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87-589: The market town of Glonn is a health spa ( Erholungsort ), and the Glonn Valley is ringed by wooded hills, carved by the former Inn Glacier . To the south, the Alps are clearly visible on the horizon. The rivers Glonn , Kupferbach  [ de ] and Schrannenbach rise within Glonn's municipal area, where the lake Kastensee is also to be found. Just inside the neighbouring community of Moosach lies

174-478: A sauna , steam room , or swimming pool and even nutrition counseling. Health clubs generally charge a fee to allow visitors to use the equipment, courses, and other provided services. In the 2010s, some health clubs became eco-friendly (e.g., zero waste ) and incorporated principles of "green living" in their fitness regimen. Health clubs offer many services and as a result, the monthly membership prices can vary greatly. A recent study of American clubs found that

261-602: A French vaudevillian strongman, established the first commercial gymnasium in Brussels , in response to the growing interest for physical exercise. In 1847 he opened his Gymnase Triat in Paris, introducing membership fees with varying rates for men, women, and children. The first health clubs for the general public were probably opened in Santa Monica, California in 1947 by Vic Tanny . Waterwheel A water wheel

348-482: A four-spoked waterwheel sable above which a trout azure finned Or. The waterwheel and the trout refer to the area's wealth in water and the seven former cornmills that were so important to the local economy. [REDACTED] With the French village of Bonnefamille , contact was established in 1998 and led to alternating visits of clubs and delegations. At the beginning of 2007, an intra-Bavarian partnership with

435-399: A large head compared to other types of wheel which usually means significant investment in constructing the headrace. Sometimes the final approach of the water to the wheel is along a flume or penstock , which can be lengthy. A backshot wheel (also called pitchback ) is a variety of overshot wheel where the water is introduced just before the summit of the wheel. In many situations, it has

522-438: A newly built building in the former park nearby. The old chapel with its sacristy and siderooms in the west part of the building is now used as an exhibition gallery. One can also rent the room for events. The community offers it as an attractive alternative to the registry office for civil marriage ceremonies. The Galerie in der Klosterschule offers artists a platform for their work with regular thematic exhibitions. In

609-473: A number of audio-visual displays, often TVs (either integrated into the equipment or placed on walls around the area itself) in order to keep exercisers entertained during long cardio workout sessions. Some gyms provide newspapers and magazines for users of the cardio theatre to read while working out. Most 2010-era health clubs offer group exercise classes that are conducted by certified fitness instructors or trainers. Group exercise classes are often considered

696-544: A poem by Antipater of Thessalonica , which praises it as a labour-saving device (IX, 418.4–6). The motif is also taken up by Lucretius (ca. 99–55 BC) who likens the rotation of the waterwheel to the motion of the stars on the firmament (V 516). The third horizontal-axled type, the breastshot waterwheel, comes into archaeological evidence by the late 2nd century AD context in central Gaul . Most excavated Roman watermills were equipped with one of these wheels which, although more complex to construct, were much more efficient than

783-719: A prominent knoll on its namesake mountain, the Zinneberg, can nowadays only just be made out through the thick woods that have grown there. Its history most likely stretches back to the 11th century, although its origins are quite uncertain. Only in 1332, in a donation document to the noble family of Preysing, was the placename "Zinnenberg" reliably mentioned. As time passed, the castle found itself owned by several noble families who were influential in Bavaria. In 1350, Otto von Pienzenau became by marriage Lord of Zinneberg. The castle's ownership then passed in 1596, once again by marriage, to

870-660: A residential school for girls from difficult social backgrounds. They also run a kindergarten there. During the First World War , part of the castle was used as a military hospital with 60 beds. After the Second World War broke out, the training building was confiscated as a reserve Wehrmacht field hospital. In the Cold War , underground bunkers were built whose foreseen use was as a stationary auxiliary hospital. The "Pfarrkirche St. Johann Baptist" (St. John

957-449: A reversible water wheel was by Georgius Agricola and dates to 1556. As in all machinery, rotary motion is more efficient in water-raising devices than oscillating motion. In terms of power source, waterwheels can be turned by either human respectively animal force or by the water current itself. Waterwheels come in two basic designs, either equipped with a vertical or a horizontal axle. The latter type can be subdivided, depending on where

