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157-650: In their earliest days, the predecessor newspapers which eventually merged to form the St. Louis Globe-Democrat were staunch advocates of freedom and anti-slavery in Missouri. The Globe-Democrat , colloquially called the Globe, eventually became the most widely read morning paper in St. Louis, with a huge circulation , and used this support to promote civic responsibility and great causes regarding urban improvements. The newspaper

314-491: A lecture against slavery while dressed as a soldier, after which he plunged a sword into a bible containing a bladder of fake blood ( pokeberry juice) that splattered those nearby. On September 9, 1739, a literate slave named Jemmy led a rebellion against South Carolina slaveholders in an event referred to as the Stono Rebellion (also known as Cato's Conspiracy and Cato's Rebellion.) The runaway slaves involved in

471-537: A 250,000-circulation paper.  When the change in ownership took effect on January 27, 1984, the Post-Dispatch switched to morning publication the same day, making it head-to-head competition. In August 1986 the paper filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . At the time the newspaper listed $ 8 million in debts. In December the newspaper suspended publication, and the Bankruptcy Court appointed

628-597: A 99-day shutdown, the Globe-Democrat published again, with a screaming headline, “We’re Back!” In an editorial, which also was used as a double-page paid advertisement in the June 6, 1959 issue of the trade magazine Editor and Publisher, Amberg reviewed the strike and declared that, in the end, the new plan was “no better in any single respect than past practices” and that in at least three important matters it provided less benefits.  The Guild, in its own two-page ad in

785-412: A Democrat-allied and bitter foe for decades as well as a contender for newspaper readers.   The evening Post-Dispatch started its existence far behind the Globe-Democrat, but soon exceeded it. By 1914 it reached 176,659 daily circulation, while the Globe-Democrat's was 134,671, In Sunday circulation, both papers had passed the 100,000 mark, but by 1915 the Post-Dispatch was far in the lead.  As for

942-471: A border state could prove an important factor in his 1860 campaign.  The paper strenuously supported Lincoln in his 1858 senatorial campaign against Stephen Douglas. By 1857 there was a split into factions between conservatives under Benton, strong in rural areas, and the editor and owners of the Missouri Democrat who were to declare openly during the year for emancipation and were devoted to

1099-485: A century, had cooperated with the company in a “healthy system of give and take.” Only the Guild, he said, with pay scales already the highest in the nation, had refused to make any concessions. The paper offered to deposit sums into a jointly administered bank account and to negotiate in the remaining 10 months of the Guild contract, but said it could not immediately do financially what the Guild demanded.   One week after

1256-548: A concern for Black civil rights. However, James Stewart advocates a more nuanced understanding of the relationship of abolition and anti-slavery prior to the Civil War: While instructive, the distinction [between anti-slavery and abolition] can also be misleading, especially in assessing abolitionism's political impact. For one thing, slaveholders never bothered with such fine points. Many immediate abolitionists showed no less concern than did other white Northerners about

1413-750: A crime, in 1865. This was a direct result of the Union victory in the American Civil War . The central issue of the war was slavery. Historian James M. McPherson in 1964 defined an abolitionist "as one who before the Civil War had agitated for the immediate, unconditional and total abolition of slavery in the United States". He notes that many historians have used a broader definition without his emphasis on immediacy. Thus he does not include opponents of slavery such as Abraham Lincoln or

1570-443: A deal to have Brown placed on the ticket with Greeley.   Old affronts and differences among various past and present Missouri Democrat editors and owners sometimes made strange bedfellows or broken loyalties. The development of the telegraph and overseas cable in the years after the Civil War resulted in increased and speedier news from far afield, and the paper also enlarged its local and state newsgathering personnel. Among hires

1727-528: A funded pension plan “comparable” to that of the Pulitzer Publishing Co., owner of the Post-Dispatch. The Globe-Democrat noted that the Guild had repeatedly in the past praised its policy, set up by Ray, of paying pensions to retired employees out of current earnings, along with its continuing full payments on their life and health insurance. Amberg explained that 11 other unions with which the company had contracts, some of which dated back almost

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1884-426: A gambling operation were among many examples of the Globe-Democrat's vigor. The women's section was greatly enhanced; Amberg noticed that too many of his papers were being bought by men on their way to work instead of being delivered to the homes where women would have the opportunity to read them. New features and articles appealing to women were added, and the paper began sponsoring two big fashion shows each year and

2041-437: A graft ring in St. Louis and that an investigation was underway. On May 10 the distilleries were seized. On May 11, McKee and Houser started negotiations with Fishback to buy his paper. Coincidence? A sale followed on May 12, 1875, which the Globe called a “merging of the two papers,” ending three years of fierce competition and the beginning of a metropolitan paper that was to survive all but one of its contemporaries. The new name

2198-455: A lukewarm endorsement on 1856 to James Buchanan, the Democrat candidate for president, rather than John C. Fremont, the candidate of the new Republican Party and the son-in-law of prominent free-soil politician Thomas H. Benton, one of Missouri's first two U.S. senators, whose political fortunes had been championed by the Missouri Democrat since its founding. Benton, a Democrat party loyalist to

2355-454: A million lines, its daily circulation by 60,000, and its Sunday circulation by 150,000. One indication of reader and advertiser loyalty was that in the first week of publication after the strike the daily run was over 330,000, advertisers flocked back, and Amberg declared hopefully that he anticipated pre-strike normalcy within two weeks.  But before the two weeks were up, another strike caused both papers to cease publication when on June 10

2512-493: A political movement is usually dated from 1 January 1831, when Wm. Lloyd Garrison (as he always signed himself) published the first issue of his new weekly newspaper, The Liberator (1831), which appeared without interruption until slavery in the United States was abolished in 1865, when it closed. Abolitionists included those who joined the American Anti-Slavery Society or its auxiliary groups in

2669-452: A price on his own interest. Fishback obtained from Circuit Court an order for a sale, whereby an equitable transaction could adjust and close the partnership. An auction was held in March 1872 and Fishback prevailed, bidding $ 456,100, which was $ 100 more than McKee's final bid.    Within a few weeks of the sale, McKee and Houser began plans for establishing another paper, which would be

2826-405: A principle was far more than just the wish to prevent the expansion of slavery. After 1840, abolitionists rejected this because it let sin continue to exist; they demanded that slavery end everywhere, immediately and completely. John Brown was the only abolitionist to have actually planned a violent insurrection, though David Walker promoted the idea. The abolitionist movement was strengthened by

2983-493: A prominent Bostonian, wrote The Selling of Joseph (1700) in protest of the widening practice of outright slavery as opposed to indentured servitude in the colonies. This is the earliest-recorded anti-slavery tract published in the future United States. Slavery was banned in the colony of Georgia soon after its founding in 1733. The colony's founder, James Edward Oglethorpe , fended off repeated attempts by South Carolina merchants and land speculators to introduce slavery into

3140-475: A sandbar in the Missouri River. Reynolds was not hurt, but Brown was severely wounded in the knee. The issue of slavery became a primary issue in the mid-1850s across the nation and certainly in St. Louis, where slaves were sold at the courthouse and riots and political marches were not uncommon. Amid the 21 papers that were published in St. Louis at the time, views were heated. The Missouri Democrat gave

