clean technology companies in Europe. The companies have an average (real) growth rate of 22 percent per year—well above the worldwide cleantech market growth of 18 percent per year. The region created roughly 2,000 additional green jobs in 2008 alone. The Formula One Austrian Grand Prix has been held in the region, first at

1944-521: The habit of travelling to France, where the latter married Madame de Gueroust . In 1815, on his visit to the Britain , John received a Doctor honoris causa degree from the University of Edinburgh . In the history of Styria, he is remembered as a great modernizer and became an important figure of identification for Styrians. His proximity to the people is given evidence to by his many contacts with

1998-743: The history and geography of the Alpine countries. During the Napoleonic Wars , John was given command of the Austrian army in September 1800, despite his personal reluctance to assume the position. He showed personal bravery in the War of the Second Coalition , but his troops were crushed at the Battle of Hohenlinden on 3 December. Demoralized by defeat, the army nearly disintegrated in

2052-572: The largest party with 28.8% of votes and 15 seats. After the election, the KPÖ entered into coalition talks with The Greens – The Green Alternative and the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) . On November 13, 2021, the KPÖ, the Greens and the SPÖ announced their coalition: Graz gets a communist mayor with Elke Kahr. In the 2005 elections for the federal state's parliament the SPÖ under their regional chairman Franz Voves won

2106-491: The majority after the ÖVP had damaged its credibility through scandals and the secession of a high-ranking party member, who took part in the 2005 elections after setting up his own party. In these elections, the KPÖ also received many votes after it had gained much popularity through its role in local politics in Graz during the preceding years. The two right-wing populist parties, the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) and

2160-517: The mountains." As thanks for the King's kind words, the Archduke remarked, "As long as Prussia and Austria, and as long as the rest of Germany wherever the German tongue is heard, are united, we shall be steadfast as the rocks of our mountains." However, the newspapers reported a different text of these remarks: "No longer shall be known Austria or Prussia, but a single Germany, lofty and sublime, Germany united and strong as her own mountains." This misquote

2214-519: The nine largest cities and towns in Styria by population: (as of 2023) The historical population is given in the following chart: The federal state had been a stronghold of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) since 1945. Graz is markedly more left-wing than the rural districts of the federal state. The governor (Austrian political term: Landeshauptmann ) of Styria has typically been

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2268-582: The project plan. Styria The March of Styria derived its name from the original seat of its ruling Otakar dynasty: Steyr , in today's Upper Austria , which in turn derives its name from the namesake river of Steyr, stemming from the Celtic Stiria. In the native German the area is still called "Steiermark", while in English the Latin name "Styria" is used. Until the late 19th century however,

2322-648: The same time, Bavarians under Frankish domination began to expand their area to the south and east, ultimately absorbing the Slavic population. Under the Otakar dynasty, Styria was made into a margraviate in 1056 and in 1180, also separated from the Duchy of Carinthia to become a Duchy of its own; Per the Georgenberg Pact , the Austrian Duke Leopold V also became Duke of Styria in 1192. After

2376-459: The subsequent retreat, which was only stopped by an armistice arranged on 22 December. After the Peace of Lunéville in 1801, Archduke John was made General Director of the Engineering and Fortification Service, and later commander of the Theresian Military Academy in Wiener Neustadt . In the War of the Third Coalition , John again fought the French and Bavarian forces. From 1805 he directed an able defence of several Tyrolean passes against

2430-450: The success of the Prussian Landwehr, which played a vital role in the Tyrolean Rebellion led by Andreas Hofer . At the commencement of the War of the Fifth Coalition in 1809 he became commander of the Army of Inner Austria , fighting against the French forces of Eugène de Beauharnais in Italy. Under his command were the VIII Armeekorps led by Albert Gyulai and the IX Armeekorps headed by Albert's brother Ignaz Gyulai . After winning

2484-464: The terms of his service as Regent, forbidding his interference in the process. Prime Minister Gagern handed in his resignation on 10 May. Prussia exerted pressure on the Regent to vacate the office that he had resigned, but the Archduke insisted that he would remain out of a sense of obligation, and had powerful backing from Austria's Prime Minister, Prince Schwarzenberg , who was eager to stifle Prussian ambitions in Germany. Nevertheless, he departed for

2538-434: The tunnel has only one tube with oncoming traffic. The speed limit is 80 km/h and it has a toll of 10 euro. A second tube is under construction since 21 September 2013. The whole project will cost about 299 million euro. The new tube was opened on 21 July 2017: both tunnels will be in service until September 2017, after which the old tube will be closed for renovation. Both tubes will definitively open in 2019 according to

2592-491: The turbulence of two world wars, the German -speaking population of Lower Styria , which had mainly been concentrated in the cities, particularly the so-called "Festungsdreieck" (fortress-triangle) of Maribor (Marburg an der Drau), Celje (Cilli) and Ptuj (Pettau) migrated from the region or was expelled. The federal state's gross domestic product (GDP) was 49.6 billion € in 2018, accounting for 12.9% of Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power

2646-496: Was 35,400 € or 118% of the EU27 average in the same year. In 2004, Styria had the strongest economic growth rate in Austria at 3.8%—mainly due to the Graz area, which saw strong economic growth that year and has continued to grow in economic and population terms since then. Styria is home to more than 150 clean technology companies of which one dozen are world technology leaders in their field. The revenue of Styrian cleantech companies totals €2.7 billion. This equals 8 percent of

2700-439: Was adopted on 28 March 1849 after lengthy negotiations led by Gagern. He inveighed against the strong position of Prussia and was determined to resign, but he was once again dissuaded by appeals from National Assembly President, Eduard von Simson . When in April 1849, King Frederick William IV of Prussia disappointed Gagern's hopes and openly rejected the Constitution, Archduke John remained passive and reminded his Prime Minister of

2754-412: Was an Austrian field marshal and imperial regent ( Reichsverweser ) of the short-lived German Empire during the Revolutions of 1848 . John was born in Florence , the thirteenth child of the Habsburg Grand Duke Leopold I of Tuscany (Archduke of Austria and later Emperor) and Maria Louisa of Spain . He was baptized with the name of John Baptist Joseph Fabian Sebastian, after the patron saint of

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2808-410: Was founded in 1840 in Vordernberg and later became the University of Leoben , the Styrian Society for Agriculture 1819, the Mutual Fire Insurance, the Styrian Building Society, the Landesoberrealschule in 1845 and the Society for Styrian History in 1850. His routing of the Austrian Southern Railway from Vienna to Trieste over the Semmering Pass and through the Mura and Mürz valleys to Graz

2862-408: Was inhabited by Celtic tribes. After its conquest by the Romans , the eastern part of what is now Styria was part of Pannonia , while the western one was included in Noricum . During the Barbarian invasions , it was conquered or crossed by the Visigoths , the Huns , the Ostrogoths , the Rugii , and the Lombards . Slavs under the domination of the Avars settled in the valleys around 600. At

2916-434: Was widely circulated among the reading public. Even though the Archduke John did not consider himself a liberal , he promoted some liberal ideas. He was often in conflict with the rigid Habsburg court, especially because of his morganatic marriage, though he would never espouse rebellion. He had earned great recognition in the Styrian lands and, moreover, he gained general acceptance by his jovial manners and his marriage with

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