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1044-405: A third of the town's population. Many new houses had to be built, and in 1959 it became necessary to name the streets once the house numbering system in use up to the time was no longer useful for distinguishing addresses. The town has a Catholic parish church (St. Johannes Baptist) and an Evangelical church (Christuskirche, modern, built 1968), each a centre of a corresponding parish. John

1131-414: A vertical axle. Commonly called a tub wheel , Norse mill or Greek mill , the horizontal wheel is a primitive and inefficient form of the modern turbine. However, if it delivers the required power then the efficiency is of secondary importance. It is usually mounted inside a mill building below the working floor. A jet of water is directed on to the paddles of the water wheel, causing them to turn. This

1218-484: A water wheel. The mechanical engineer Ma Jun (c. 200–265) from Cao Wei once used a water wheel to power and operate a large mechanical puppet theater for the Emperor Ming of Wei ( r. 226–239). The technological breakthrough occurred in the technologically developed Hellenistic period between the 3rd and 1st century BC. A poem by Antipater of Thessalonica praised the water wheel for freeing women from

1305-567: Is a Christkindlmarkt ("christmas market") on the second Sunday of Advent , and regular farmer's markets are held on the second Saturday of every month from May to October. On one Saturday in mid-July, visitors to the Nachtflohmarkt ("night flea market") throng through the main street, mostly by candlelight and lantern light. Known far and wide is the Glonner Dorffest ("Glonn Village Festival") which has been put on by

1392-573: Is a machine for converting the energy of flowing or falling water into useful forms of power, often in a watermill . A water wheel consists of a wheel (usually constructed from wood or metal), with a number of blades or buckets arranged on the outside rim forming the driving car. Water wheels were still in commercial use well into the 20th century, but they are no longer in common use today. Uses included milling flour in gristmills , grinding wood into pulp for papermaking , hammering wrought iron , machining, ore crushing and pounding fibre for use in

1479-491: Is a further platform for various artists. In the school building is maintained a small indoor swimming pool , which may also be used by the public. Various sporting grounds serve bodily fitness. The central school sporting ground and the football field in the constituent community of Adling are used for training and league games by the ASV's ( Allgemeiner Sportverein – "Common Sports Club") football teams. A basketball court

1566-407: Is a simple system usually without gearing so that the vertical axle of the water wheel becomes the drive spindle of the mill. A stream wheel is a vertically mounted water wheel that is rotated by the water in a water course striking paddles or blades at the bottom of the wheel. This type of water wheel is the oldest type of horizontal axis wheel. They are also known as free surface wheels because

1653-421: Is also open to the town's youth outside school hours, as are the two football pitches, each furnished with goals. A tennis court is also available. Two public children's playgrounds fill out Glonn's sport and leisure facilities. The scenic countryside around the town invites hikers and cyclists, and when there is enough snow, the winter sport club runs a well groomed cross-country ski loop. Two small lifts at

1740-597: Is assumed that the scientists of the Museum of Alexandria , at the time the most active Greek research center, may have been involved in its invention. An episode from the Alexandrian War in 48 BC tells of how Caesar's enemies employed geared waterwheels to pour sea water from elevated places on the position of the trapped Romans. Around 300 AD, the noria was finally introduced when the wooden compartments were replaced with inexpensive ceramic pots that were tied to

1827-507: Is needed. Larger heads store more gravitational potential energy for the same amount of water so the reservoirs for overshot and backshot wheels tend to be smaller than for breast shot wheels. Overshot and pitchback water wheels are suitable where there is a small stream with a height difference of more than 2 metres (6.5 ft), often in association with a small reservoir. Breastshot and undershot wheels can be used on rivers or high volume flows with large reservoirs. A horizontal wheel with

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1914-408: Is the overhead timber structure and a branch to the left supplies water to the wheel. The water exits from under the wheel back into the stream. A special type of overshot/backshot wheel is the reversible water wheel. This has two sets of blades or buckets running in opposite directions so that it can turn in either direction depending on which side the water is directed. Reversible wheels were used in