3297-730: A sense of protection from their government. Led by Nathaniel Bacon , the unification that occurred between the white lower class and blacks during this rebellion was perceived as dangerous and thus was quashed with the implementation of the Virginia Slave Codes of 1705 . Still, this event introduced the premise that blacks and whites could work together towards the goal of self-liberation, which became increasingly prevalent as abolition gained traction within America. The first statement against slavery in Colonial America

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3454-562: A series on railroad problems that caused Sen. George Smathers of Florida to say that the paper had more to do than any other force in creating the sympathetic approach which Congress and the White House took on this issue; and stimulating interest in community welfare through its annual Women of Achievement Awards, Man of the Year Award and, to state officials, Meritorious Public Service Award.  The Inland Press Association also gave

3611-448: A slave. According to historian Steven Pincus , many of the colonial legislatures worked to enact laws that would limit slavery. The Provincial legislature of Massachusetts Bay , as noted by historian Gary B. Nash , approved a law "prohibiting the importation and purchase of slaves by any Massachusetts citizen." The Loyalist governor of Massachusetts , Thomas Hutchinson , vetoed the law, an action that prompted angered reaction from

3768-464: A trustee to seek new owners. In January 1986 Veritas Corporation purchased the paper for $ 500,000 and, after a 51-day hiatus, the paper resumed publication on January 27. Veritas, formed by businessmen John B. Prentis and William E. Franke, committed to contribute $ 4 million to the newspaper's operations. That did not prove sufficient, and the Globe-Democrat ended publication on October 29 after

3925-444: A vigorous, effective leadership in community, state and national affairs by giving big play to public projects. In 1958 the Globe-Democrat was given the 10th annual Inland Press Association award for outstanding community service for a wide variety of community projects. Some 20 projects were cited, among them: Editorials and articles promoting passage of a bill allowing the funds of Missouri to draw interest (adding millions of dollars to

4082-407: A weekend package. The contract printing arrangement was unusual in certain aspects, but it followed a national trend, dictated by rising costs, of using one set of presses to print morning and afternoon papers. Amberg said the new arrangement was made necessary by the demands of the Guild, explaining that even the Guild's third and least expensive proposal would cost the newspaper approximately $ 550,000

4239-415: A year for 20 years – more profit than the paper made any year since the boom days of the war, and he saw no prospects for making that much. Newhouse said the Guild's insistence on a funded pension plan meant “we had no choice. They had a gun at our heads.” The sale of the building and joint printing brought about another issue. Management asked that it be given freedom to discharge personnel not needed under

4396-407: A “Modern Living Show” each September. The display of home furnishings and equipment was soon drawing more than 200,000 people. The women's section soon gained the same excellence that the sports and financial sections of the paper always had, and home delivered circulation by 1960 increased 60,000 over the past five years. News coverage had improved so much that by early 1959 the paper could challenge

4553-643: The Age of Enlightenment , focused on ending the transatlantic slave trade . In Colonial America, a few German Quakers issued the 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery , which marked the beginning of the American abolitionist movement. Before the Revolutionary War , evangelical colonists were the primary advocates for the opposition to slavery and the slave trade, doing so on the basis of humanitarian ethics. Still, others such as James Oglethorpe ,

4710-609: The American Revolutionary War and was reorganized in 1784, with Benjamin Franklin as its first president. In 1777, independent Vermont , not yet a state, became the first polity in North America to prohibit slavery: slaves were not directly freed, but masters were required to remove slaves from Vermont. The Constitution included several provisions which accommodated slavery, although none used

4867-483: The Globe-Democrat , the two papers had operated under a joint operating agreement , with the protection of the Newspaper Preservation Act , which allowed two competing papers to have some joint operations free of antitrust violation, in return for which the failing paper of the two must continue operation unless it can show proof of irreversible financial losses. The Post-Dispatch , owned by

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5024-642: The Massachusetts courts in freedom suits , spurred on the decision made in the Somerset v. Stewart case, which although not applying the colonies was still received positively by American abolitionists. Boston lawyer Benjamin Kent represented them. In 1766, Kent won a case ( Slew v. Whipple ) to liberate Jenny Slew , a mixed-race woman who had been kidnapped in Massachusetts and then handled as

5181-598: The Republican Party ; they called for the immediate end to expansion of slavery before 1861. The religious component of American abolitionism was great. It began with the Quakers , then moved to the other Protestants with the Second Great Awakening of the early 19th century. Many leaders were ministers. Saying slavery was sinful made its evil easy to understand, and tended to arouse fervor for

5338-543: The Underground Railroad . This was made illegal by the federal Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 , arguably the most hated and most openly evaded federal legislation in the nation's history. Nevertheless, participants like Harriet Tubman , Henry Highland Garnet , Alexander Crummell , Amos Noë Freeman , and others continued with their work. Abolitionists were particularly active in Ohio , where some worked directly in

5495-595: The United States Constitution did or did not protect slavery. This issue arose in the late 1840s after the publication of The Unconstitutionality of Slavery by Lysander Spooner . The Garrisonians, led by Garrison and Wendell Phillips , publicly burned copies of the Constitution, called it a pact with slavery, and demanded its abolition and replacement. Another camp, led by Lysander Spooner , Gerrit Smith , and eventually Douglass, considered

5652-551: The international slave trade , but South Carolina reversed its decision. Between the Revolutionary War and 1804, laws, constitutions, or court decisions in each of the Northern states provided for the gradual or immediate abolition of slavery. No Southern state adopted similar policies. In 1807, Congress made the importation of slaves a crime, effective January 1, 1808, which was as soon as Article I, section 9 of

5809-521: The upper South , freed slaves, sometimes in their wills. Many noted they had been moved by the revolutionary ideals of the equality of men. The number of free blacks as a proportion of the black population in the upper South increased from less than 1 percent to nearly 10 percent between 1790 and 1810 as a result of these actions. Some slave owners, concerned about the increase in free blacks, which they viewed as destabilizing, freed slaves on condition that they emigrate to Africa . All U.S. states abolished

5966-793: The 1830s and 1840s, as the movement fragmented. The fragmented anti-slavery movement included groups such as the Liberty Party ; the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society ; the American Missionary Association ; and the Church Anti-Slavery Society . Historians traditionally distinguish between moderate anti-slavery reformers or gradualists, who concentrated on stopping the spread of slavery, and radical abolitionists or immediatists, whose demands for unconditional emancipation often merged with

6123-445: The 1960 census, St. Louis was one of the 10 most populous cities in the United States. As for the telegraph, "It was in the city that the daily newspaper press, which spread rapidly in the wake of the telegraph after 1850, found its most habitual readers." More than a score of newspapers in the early years vied for that readership. Before the Civil War the states and nation were divided as to whether new territories should be admitted to

6280-404: The 44 stereotypers at the Post-Dispatch walked out.  That strike terminated two weeks later and the Globe-Democrat took up where it had left off. By July 1960, total advertising exceeded that of the year before, and circulation had climbed to 340,914, an all-time high, whereas it had been 334,240 before the 99-day shutdown and 309,943 in the three-month period after it. Abolitionism in

6437-755: The Bridge Street African Methodist Episcopal Church , and lived on Duffield Street. His fellow Duffield Street residents Thomas and Harriet Truesdell were leading members of the abolitionist movement. Mr. Truesdell was a founding member of the Providence Anti-slavery Society before moving to Brooklyn in 1838. Harriet Truesdell was also very active in the movement, organizing an anti-slavery convention in Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia) . Another prominent Brooklyn-based abolitionist

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6594-809: The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1780). The Quaker Quarterly Meeting of Chester, Pennsylvania , made its first protest in 1711. Within a few decades the entire slave trade was under attack, being opposed by such Quaker leaders as William Burling, Benjamin Lay , Ralph Sandiford, William Southby, John Woolman , and Anthony Benezet . Benezet was particularly influential, inspiring a later generation of notable anti-slavery activists, including Granville Sharp , John Wesley , Thomas Clarkson , Olaudah Equiano , Benjamin Franklin , Benjamin Rush , Absalom Jones , and Bishop Richard Allen , among others. Samuel Sewall ,

6751-431: The Constitution allowed. A small but dedicated group, under leaders such as William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass , agitated for abolition in the mid-19th century. John Brown became an advocate and militia leader in attempting to end slavery by force of arms. In the Civil War, immediate emancipation became a war goal for the Union in 1861 and was fully achieved in 1865. American abolitionism began well before

6908-416: The Constitution to be an anti-slavery document. Using an argument based upon Natural Law and a form of social contract theory, they said that slavery fell outside the Constitution's scope of legitimate authority and therefore should be abolished. Another split in the abolitionist movement was along class lines. The artisan republicanism of Robert Dale Owen and Frances Wright stood in stark contrast to

7065-461: The Constitution; and that it was the solemn duty of journalism to maintain the freedom of the press.  Yost would remain the editorial page editor for 46 years; he retired in 1935 but returned in 1940, dying a year later. The paper maintained its support of Republicans, without the bombast of earlier times, and although it could hardly at that point be called a crusading paper, it conducted lively civic improvement campaigns.   One such campaign

7222-437: The Globe editor “more of a marriage than a birth,” the St. Louis Globe-Democrat under the editorship of Joseph Burbridge McCullough achieved great success. An acknowledged leader in new journalistic practices and dedicated to increasing circulation, the editor extended the influence of his paper throughout Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Illinois, Mississippi, Arkansas and Texas, where it was so widely circulated, with correspondents in all

7379-521: The Globe focused heavily on local issues and the Post on national and international news) and editorial positions, where each had a national reputation—the Globe-Democrat as a strong conservative voice and the Post-Dispatch a strong liberal voice. The animus of each paper for the other wasn’t so apparent in the business end of their operations. Following a lengthy and debilitating strike in 1959 at

7536-429: The Globe-Democrat honorable mention for its outstanding coverage of city, state, and federal affairs. Almost every issue at the time and for years thereafter gave evidence that the paper was the crusading Globe-Democrat of old. Getting aldermen ousted who did not live in the district they represented; leading a bruising campaign to allow branch banking in Missouri; warning of speed traps; and exposing police involvement in

7693-511: The Joint Operating Agreement, which lessened any attractiveness to prospective buyers). In early 1984 the paper was purchased by Jeffrey M. Gluck, which brought an end to all joint operations, and Gluck had to find his own printers and set up his own advertising, circulation, news, production and other departments from scratch in just a matter of weeks, something perhaps unprecedented in modern journalism history, certainly for

7850-474: The Midwest could be compared to baseball teams. The Chicago Tribune played a fine game in right field, and the Post-Dispatch played a good game in left field, “albeit occasionally over the foul line,” but the proper place for the Globe-Democrat should be as “a good hard-hitting center fielder.” The analogy pointed out what guided the paper after Ray's death – to battle for St. Louis, to give emphasis to crusades on

8007-507: The Missouri Legislature; Blair was soon after elected to Congress and Brown was later a U.S. senator, Missouri governor, and vice-presidential candidate. Brown was going to engage in a horse pistol duel at ten paces in 1855 but his opponent backed out after Brown had already arrived at the dueling grounds. A year later another vitriolic Brown editorial ended in a duel with Thomas C. Reynolds, the U.S. District Attorney, fought on

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8164-770: The North. In 1835 alone, abolitionists mailed over a million pieces of anti-slavery literature to the South, giving rise to the gag rules in Congress, after the theft of mail from the Charleston, South Carolina , post office, and much back-and-forth about whether postmasters were required to deliver this mail. According to the Postmaster General , they were not. Under the Constitution, the importation of enslaved persons could not be prohibited until 1808 (20 years). As

8321-457: The Post-Dispatch for leadership. When Newhouse bought the paper in March 1955, the Globe-Democrat trailed the Post-Dispatch by nearly 100,000 circulation both daily and Sunday. By September 1958, the quarterly Audit Bureau of Circulations report showed that the Globe-Democrat had gained 44,000 readers and the Post had lost 17,000. Advertising gains were also substantial; in 1958 the Globe-Democrat gained more advertising linage than any other paper in

8478-513: The Post-Dispatch to take a stand. Editorials became more forceful, Amberg himself often writing the lead editorial.  Political endorsements for state and local offices in Missouri and Illinois were given to both Republican and Democrat candidates depending upon who seemed best qualified – a far cry from a century earlier when founder McKee pledged his paper to the Republican Party. The paper also boosted its local coverage and evinced

8635-493: The Pulitzer Publishing Company, handled all production and printing for both papers. The Globe-Democrat relinquished having an edition on Sunday, the most lucrative day for advertising and circulation revenue, since there was not press capacity to produce both the Post and Globe at the same time. Advertising was sold jointly, and profits were shared equally. The Globe-Democrat’s competitive market position

8792-611: The Radical faction of the Republican Party (headed by former editor Brown) that pushed for immediate emancipation of slaves as opposed to the Conservative faction (headed by Blair, part owner of the Missouri Democrat) who favored gradual emancipation.   It began agitating in 1863 for a new state constitution that would free slaves. In January 1865 a constitutional convention was held, followed by an election ratifying

8949-574: The Republic, it started the last quarter of the 19th century with a significant circulation lead over the Globe-Democrat, soon lost it, and then regained it until 1902, thereafter falling consistently while the Globe-Democrat climbed steadily. By 1915 the Globe-Democrat daily circulation was 26,277 more and the Sunday circulation 79,083 more than the Republic, and it printed 151,280 more lines of display and classified advertising (12,607 inches) annually than

9106-463: The Republic, the Globe-Democrat claimed daily circulation of well over 200,000, far above that of the Post-Dispatch, with its 160,043. Ray, nephew of William McKee, a co-founder of the paper's forerunner, was 34 when he became publisher of the Globe-Democrat in 1918 as the youngest publisher of a major metropolitan daily in the United States.  He had served at the paper in a variety of positions since his graduation from high school. Ray soon negotiated

9263-496: The Republic.   Competition from other St. Louis papers was negligible.  One side note is that as late as 1916 the Globe-Democrat had the largest German-American constituency of any paper in the English language, reflecting the city's large German-born population. The decline of the Republic from a number of miscues and poor management made its death inevitable, and in its last year the paper had lost half its circulation and