2001-495: Is used for wheels where the water entry is significantly above the bottom and significantly below the top, typically the middle half. They are characterized by: Both kinetic (movement) and potential (height and weight) energy are utilised. The small clearance between the wheel and the masonry requires that a breastshot wheel has a good trash rack ('screen' in British English) to prevent debris from jamming between

2088-487: The Schrottgalerie Friedel ("Friedel Scrap Metal Gallery") one can find all kinds of odd things made by a Glonn artist who makes sculptures out of scrap metal , which have already found a lasting place in many households. The Steinbeißer ("Stonebiter"), as tall as a man and found on the way into town right next to the car dealership of the same name, comes from this workshop. Die kleine Galerie

2175-481: The Ancient Near East before Alexander's conquest can be deduced from its pronounced absence from the otherwise rich oriental iconography on irrigation practices. Unlike other water-lifting devices and pumps of the period though, the invention of the compartmented wheel cannot be traced to any particular Hellenistic engineer and may have been made in the late 4th century BC in a rural context away from

2262-546: The Celtic description of the local river Glana – "Clear". In a donation document signed by the bishop of Freising on 21 March 774, Glonn is named as "Glan"; this is taken to be the earliest evidence of the town's founding. From about 1015, it is known that there was a local lordly family called "da Glana", and in 1349, the building register Monumenta Boica mentioned the Church of St. Johann zu Glan . The name changed during

2349-531: The Fugger family , in whose hands it remained for the next 230 years. In 1632, during the Thirty Years' War, Schloss Zinneberg was burnt down. At this time arose the legend that a secret passage, allegedly still existing today, between the castle and the town afforded some of the castle's inhabitants an escape to safety. Already by 1640, Count Johannes Friedrich, himself a Fugger, had the castle rebuilt. In 1825,

2436-640: The Hellenistic Greek world , Rome , China and India . Waterwheels saw continued use in the post-classical age , like in medieval Europe and the Islamic Golden Age , but also elsewhere. In the mid- to late 18th century John Smeaton 's scientific investigation of the water wheel led to significant increases in efficiency, supplying much-needed power for the Industrial Revolution . Water wheels began being displaced by

2523-531: The Steinsee , another lake. Glonn is also home to three protected areas. The community of Glonn includes nine small villages: Adling, Balkham, Frauenreuth, Haslach, Mattenhofen, Kastenseeon, Reinstorf, Schlacht, Steinhausen and Wetterling. Glonn's immediate neighbours are the communities of Baiern , Bruck , Egmating , Moosach and Oberpframmern , which together with Glonn form an administrative community ( Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ). The town of Grafing and

2610-544: The copper mines at Rio Tinto in Spain , one system involving 16 such wheels stacked above one another so as to lift water about 80 feet from the mine sump. Part of such a wheel was found at Dolaucothi , a Roman gold mine in south Wales in the 1930s when the mine was briefly re-opened. It was found about 160 feet below the surface, so must have been part of a similar sequence as that discovered at Rio Tinto. It has recently been carbon dated to about 90 AD, and since

2697-414: The mining industry in order to power various means of ore conveyance. By changing the direction of the wheel, barrels or baskets of ore could be lifted up or lowered down a shaft or inclined plane. There was usually a cable drum or a chain basket on the axle of the wheel. It is essential that the wheel have braking equipment to be able to stop the wheel (known as a braking wheel). The oldest known drawing of

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2784-587: The 16th century to "Glon" and then later to "Glonn", as it is still known now. In 1632, during the Thirty Years' War , the Swedes burnt Glonn almost down to the ground. It took a very long time for the town to build itself back up again. Only in 1823, almost two centuries after the fire, was the new church finished and consecrated. Since 1901, Glonn has had market rights and has had leave to hold yearly markets. Since 1908 there has been electricity, generated at

2871-631: The Baptist as church patron points to an early Christian baptismal church. Already by 1600 there was a Gothic church in the middle of the village. The current parish church's sacristy is a remnant of this earlier house of worship. The following parties and one local political organization are active: On town council, the SPD/KOMMA has 5 seats, and the CSU has 8. Including Major (as at July 2014). Glonn's arms might heraldically be described thus: In argent