9420-446: The South, members of the abolitionist movement or other people opposing slavery were often targets of lynch mob violence before the American Civil War . Numerous known abolitionists lived, worked, and worshipped in downtown Brooklyn , from Henry Ward Beecher , who auctioned slaves into freedom from the pulpit of Plymouth Church, to Nathaniel Eggleston, a leader of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society , who also preached at

9577-493: The Spirit of St. Louis; played a key role in getting the long-planned Gateway Arch actually built; and through its news investigations and editorial advocacy brought about numerous improvements at the local, state and even national level (an example of the latter being its series on national railroad problems that led to new federal legislation). These matters and others are discussed below. The Early Years, 1852-1865 What became

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9734-529: The St. Louis Globe-Democrat was a product and beneficiary of two developments in the mid-19th century—an explosive population growth and a new technology, the telegraph. The population surge, in St. Louis as in some other cities in the United States and elsewhere, was due to such factors as immigration, the expansion of manufacturing and industry, and river transportation advances. The St. Louis population more than doubled from 77,860 in 1850 to 160,773 in 1860 and then almost doubled again to 310,860 in 1870; Until after

9891-641: The Underground Railroad. Since only the Ohio River separated free Ohio from slave Kentucky, it was a popular destination for fugitive slaves. Supporters helped them there, in many cases to cross Lake Erie by boat, into Canada. The Western Reserve area of northeast Ohio was "probably the most intensely antislavery section of the country." The Oberlin-Wellington Rescue got national publicity. Abolitionist John Brown grew up in Hudson, Ohio . In

10048-462: The Union as non-slave (free-soil) states or slave states. The predecessor newspapers which eventually merged to form the St. Louis Globe-Democrat were staunch advocates of freedom and anti-slavery in Missouri, at the time a border state with significant Southern values. Controversies with rival papers were commonplace. The first editor of the Missouri Democrat, Frank Blair, and the editor of another paper,

10205-481: The Union, were soon involved in a gun fight; neither was injured   In 1853 the Missouri Democrat bought the Union and absorbed it. The paper increased its local news coverage without losing sight of the fact that politics was the chief purpose of the paper. In the first two years of the paper's existence, the Missouri Democrat's ownership shifted three times and had three editors who directed its political writings. Two of those editors, Blair and B. Gratz Brown, were in

10362-641: The United States In the United States, abolitionism , the movement that sought to end slavery in the country , was active from the colonial era until the American Civil War , the end of which brought about the abolition of American slavery, except as punishment for a crime , through the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (ratified 1865). The anti-slavery movement originated during

10519-515: The United States was founded as a nation. In 1652, Rhode Island made it illegal for any person, black or white, to be "bound" longer than ten years. The law, however, was widely ignored, and Rhode Island became involved in the slave trade in 1700. The first act of resistance against an upper-class white colonial government from slaves can be seen in Bacon's Rebellion in 1676. Occurring in Virginia,

10676-484: The Weekly Globe-Democrat, which had a circulation of 245,157 in 1925, because transportation facilities had improved so much that the daily could now serve the areas which once depended mostly on a weekly, and in 1929 the combined daily and Sunday circulation passed the half-million mark. The “Flush Twenties” brought a big boost in advertising. So taxed were the Globe-Democrat facilities by its success that

10833-604: The Whiskey Ring Fraud, centered in St. Louis and one of the largest scandals of the Grant administration. It involved the diversion of tax revenue in a conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers and distributors for various purposes (personal profit, campaign expenses, or whatever). On May 6, 1875, the Missouri Democrat published its first report of the existence of the Ring, saying there were rumors of

10990-597: The activities of free African Americans, especially in the Black church , who argued that the old Biblical justifications for slavery contradicted the New Testament . African-American activists and their writings were rarely heard outside the Black community. However, they were tremendously influential on a few sympathetic white people, most prominently the first white activist to reach prominence, Wm. Lloyd Garrison , who

11147-428: The case of Commonwealth v. Nathaniel Jennison , reaffirmed the case of Brom and Bett v. Ashley , which held that even slaves were people who had a constitutional right to liberty. This gave freedom to slaves, effectively abolishing slavery. States with a greater economic interest in slaves, such as New York and New Jersey, passed gradual emancipation laws. While some of these laws were gradual, these states enacted

11304-461: The cause. The debate about slavery was often based on what the Bible said or did not say about it. John Brown , who had studied the Bible for the ministry, proclaimed that he was "an instrument of God". As such, abolitionism in the United States was identified by historians as an expression of moralism , it often operated in tandem with another social reform effort, the temperance movement . Slavery

11461-439: The changed production system, but the Guild refused to accept the proposal because it considered that job security was at stake. An assortment of leaders offered mediation services in hopes that the Globe-Democrat could resume publication. These ranged from Missouri Gov. James Blair, several legislative leaders, and Harold Gibbons, right-hand man to Teamster Union President James Hoffa, to Archbishop Joseph E. Ritter, whose appeal, it

11618-531: The cities and towns in Texas as part of a McCullough circulation-building stunt,  that there was even an attempt by Texas newspapers, called the “Texas Boycott,” in 1879 to keep the Globe-Democrat from being sold in Texas.    McCullough hunted news, and when there was none he created it. One example was his publishing a public lecture on “What Catholics Believe” by the St. Louis Catholic bishop, followed by interviews with 32 other clergymen plus letters from

11775-472: The colony. His motivations included tactical defense against Spanish collusion with runaway slaves, and prevention of Georgia's largely reformed criminal population from replicating South Carolina's planter class structure. In 1739, he wrote to the Georgia Trustees urging them to hold firm: If we allow slaves we act against the very principles by which we associated together, which was to relieve

11932-477: The competition continued until May 1875. Then, one or both of two possibilities brought McKee and Houser to change their minds about buying the Missouri Democrat: (1) they felt conditions were right to buy the Missouri Democrat before Fishback would be forced to sell his declining paper to some capable journalist; (2) Fishback gained knowledge of McKee's full involvement in graft in what became known as

12089-549: The corrupt practices in his government, it favored the renomination of Republican Grant for reelection in 1872. Grant's opponent was Horace Greeley of the short-lived Liberal Republican Party, created in 1870, and B. Gratz Brown, then Missouri governor and former editor of the Missouri Democrat, was his running mate. Brown and Blair had gone to the Liberal Republican national convention in Cincinnati, where they made

12246-643: The country's biggest markets. From January 1, 1956 to November 30, 1958 advertising had gained 2,703,505 lines while the Post-Dispatch had lost 1,547,288. It was still far from overtaking its rival, but it was beginning to challenge and the trend was in the right direction. But on February 21, 1959, catastrophe struck when the 332 employee members of the American Newspaper Guild walked out, although their contract did not end until December 31 of that year. The Globe-Democrat had to cease publication, and its 665 other employees were idled. The Guild wanted

12403-470: The disposal of the blacks, and that this foul and unnatural crime of holding men in bondage will finally be rooted out from our land." In the 1830s there was a progressive shift in thinking in the North. Mainstream opinion changed from gradual emancipation and resettlement of freed blacks in Africa, sometimes a condition of their manumission , to immediatism: freeing all the slaves immediately and sorting out

12560-658: The distresses. Whereas, now we should occasion the misery of thousands in Africa, by setting men upon using arts to buy and bring into perpetual slavery the poor people who now live there free. In 1737, Quaker abolitionist Benjamin Lay published All Slave-Keepers That Keep the Innocent in Bondage: Apostates , which was printed by his friend, Benjamin Franklin. The following year, during the 1738 Philadelphia Yearly Meeting in Burlington, New Jersey , Lay gave

12717-438: The economic betterment of Missouri and the nation. The paper editorialized for eventual emancipation by colonization, suggesting that Missouri's colored people be shipped to Liberia and that slaveholders be fully compensated. By 1858 the Missouri Democrat had become the headquarters for the antislavery movement in Missouri led by Blair, who was then in Congress where he gave his famous colonization speech that proposed inquiring into

12874-612: The end of the 20 years approached, an Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves sailed through Congress with little opposition. President Jefferson signed it, and it went effect on January 1, 1808. In 1820, the Act to Protect the Commerce of the United States and Punish the Crime of Piracy was passed. This law made importing slaves into the United States a death penalty offense . The Confederate States of America continued this prohibition with

13031-435: The end, opposed his son-in-law because he thought that Fremont could command only a small vote and that running him would aggravate sectional feelings, and the editors seemed to agree. Meanwhile, there began ties between Abraham Lincoln and the Missouri Democrat stemming from the paper's Free-Soil days, when Blair and Lincoln had been in close agreement on the non-extension of slavery into territories. In 1857 Blair pledged that

13188-755: The fate of the nation's "precious legacies of freedom". Immediatism became most difficult to distinguish from broader anti-Southern opinions once ordinary citizens began articulating these intertwining beliefs. Nearly all Northern politicians, such as Abraham Lincoln , rejected the "immediate emancipation" called for by the abolitionists, seeing it as "extreme". Indeed, many Northern leaders, including Lincoln, Stephen Douglas (the Democratic nominee in 1860), John C. Frémont (the Republican nominee in 1856), and Ulysses S. Grant married into slave-owning Southern families without any moral qualms. Anti-slavery as

13345-452: The first abolition laws in the entire " New World ". In the State of New York, the enslaved population was transformed into indentured servants before being granted full emancipation in 1827. In other states, abolitionist legislation provided freedom only for the children of the enslaved. In New Jersey, slavery was not fully prohibited until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment . All of

13502-457: The formulation of abolitionist ideology in the United States. The federal government prohibited the transatlantic slave trade in 1808, prohibited the slave trade in the District of Columbia in 1850, outlawed slavery in the District of Columbia in 1862, and, with the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , made slavery unconstitutional altogether, except as punishment for

13659-579: The founder of the colony of Georgia , also retained political motivations for the removal of slavery. Prohibiting slavery through the 1735 Georgia Experiment in part to prevent Spanish partnership with Georgia's runaway slaves, Oglethorpe eventually revoked the act in 1750 after the Spanish's defeat in the Battle of Bloody Marsh eight years prior. During the Revolutionary era, all states abolished

13816-467: The general public. American abolitionists were cheered by the decision in Somerset v Stewart (1772), which prohibited slavery in the United Kingdom, though not in its colonies. In 1774, the influential Fairfax Resolves called for an end to the "wicked, cruel and unnatural" Atlantic slave trade . One of the first articles advocating the emancipation of slaves and the abolition of slavery

13973-478: The heirs of S.I. Newhouse and the St. Louis Post Dispatch to close the Globe and enter into a 50-year profit-sharing arrangement was determined by the U.S. Justice Department to be an Antitrust Act collusion, and the government required the Globe-Democrat to seek new ownership rather than summarily close the paper. (There was no requirement for the Post-Dispatch to do any of the services it had been providing under

14130-472: The infancy of radio, Ray ordered equipment for a radio station, but the Post-Dispatch outmaneuvered him, acquired the equipment Ray had ordered, and opened KSD. Later the Globe-Democrat had owned 1/16th interest in KMOX, but Ray's belief that involvement with radio might compromise his newspaper prompted him to sell the paper's interest.  On the other hand, Ray's son, E. Lansing Ray Jr., the assistant publisher,

14287-627: The journalistic world; even the New York Times used the news as one of its three main stories on the front page. Another legendary editor of the paper was Casper Yost , who became editor of the paper in 1889 and later was a founder of the American Society of Newspaper Editors. Early 20th century to Lindbergh and the Depression, 1900-1929 By the dawn of the 20th century, as St. Louis's population exploded to 575,000, making it

14444-425: The largest circulation of any St. Louis paper, while the Missouri Democrat's circulation declined.  By 1874 Fishback offered to sell his paper to McKee and Houser, but the duo's editor advised against it, saying extinction (due to poor editorial leadership) was cheaper than purchase, and that the only danger was if Fishback sold his paper to someone with newspaper ability and experience. That thinking prevailed, and

14601-473: The local and statewide level, and, as he had said, to place great emphasis on constructive news, news analysis, and news treatment.   To help make this philosophy an actuality, a new position was created – that of executive editor in charge of the news department – and Charles E. Pierson, who was managing editor at the Pittsburgh Press, was brought in as managing editor. Amberg and Pierson took up

14758-446: The magazine on June 20, denied many of Amberg's claims.   But Amberg's statement that nobody ever won a strike that lasted as long as this one was painfully true: The Globe-Democrat lost an estimated $ 5,000,000 in revenue; the workers lost an estimated $ 600,000 in salaries; and there was an incalculable long-term loss in subscribers and advertisers.  The Post-Dispatched benefited greatly. In March alone its advertising increased by

14915-432: The many problems inherent in such a large organization. Nor did he have a son to whom he could relinquish some of his many responsibilities. He said that he wanted to pick his successor—someone who would permit the Globe-Democrat to remain “complete master of its destiny, someone who would carry on the policies of his family.” The Newhouse years pre-joint operating agreement, 1955-1970 Two years later, in 1955, Ray found

15072-469: The nation's fourth-largest city, the Globe-Democrat had two serious competitors –the afternoon St. Louis Post-Dispatch, which Joseph Pulitzer had started in 1878 after buying the bankrupt St. Louis Dispatch at auction and merging it with the St. Louis Evening Post; and the morning Missouri Republic ( dating from 1808 as the Missouri Gazette and until 1888 as the St. Louis Republican), traditionally

15229-661: The new constitution and freedom of slaves. The paper had played a major role in placing the Radicals in power, and had become nationally recognized as a Republican stronghold. In the four years of the Civil War, the paper also had become the medium of information between Congress and the West. Post-Civil War period, 1865-1876 The Missouri Democrat continued its strong Republican stance in the post-war and Reconstruction periods. It endorsed Ulysses S. Grant for president in 1868 and, although it warred openly against Grant's high tariffs and

15386-543: The newspaper failed to secure a necessary $ 15 million loan from the state of Missouri. An attorney had challenged the legality of the state's ability to grant that particular bond package, passed in the state legislature earlier that year. The newspaper was an important voice in keeping Missouri in the Union; was praised by President Abraham Lincoln (who read the paper before his presidency) as being worth 10 regiments of troops; may have brought about Andrew Johnson becoming Lincoln's vice-president (and thus, ultimately, president);