2958-532: The Baptist Parish Church) stands out prominently in the middle of town when one comes into Glonn from one of the surrounding hills. After the old church was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War, a new church was begun about 1768, but finished and consecrated only in 1823. It is built in the Rococo style and contains altar figures and a crucifix with Schmerzhafte Muttergottes ("Mater Dolorosa") by

3045-632: The Finkenhöhe are used by skiers. The lakes in the area afford bathing in the summer and skating in the winter. Many guesthouses and beer gardens round out the town's offerings for visitors. Since 1901, the town has been having "Market Day" four times a year on the third Sunday before Lent , on the Sunday before Whitsun, on the first Sunday in August and on the first Sunday in October. Moreover, there

3132-486: The Munich Transport and Tariff Association. Glonn lies in this system's outermost fare zone. Health spa A health club (also known as a fitness club , fitness center , health spa , weight room and commonly referred to as a gym ) is a place that houses exercise equipment for the purpose of physical exercise . In recent years, the number of fitness and health services have increased, expanding

3219-469: The advantage that the bottom of the wheel is moving in the same direction as the water in the tailrace which makes it more efficient. It also performs better than an overshot wheel in flood conditions when the water level may submerge the bottom of the wheel. It will continue to rotate until the water in the wheel pit rises quite high on the wheel. This makes the technique particularly suitable for streams that experience significant variations in flow and reduces

3306-557: The artist Joseph Götsch (a student of Ignaz Günther ). In 1994 the church was completely renovated. In 1899, building work began on a girls' school in downtown Glonn, and on 24 October 1902 it was handed over to the then mayor “for the purpose of a girls’ school to be run by Catholic sisters”. This task was taken on by the nuns of the Maria Stern convent from Augsburg . In the Third Reich , however, they were expelled from

3393-692: The bigger clubs in Glonn since 1992 (Friday to Monday on the first weekend in the Bavarian summer holidays). Since many Glonners actually belong to one of these clubs, a good time is assured. Glonn's municipal area is crossed by district roads ( Kreisstraßen ) EBE 13 and EBE 14 as well as state roads ( Staatsstraßen ) St 2079 and St 2351. The nearest interchanges with the Bundesautobahn 99 are not far away. Connections with neighbouring communities are provided by several buslines, which also afford connections with Munich S-Bahn lines S4 and S6 in

3480-442: The bottom of a water-filled, circular shaft. The water from the mill-race which entered tangentially the pit created a swirling water column that made the fully submerged wheel act like true water turbines , the earliest known to date. Apart from its use in milling and water-raising, ancient engineers applied the paddled waterwheel for automatons and in navigation. Vitruvius (X 9.5–7) describes multi-geared paddle wheels working as

3567-494: The building are the local chapter of the Bavarian Red Cross and a daycare centre. In the basement, a youth centre has been set up. For a time, the old classrooms were even once again used as such when the neighbouring elementary school needed overflow room to handle great numbers of pupils who were threatening to burst the school's seams. However, most of the building nowadays is used as a kindergarten, together with

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3654-475: The castle was bought by Bavarian Electress Maria Leopoldine, who was married to Count Ludwig of Arco. She had it remodelled to her own tastes, and the castle is still mostly in this form today. From 1850 to 1868, the castle was owned by the Marquis Fabio von Pallavicini , who in turn sold it to Friedrich Wilhelm Scanzoni von Lichtenfels. In 1898, Baron Adolf von Büsing-Orville  [ de ] became

3741-480: The centres of Kirchseeon , Zorneding and Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn are about 15 km away. Nevertheless, it is there that regional and long-distance rail service is to be found. Glonn lies roughly 30 km from the cities of Munich and Rosenheim . Early settlement in the New Stone Age is witnessed by a number of finds, among them a dwelling pit, weapons and jewellery. The town's name derives from

3828-400: The combination of the separate Greek inventions of the toothed gear and the waterwheel into one effective mechanical system for harnessing water power. Vitruvius' waterwheel is described as being immersed with its lower end in the watercourse so that its paddles could be driven by the velocity of the running water (X, 5.2). About the same time, the overshot wheel appears for the first time in

3915-777: The community of Markt Schwaben in the same district was established. The goal of this unusual pairing is to be the dovetailing of regions in the northern and southern parts of the district that are otherwise split by the Ebersberg Forest. Every year in the autumn, the Glonn Costume Club's ( Trachtenverein Glonn ) theatre show is held at the Neuwirtssaal . The amateur players present several locally themed plays in Bavarian dialect . The Heimatmuseum Glonn ("Glonn Homeland Museum"), open at many times of

4002-411: The descendants of the water wheel, as they too take advantage of the movement of water downhill. Water wheels come in two basic designs: The latter can be subdivided according to where the water hits the wheel into backshot (pitch-back ), overshot, breastshot, undershot, and stream-wheels. The term undershot can refer to any wheel where the water passes under the wheel but it usually implies that

4089-443: The energy in the flow of water striking the wheel as measured by English civil engineer John Smeaton in the 18th century. More modern wheels have higher efficiencies. Stream wheels gain little or no advantage from the head, a difference in water level. Stream wheels mounted on floating platforms are often referred to as hip wheels and the mill as a ship mill . They were sometimes mounted immediately downstream from bridges where

4176-416: The exhausting labor of milling and grinding. The compartmented water wheel comes in two basic forms, the wheel with compartmented body ( Latin tympanum ) and the wheel with compartmented rim or a rim with separate, attached containers. The wheels could be either turned by men treading on its outside or by animals by means of a sakia gear. While the tympanum had a large discharge capacity, it could lift

4263-413: The firm M.A.N. ) preserved in the original form from 1906, still fully functional after more than a hundred years. Until the mid-1990s, this apparatus was still generating electricity and feeding it into the local grid. Since then, however, it has fallen into disuse, but may be viewed on request to the owner who lives at the mill. Schloss Zinneberg, a local castle lying on the town's eastern outskirts on

4350-431: The flow restriction of the bridge piers increased the speed of the current. Historically they were very inefficient but major advances were made in the eighteenth century. An undershot wheel is a vertically mounted water wheel with a horizontal axle that is rotated by the water from a low weir striking the wheel in the bottom quarter. Most of the energy gain is from the movement of the water and comparatively little from

4437-420: The head. They are similar in operation and design to stream wheels. The term undershot is sometimes used with related but different meanings: This is the oldest type of vertical water wheel. The word breastshot is used in a variety of ways. Some authors restrict the term to wheels where the water enters at about the 10 o’clock position, others 9 o’clock, and others for a range of heights. In this article it

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4524-493: The health and fitness facilities use cardio equipment, fitness screening, resistance-building equipment, pro shops, artificial sun-beds, health spas and saunas. The membership plans vary from as low as $ 20 per month, for value-priced gyms to as high as $ 700 per month. These health clubs, especially in the United States, are equipped with a range of facilities and provide personal trainer support. In 1840, Hippolyte Triat ,

4611-422: The industrial revolution. A vertically mounted water wheel that is rotated by water entering buckets just past the top of the wheel is said to be overshot. The term is sometimes, erroneously, applied to backshot wheels, where the water goes down behind the wheel. A typical overshot wheel has the water channeled to the wheel at the top and slightly beyond the axle. The water collects in the buckets on that side of

4698-408: The interest among the population. Today, health clubs and fitness centers are a reference of health services, rising the adherence to physical activity. Most health clubs have a main workout area, which primarily consists of free weights including dumbbells and barbells and the stands and benches used with these items and exercise machines , which use gears, cables and other mechanisms to guide

4785-623: The kinetic energy of the water entering the wheel. They are suited to larger heads than the other type of wheel so they are ideally suited to hilly countries. However even the largest water wheel, the Laxey Wheel in the Isle of Man , only utilises a head of around 30 m (100 ft). The world's largest head turbines, Bieudron Hydroelectric Power Station in Switzerland , utilise about 1,869 m (6,132 ft). Overshot wheels require