15543-489: The ninth St. Louis daily at the time.  It started publication on July 18, 1872, as the St. Louis Globe, and was locked in a combination grudge match-death battle with the Missouri Democrat, despite its name the other Republican paper.  Advertising in all the St. Louis papers was hard to come by due to the tight money economy of the time, but the Globe's circulation grew steadily, and it claimed in November 1873 to have

15700-436: The only slave-state journal that supported Lincoln in both the 1860 and 1864 elections,  and its editor at the time later attributed (with no substantiation) that Andrew Johnson's nomination in 1864 as vice president was due to his editorial. Indeed, the paper felt its promotion of Johnson in 1863 was what ultimately resulted in his succeeding to the presidency in 1865, and that Johnson showed no gratitude. The paper backed

15857-543: The organization of Wesleyan Methodist Connection by Orange Scott in 1843, and the formation of the Free Methodist Church by Benjamin Titus Roberts in 1860 (which is reflected in the name of Church). The True Wesleyan a periodical founded by Orange Scott and Jotham Horton was used to disseminate abolitionist views. The Methodist and Quaker branches of Christianity played an integral part in

16014-547: The other states north of Maryland began gradual abolition of slavery between 1781 and 1804, based on the Pennsylvania model and by 1804, all the Northern states had passed laws to gradually or immediately abolish it. Some slaves continued in involuntary, unpaid "indentured servitude" for two more decades, and others were moved south and sold to new owners in slave states . Some individual slaveholders, particularly in

16171-490: The owner until early 1955, and the publisher and editor until his death later in 1955, of what became the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, thus resulting in a 102-year lineage of ownership. In 1872, one of the co-owners of the paper, George W. Fishback, had been at odds with the other two co-owners, William McKee and Daniel M. Houser, because he was dissatisfied with the management of their journal. McKee and Houser refused to accept Fishback's offer to buy them out and McKee would not set

16328-451: The paper started plans for a new building, visited big newspaper plants all across the country, and included the best features of them in the blueprints. Despite the financial crash of 1929, the company decided to proceed “to demonstrate its faith in the community.” Ground was broken for the structure, a state-of-the-art six-story building with two basements at 1133 Franklin Ave., in March 1930 and

16485-410: The paper was to be a fighter for the right. It would take sides on every issue; it would never run away from battle. “We will try,” he said, “to make a newspaper in the best interests of the community. We will be FOR St. Louis”. A good newspaper, Amberg believed, should emphasize “constructive news, news analysis, and news treatment.”    He liked to point out that three of the great newspapers in

16642-546: The paper would “bloom for Republicanism” in 1860, and Lincoln shortly after the meeting drew up an agreement, signed by him and nine other Illinois Republicans, to furnish $ 500 for the promotion of the Missouri Democrat in Illinois.   John Hay, who was then reading law in Lincoln's office and later served as U.S. secretary of state under two presidents, became a correspondent of the Missouri Democrat, and Lincoln himself

16799-492: The perspective of the slave, recognizing their agency and subsequent humanity as cause for self-liberation. Slave revolts following the Stono Rebellion were a present mode of abolition undertaken by slaves and were an indicator of black agency that brewed beneath the surface of the abolitionist movement for decades and eventually sprouted later on through figures such as Frederick Douglass, an escaped black freeman who

16956-517: The politics of prominent elite abolitionists such as industrialist Arthur Tappan and his evangelist brother Lewis . While the former pair opposed slavery on a basis of solidarity of "wage slaves" with "chattel slaves", the Whiggish Tappans strongly rejected this view, opposing the characterization of Northern workers as "slaves" in any sense. (Lott, 129–130) Many American abolitionists took an active role in opposing slavery by supporting

17113-469: The problems later. This change was in many cases sudden, a consequence of the individual's coming in direct contact with the horrors of American slavery, or hearing of them from a credible source. As it was put by Amos Adams Lawrence , who witnessed the capture and return to slavery of Anthony Burns , "we went to bed one night old-fashioned, conservative, Compromise Union Whigs and waked up stark mad Abolitionists." The American beginning of abolitionism as

17270-433: The public. The “Great Religious Controversy” that he created ran in the paper for more than three months. Thanks to Houser's “pay any price for news” policy, McCullough could use large amounts of telegraphed news and keep special correspondents in all parts of the country. By 1884 he could tell Globe-Democrat readers that his firm was paying “more money for the collection and transmission of telegraphic news from all parts of

17427-499: The publisher, E. Lansing Ray, assured readers after the sale that the Globe-Democrat would be “an independent Republican newspaper,” and soon even the word “Republican” was dropped from his announced policy.  In 1922 the following declaration was placed on its editorial pages: “The Globe-Democrat is an independent newspaper, printing the news impartially, supporting what it believes to be right and opposing what it believes to be wrong, without regard to party politics.” After absorbing

17584-595: The purchase of a majority of the company's stock from over 50 heirs of the McKee Trust Fund, assuring that the paper could stay in his family – a heritage he could hand down to his son. It also allowed him to operate the paper without worrying about shareholder interference. Ray told his staff he did not want the paper “dictating or lecturing” on every controversial issue, but rather to present factual news accounts and interesting, valuable editorial comment that would allow readers to make up their own minds.  He

17741-401: The purchase of land on which colored people who were already free might be colonized. He believed that all Negroes had the right to be free and that further immigration of free people from Africa should be prohibited. The paper endorsed Blair's proposal, of course, and applied it to Missouri. When Brown left the paper in 1859, he was succeeded as editor by the assistant editor, Peter L. Foy, who

17898-534: The rebellion saw European indentured servants and African people (of indentured, enslaved , and free negroes ) band together against William Berkeley because of his refusal to fully remove Native American tribes in the region. At the time, Native Americans in the region were hosting raids against lower-class settlers encroaching on their land after the Third Powhatan War (1644–1646), which left many white and black indentured servants and slaves without

18055-486: The reporting staff was reduced.  For 80 years the Globe-Democrat had stressed foreign news, and the 1930s was no exception. But for the first time in many years, the foreign news was not reported by special correspondents. Almost all such news came from the Associated Press. In the 1940s, during the war years, the circulations of the morning Globe-Democrat and evening Post-Dispatch were about even, but after

18212-502: The revolt intended to reach Spanish-controlled Florida to attain freedom, but their plans were thwarted by white colonists in Charlestown, South Carolina. The event resulted in 25 colonists and 35 to 50 African slaves killed, as well as the implementation of the 1740 Negro Act to prevent another slave uprising. In her book, "The Slave's Cause" by Manisha Sinha, Sinha considers the Stono Rebellion to be an important act of abolition from

18369-500: The sentence of death and prohibited the import of slaves. In 1830, most Americans were, at least in principle, opposed to slavery. However, opponents of slavery deliberated on how to end the institution, as well as what would become of the slaves once they were free. As put in The Philanthropist : "If the chain of slavery can be broken,   ... we may cherish the hope   ... that proper means will be devised for

18526-605: The slaves of masters who failed to register them with the state, along with the "future children" of enslaved mothers. Those enslaved in Pennsylvania before the 1780 law went into effect were not freed until 1847. Massachusetts took a much more radical position. In 1780, during the Revolution, Massachusetts ratified its constitution and included within it a clause that declared all men equal. Based upon this clause, several freedom suits were filed by enslaved African Americans living in Massachusetts. In 1783, its Supreme Court, in