4872-613: The late Warring States period (476-221 BC). It says that the waterwheel was invented by Zigong, a disciple of Confucius in the 5th century BC. By at least the 1st century AD, the Chinese of the Eastern Han Dynasty were using water wheels to crush grain in mills and to power the piston- bellows in forging iron ore into cast iron . In the text known as the Xin Lun written by Huan Tan about 20 AD (during

4959-516: The manufacture of cloth . Some water wheels are fed by water from a mill pond, which is formed when a flowing stream is dammed . A channel for the water flowing to or from a water wheel is called a mill race . The race bringing water from the mill pond to the water wheel is a headrace ; the one carrying water after it has left the wheel is commonly referred to as a tailrace . Waterwheels were used for various purposes from things such as agriculture to metallurgy in ancient civilizations spanning

5046-475: The metropolis of Alexandria. The earliest depiction of a compartmented wheel is from a tomb painting in Ptolemaic Egypt which dates to the 2nd century BC. It shows a pair of yoked oxen driving the wheel via a sakia gear, which is here for the first time attested, too. The Greek sakia gear system is already shown fully developed to the point that "modern Egyptian devices are virtually identical". It

5133-491: The monthly cost of membership ranged from US$ 15 per month at basic chain clubs that offer limited amenities to over US$ 200 per month at spa-oriented clubs that cater to families and to those seeking social activities in addition to a workout. In addition, some clubs - such as many local YMCAs and JCCs - offer per-use punch cards or one-time fees for those seeking to use the club on an as-needed basis. These one-time fees are commonly referred to as day passes. Costs can vary through

5220-772: The most important service in the centers for members' engagement. Many types of group exercise classes exist, but generally these include classes based on aerobics , cycling (spinning), boxing or martial arts , high intensity training , step yoga, regular yoga and hot (Bikram) yoga , pilates , muscle training, stretching , and self-defense classes such as Krav Maga and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu . Health clubs with swimming pools often offer aqua aerobics classes. The instructors often must gain certification in order to teach these classes and ensure participant safety. Some health clubs offer sports facilities such as swimming pools , squash courts, indoor running tracks, ice rinks, or boxing areas. In some cases, additional fees are charged for

5307-583: The new lord of the castle. He was responsible for further expansions to the building, which still lend the castle a feudal character today. Some of the town's street names recall these noble families ("Preysingstr.", "Pienzenauer Str.", "Fuggerstr.", "Arcostr.", "von-Scanzoni-Str.", "Büssingstr."). On 14 September 1927 the castle was bought for 735,000 Reichsmarks by the Sisters of the Good Shepherd ( Schwestern vom guten Hirten ), who run it today as

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5394-493: The outside of an open-framed wheel. The Romans used waterwheels extensively in mining projects, with enormous Roman-era waterwheels found in places like modern-day Spain . They were reverse overshot water-wheels designed for dewatering deep underground mines. Several such devices are described by Vitruvius , including the reverse overshot water-wheel and the Archimedean screw . Many were found during modern mining at

5481-475: The palace of the Pontian king Mithradates VI Eupator , but its exact construction cannot be gleaned from the text (XII, 3, 30 C 556). The first clear description of a geared watermill offers the late 1st century BC Roman architect Vitruvius who tells of the sakia gearing system as being applied to a watermill. Vitruvius's account is particularly valuable in that it shows how the watermill came about, namely by

5568-418: The pestle and mortar, which is so useful, and later on it was cleverly improved in such a way that the whole weight of the body could be used for treading on the tilt-hammer ( tui ), thus increasing the efficiency ten times. Afterwards the power of animals—donkeys, mules, oxen, and horses—was applied by means of machinery, and water-power too used for pounding, so that the benefit was increased a hundredfold. In

5655-597: The purchase of a higher-level membership, such as a Founders or a Life membership. Such memberships often have a high up-front cost but a lower monthly rate, making them potentially beneficial to those who use the club frequently and hold their memberships for years. Health clubs in North America offer a number of facilities and services with different price points for different levels of services. Some services have differently-priced levels or tiers, such as regular, pro, platinum and gold facilities or packages. Some of

5742-497: The rushing of the water ( chi shui ) to operate it ... Thus the people got great benefit for little labor. They found the 'water(-powered) bellows' convenient and adopted it widely. Water wheels in China found practical uses such as this, as well as extraordinary use. The Chinese inventor Zhang Heng (78–139) was the first in history to apply motive power in rotating the astronomical instrument of an armillary sphere , by use of

5829-468: The school on 25 March 1937. This led to fierce protests by the girls' parents and in the end drew the Gestapo 's attention when somebody put what is known locally as a Pfingstlümmel (a straw " Whitsun doll") on the neighbouring boys' school roof on Whitsunday. It was wearing a brown shirt such as was commonly worn by SA men, and also a Communist cap. The nuns were able to start classes again after

5916-478: The size, complexity, and hence cost of the tailrace. The direction of rotation of a backshot wheel is the same as that of a breastshot wheel but in other respects, it is very similar to the overshot wheel. See below. Some wheels are overshot at the top and backshot at the bottom thereby potentially combining the best features of both types. The photograph shows an example at Finch Foundry in Devon, UK. The head race

6003-419: The smaller, less expensive and more efficient turbine , developed by Benoît Fourneyron , beginning with his first model in 1827. Turbines are capable of handling high heads , or elevations , that exceed the capability of practical-sized waterwheels. The main difficulty of water wheels is their dependence on flowing water, which limits where they can be located. Modern hydroelectric dams can be viewed as

6090-561: The town's own power station by water power in some of the former mills. By 1914, 50% of Glonn's households were supplied. Glonn shifted from a mainly agrarian village with little in the way of crafts to a modern minor centre with trade and crafts for the other nearby communities. Agriculture has sharply shrunk in importance. After World War II Glonn was a refugee destination for those driven out of their homelands, those whose homes were bombed out and those who had been evacuated, and this new inflow of people eventually grew to become more than

6177-457: The use of such wheels for submerging siege mines as a defensive measure against enemy sapping. Compartmented wheels appear to have been the means of choice for draining dry docks in Alexandria under the reign of Ptolemy IV (221−205 BC). Several Greek papyri of the 3rd to 2nd century BC mention the use of these wheels, but do not give further details. The non-existence of the device in

6264-617: The use of these facilities. Most health clubs employ personal trainers who are accessible to members for training/fitness/nutrition/health advice and consultation. Personal trainers can devise a customized fitness routine, sometimes including a nutrition plan, to help clients achieve their goals. They can also monitor and train with members. More often than not, access to personal trainers involves an additional hourly fee. Newer health clubs generally include health-shops selling equipment, snack/protein bars and smoothies , restaurants, child-care facilities, member lounges and cafes. Some clubs have

6351-583: The user's exercise. This area often includes mirrors so that exercisers can monitor and maintain correct posture during their workout. A gym that predominantly or exclusively consists of free weights (dumbbells and barbells), as opposed to exercise machines, is sometimes referred to as a black-iron gym , after the traditional color of weight plates . A cardio theater or cardio area includes many types of cardiovascular training-related equipment such as rowing machines , stationary exercise bikes , elliptical trainers and treadmills . These areas often include

6438-444: The usurpation of Wang Mang ), it states that the legendary mythological king known as Fu Xi was the one responsible for the pestle and mortar, which evolved into the tilt-hammer and then trip hammer device (see trip hammer ). Although the author speaks of the mythological Fu Xi, a passage of his writing gives hint that the water wheel was in widespread use by the 1st century AD in China ( Wade-Giles spelling): Fu Hsi invented

6525-448: The vertical-axle waterwheel. In the 2nd century AD Barbegal watermill complex a series of sixteen overshot wheels was fed by an artificial aqueduct, a proto-industrial grain factory which has been referred to as "the greatest known concentration of mechanical power in the ancient world". In Roman North Africa , several installations from around 300 AD were found where vertical-axle waterwheels fitted with angled blades were installed at

6612-399: The war ended. As of 1964, there were mixed classes. In the mid-1970s, the town acquired the convent and school building that had since been forsaken. Sometime later it was converted into a cultural and social centre for the community. The Homeland Museum mentioned above was given a home on the top floor. The "Altenstube" on the ground floor affords senior citizens a social venue. Also found in