18683-480: The stock of KWK, Inc., by then both a radio and television operation; Newhouse assumed a $ 1,500,000 debt on the television station. After the sale of the paper, Ray's health continued to fail for the next five months, and on August 30, 1955, his 71st birthday, Ray died. For nearly half a century he had dominated the Globe-Democrat.  Following his death, Newhouse brought in Richard H. Amberg to become publisher. At

18840-485: The successor owner he was seeking in Samuel I. Newhouse, who then owned 10 other newspapers in four states. His company, then called Newhouse Newspapers, later became Advance Publications and involve other types of media, and is still wholly family owned. Newhouse had a reputation of allowing local publishers and editors a very considerable autonomy.   In March 1955, Ray sold the paper for $ 6,250,000, which included 23% of

18997-531: The system of interviewing public figures on timely questions, the incisive style of his editorials, his success as a gatherer of news -- was widely copied in the industry. He never married and made the newspaper his life. But, after a serious illness in 1893 and increasing other health issues and deaths of close friends, including the suicide of his closest friend, he wrote a long essay on “The Philosophy of Suicide.” On December 26, 1896 he committed suicide by jumping from his bedroom window. The news of his death stunned

19154-468: The task of rebuilding the Globe-Democrat into the forceful journalistic leader that the new publisher envisioned. When Amberg came to St. Louis the paper had eight right-wing conservative columnists. To give readers a more “complete spectrum of columnar opinion,” he dropped all but two of them, replacing them with more diverse voices. The editorial page once again began taking on controversial positions, often in advance of its competitor, no longer waiting for

19311-772: The time of his appointment he was publisher of the Syracuse Post-Standard, another Newhouse paper. A graduate of Harvard, he had previously served as general manager of Newsday; administrative assistant at the New York Herald-Tribune, and editor and publisher of the Blizzard in Oil City, Pa. His years of experience had given birth to a journalistic philosophy that was to revitalize the Globe- Democrat. The new publisher told his staff that

19468-462: The transatlantic slave trade by 1798. South Carolina , which had abolished the slave trade in 1787, reversed that decision in 1803. In the American South , freedom suits were rejected by the courts, which held that the rights in the state constitutions did not apply to African Americans . The formation of Christian denominations that heralded abolitionism as a moral issue occurred, such as

19625-399: The treasury); a series of news stories and articles that resulted in better airline service for St. Louis; a front-page editorial and rotogravure section that brought $ 102,000 in contributions for the world's first heart-lung machine for St. Louis Children's Hospital, saving babies’ lives; and a series showing how other cities solved problems in attracting new industries. Other projects included

19782-455: The verdict was guilty. On April 16, 1876, McKee was sentenced to two years in jail and fined $ 10,000. But McKee served only six months of his sentence; President Grant pardoned him and remitted his fine. National recognition as the biggest and best in the West, 1877-1900 McKee's conviction did not dim the Globe-Democrat's future. Daily circulation by February, 1878, reached 26,792. Newspapers from Minnesota and Kentucky to Kansas praised it. It

19939-516: The walk-out started a dramatic development came: It was announced that the Post-Dispatch had bought the building and printing equipment of the Globe-Democrat and would print the Newhouse paper under contract after the strike was settled. Ownership of the two papers and direction of their news, editorial, advertising and circulation policies would remain separate. The Globe-Democrat would seek new office space and its Sunday edition would be converted into

20096-425: The war, in 1946, the Globe-Democrat outstripped its main rival by 17,126, with the “help” of the evening Star-Times climbing steadily to 192,155, presumably at the expense of the Post-Dispatch. But when the Post-Dispatch bought and absorbed its evening rival in 1951, leaving just two newspapers in St. Louis, Post-Dispatch circulation shot up to 400,218, while that of the Globe-Democrat reached only 304,623. Advertising

20253-703: The word. Passed unanimously by the Congress of the Confederation in 1787, the Northwest Ordinance forbade slavery in the Northwest Territory , a vast area (the future Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin) in which slavery had been legal, but population was sparse. The first state to begin a gradual abolition of slavery was Pennsylvania, in 1780. All importation of slaves was prohibited, but none were freed at first, only

20410-455: The world” than was paid “by any other city of the world, New York and London not excepted.   Day by day the Globe-Democrat became increasingly sensational as McCullough concentrated on disasters, crime, sex, violence, the odd, the religious, the different. He was widely considered one of the nation’s best editors and trained a number of noted journalists, of which Theodore Dreiser was one,   and his style of writing and editing – developing

20567-430: The younger Ray's death in 1946 of a cerebral hemorrhage, possibly a lingering effect of a head injury received during the war, and the death or retirement of some key assistants, Ray was the only descendant of the original owners left to direct the paper and the only longtime senior leader.   By 1953, Ray, nearing 70, was in poor health and no longer able to give the paper the dynamic leadership it needed or to cope with

20724-468: Was Henry Morton Stanley in 1867 to cover “Northwestern Missouri and Kansas and Nebraska.” Stanley would later be sent by the New York Herald on the famous expedition to Africa to find Dr. David Livingston. Of significance to later development of the paper, Simeon Ray, the nephew of co-founder William McKee, was hired as a new advertising clerk, and in turn his son, E. Lansing Ray, was to become

20881-461: Was Rev. Joshua Leavitt , trained as a lawyer at Yale, who stopped practicing law in order to attend Yale Divinity School , and subsequently edited the abolitionist newspaper The Emancipator and campaigned against slavery, as well as advocating other social reforms. In 1841, Leavitt published The Financial Power of Slavery , which argued that the South was draining the national economy due to its reliance on enslaved workers. In 2007, Duffield Street

21038-403: Was a careful reader of the paper, sometimes scribbling notes on the margin of a copy. He used the paper to further his antislavery ideas, particularly in southern Illinois where the Missouri Democrat was gaining readers.  Lincoln was probably cultivating the paper because St. Louis was a much larger and more important city than Chicago and because his connection with a metropolitan newspaper in

21195-638: Was a popular orator and essayist for the abolitionist cause. The struggle between Georgia and South Carolina led to the first debates in Parliament over the issue of slavery, occurring between 1740 and 1742. Rhode Island Quakers, associated with Moses Brown , were among the first in America to free slaves. Benjamin Rush was another leader, as were many Quakers. John Woolman gave up most of his business in 1756 to devote himself to campaigning against slavery along with other Quakers. Between 1764 and 1774, seventeen enslaved African Americans appeared before

21352-422: Was already well known in Missouri newspaper circles. Under Foy, by the time of the 1860 presidential election the paper – already having exercised great influence in its first eight years of existence—became known as the leading Republican paper of the West. It fought hard in 1861 to keep Missouri in the Union. Its crusade for Unionism brought two mob attacks to the doors of its office; such mobbing of newspapers

21509-496: Was also a serious problem for the Globe-Democrat in the 1940s. The encroachment of radio in the advertising field was one factor, as the two competitors operated radio stations (KSD for the Post-Dispatch and KXOX for the Star-Times) which mentioned their name every time the call letters of the stations were given, and there were opportunities for cross-advertising.  The Globe-Democrat had itself dabbled in radio. About 1923, in