6699-400: The water entry is low on the wheel. Overshot and backshot water wheels are typically used where the available height difference is more than a couple of meters. Breastshot wheels are more suited to large flows with a moderate head . Undershot and stream wheel use large flows at little or no head. There is often an associated millpond , a reservoir for storing water and hence energy until it

6786-416: The water hits the wheel paddles, into overshot, breastshot and undershot wheels. The two main functions of waterwheels were historically water-lifting for irrigation purposes and milling, particularly of grain. In case of horizontal-axle mills, a system of gears is required for power transmission, which vertical-axle mills do not need. The earliest waterwheel working like a lever was described by Zhuangzi in

6873-434: The water is not constrained by millraces or wheel pits. Stream wheels are cheaper and simpler to build and have less of an environmental impact than other types of wheels. They do not constitute a major change of the river. Their disadvantages are their low efficiency, which means that they generate less power and can only be used where the flow rate is sufficient. A typical flat board undershot wheel uses about 20 percent of

6960-560: The water only to less than the height of its own radius and required a large torque for rotating. These constructional deficiencies were overcome by the wheel with a compartmented rim which was a less heavy design with a higher lift. The earliest literary reference to a water-driven, compartmented wheel appears in the technical treatise Pneumatica (chap. 61) of the Greek engineer Philo of Byzantium ( c.  280  – c.  220 BC ). In his Parasceuastica (91.43−44), Philo advises

7047-561: The wheel and the apron and potentially causing serious damage. Breastshot wheels are less efficient than overshot and backshot wheels but they can handle high flow rates and consequently high power. They are preferred for steady, high-volume flows such as are found on the Fall Line of the North American East Coast. Breastshot wheels are the most common type in the United States of America and are said to have powered

7134-406: The wheel, making it heavier than the other "empty" side. The weight turns the wheel, and the water flows out into the tail-water when the wheel rotates enough to invert the buckets. The overshot design is very efficient, it can achieve 90%, and does not require rapid flow. Nearly all of the energy is gained from the weight of water lowered to the tailrace although a small contribution may be made by

7221-449: The wood from which it was made is much older than the deep mine, it is likely that the deep workings were in operation perhaps 30–50 years after. It is clear from these examples of drainage wheels found in sealed underground galleries in widely separated locations that building water wheels was well within their capabilities, and such verticals water wheels commonly used for industrial purposes. Taking indirect evidence into account from

7308-510: The work of the Greek technician Apollonius of Perge , the British historian of technology M.J.T. Lewis dates the appearance of the vertical-axle watermill to the early 3rd century BC, and the horizontal-axle watermill to around 240 BC, with Byzantium and Alexandria as the assigned places of invention. A watermill is reported by the Greek geographer Strabon ( c.  64 BC  – c.  AD 24 ) to have existed sometime before 71 BC in

7395-589: The year 31 AD, the engineer and Prefect of Nanyang , Du Shi (d. 38), applied a complex use of the water wheel and machinery to power the bellows of the blast furnace to create cast iron . Du Shi is mentioned briefly in the Book of Later Han ( Hou Han Shu ) as follows (in Wade-Giles spelling): In the seventh year of the Chien-Wu reign period (31 AD) Tu Shih was posted to be Prefect of Nanyang. He

7482-417: The year, offers a glimpse into the town's history. Artefacts from prehistory as well as paintings and books by local artists and writers are on display. The writer Lena Christ 's home life may be glimpsed in a faithfully reconstructed room at the museum. The Stegmühle Glonn ("Glonn Footbridge Mill") technological monument in the valley Mühltal houses the electricity-generating pumphouse (piston pumps from

7569-425: Was a generous man and his policies were peaceful; he destroyed evil-doers and established the dignity (of his office). Good at planning, he loved the common people and wished to save their labor. He invented a water-power reciprocator ( shui phai ) for the casting of (iron) agricultural implements. Those who smelted and cast already had the push-bellows to blow up their charcoal fires, and now they were instructed to use

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