21666-402: Was also attacked, to a lesser degree, as harmful on economic grounds. Evidence was that the South, with many enslaved African Americans on plantations , was definitely poorer than the North, which had few. The institution remained solid in the South, and that region's customs and social beliefs evolved into a strident defense of slavery in response to the rise of a growing anti-slavery stance in

21823-464: Was always more than 50,000 behind.  The other competitor, the Star-Times, which did not publish a Sunday issue, was a less serious contender for readership, as its daily circulation peaked at 158,907 in 1940. In advertising, the Globe-Democrat's income during the Depression did not rebound as it did at the other St. Louis papers. Production costs mounted in spite of attempts at retrenchments, and

21980-405: Was called the best, largest, and most reliable paper in the West, and was probably unsurpassed by any paper in the country for general news.  By 1879 the paper could boast of more advertising on December 21 than did the ”New York Herald of that same date and 20 to 30 per cent more than any other daily newspaper in the United States of the same date,” it declared. . Soon after what was called by

22137-436: Was completed in November 1931. Depression Era to the end of the original ownership lineage, 1930-1955 The Depression took its toll on the Globe-Democrat, as was common to all newspapers in the 1930s. Sunday circulation dropped to 185,934, a loss of 72,065 from 1929; daily circulation dropped to 211,906 in 1935, a drop of 66,227 from 1929. Daily circulation was fairly even with that of the Post-Dispatch, but Sunday circulation

22294-603: Was feasible. Lindbergh had first approached the Post-Dispatch, but the editor there said, according to Lindbergh, "To fly across the Atlantic Ocean with one pilot and a single-engine plane! We have our reputation to consider. We couldn’t possibly be associated with such a venture." Lindbergh gave the Globe-Democrat exclusive publication rights in the St. Louis area, and the New York Times bought rights to its publication elsewhere. Ray's news and editorial changes helped to increase circulation. In 1927 he suspended publication of

22451-637: Was given the name Abolitionist Place , and the Truesdells' home at 227 Duffield received landmark status in 2021. Abolitionists nationwide were outraged by the murder of white abolitionist and journalist Elijah Parish Lovejoy by a proslavery mob in Alton, Illinois on 7 November 1837. Six months later, Pennsylvania Hall , an abolitionist venue in Philadelphia , was burnt to the ground by another proslavery mob on May 17, 1838. Both events contributed to

22608-435: Was heavily in debt. On December 12, 1919 it closed, having been bought by the St. Louis Globe-Democrat in what was called an absorption and not a merger, ending one of the longest and most vituperative rivalries in the history of journalism.  The Globe-Democrat became, and remained, the only morning newspaper in St. Louis. One reason it avoided possible new morning competition from Democrat-backed interests may have been that

22765-447: Was intensely interest in radio, particularly FM, and after he died in 1946 the father erected a lavish Globe-Democrat Tower Building at 12th and Cole streets as something of a memorial to his son, with radio station KWGD-FM going on the air in 1948. The station went off the air the next year, as FM was then not popular, and merged with KWK, which leased the building, and the Globe-Democrat was a substantial stockholder in that station. With

22922-410: Was its most effective propagandist. Garrison's efforts to recruit eloquent spokesmen led to the discovery of ex-slave Frederick Douglass , who eventually became a prominent activist in his own right. Eventually, Douglass would publish his own widely distributed abolitionist newspaper, North Star . In the early 1850s, the American abolitionist movement split into two camps over the question of whether

23079-421: Was not unusual in that era.  President Lincoln said the paper was worth more to the North than 10 regiments of soldiers. Union regiments passing through St. Louis frequently stopped in front of the paper's office to give “three times three hurrahs.” Although Lincoln and the paper had a number of differences – sometimes of degree and sometimes quite substantive – the Missouri Democrat had the distinction of being

23236-485: Was reduced by the terms of that Joint Operating Agreement in 1959, which was expanded in 1969 and 1979. The papers shared all business and advertising functions, with only the news functions separate. Until the last fiscal year of its existence, the Post-Globe Agency, as the joint operation was known, operated in the red. The agency was said to be making a marginal profit that year. In 1983 an agreement between

23393-563: Was said, brought about the talks that resulted in eventual agreement.   During this period Amberg negotiated a 10-year lease with the International Shoe Co. for the Terminal Railroad Building, located just a block and a half away from the old Globe-Democrat building. Tubes and a conveyor system would link it with the printing plant in the building the Post-Dispatch had bought. On June 1, 1959, after

23550-457: Was supported on this by Casper S. Yost, the paper's editorial page editor since 1889, who was nationally respected and serving as the first president of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, an organization he had recently founded that was devoted to improving the professional ethics of journalism.   Ray and Yost, both somewhat idealistic, believed that newspapers were obligated to serve society; that journalists had great responsibilities to

23707-468: Was the St. Louis Globe-Democrat with the first issue featuring the new name on May 20. McKee was implicated in the Ring later in the year by an indicted distiller who turned state's evidence, and the November 1875 session of the Grand Jury indicted him for conspiracy to defraud the government. He was tried, and on the first ballot seven jurors voted for acquittal, but after 10 more hours of deliberation

23864-416: Was the fight for better airmail service and obtaining a modern airport. It was this interest in promoting aviation that rocketed the Globe-Democrat and its publisher into international prominence in 1927, when publisher Ray was one of the backers of aviation mail carrier Charles A. Lindbergh in his quest to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in a single-engine plane to prove that trans-oceanic air transportation

24021-574: Was the morning paper for Greater St. Louis and had some competition from the evening St. Louis Post-Dispatch (created by a merger of the St. Louis Post and the St. Louis Dispatch ) and the St. Louis Star-Times (created by a merger of The St. Louis Star and The St. Louis Times ). The Star-Times ceased operations in 1951. The Globe-Democrat and the rival Post-Dispatch carried on an intense rivalry for three more decades, with clear and substantial philosophical differences both in news coverage (where

24178-537: Was to stop slavery within the Quaker community, where 70% of Quakers owned slaves between 1681 and 1705. It acknowledged the universal rights of all people. While the Quaker establishment did not take action at that time, the unusually early, clear, and forceful argument in the 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery initiated the spirit that finally led to the end of slavery in the Society of Friends (1776) and in

24335-475: Was widely read throughout the Midwest and the Western frontier (Texas papers tried to keep it from being distributed in that state due to the competition); was responsible, through its editor, of creating the American Society of Newspaper Editors; employed writers such as John Jay, Henry Morton Stanley, Theodore Dreiser and Patrick Buchanan; was a major sponsor of Charles Lindbergh's historic transatlantic flight in

24492-717: Was written by Thomas Paine . Titled "African Slavery in America", it appeared on 8 March 1775 in the Postscript to the Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser . The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage (Pennsylvania Abolition Society) was the first American abolition society, formed 14 April 1775, in Philadelphia, primarily by Quakers. The society suspended operations during

24649-469: Was written in 1688 by the Religious Society of Friends . On 18 February 1688, Francis Daniel Pastorius , the brothers Derick and Abraham op den Graeff and Gerrit Hendricksz of Germantown, Pennsylvania , drafted the 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery , a two-page condemnation of slavery, and sent it to the governing bodies of their Quaker church. The intention of the document

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