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44-474: Gloucestershire Constabulary is the territorial police force responsible for policing the non-metropolitan county of Gloucestershire in South West England . The force formerly covered the area of South Gloucestershire , however this was transformed to the newly formed Avon and Somerset Constabulary in 1974. The force was founded in 1839, six hours after Wiltshire Constabulary , making it

88-639: A "tri-force" collaboration with the Avon and Somerset, and Wiltshire forces. In April 2019, this arrangement was ended by the Gloucestershire Police and Crime Commissioner , Martin Surl , following Avon and Somerset Police withdrawing from the alliance. In 2019, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services rated the force as 'inadequate' for crime reporting arrangements, after finding that over 7,900 incidents of crime in

132-652: A RAND staff member. RAND publishes the RAND Journal of Economics , a peer-reviewed journal of economics. Thirty-two recipients of the Nobel Prize , primarily in the fields of economics and physics, have been associated with RAND at some point in their career. RAND was created after individuals in the War Department , the Office of Scientific Research and Development , and industry began to discuss

176-421: A crime in progress: The force serves 637,000 people over an area of 1,024 square miles (2,650 km). and covers a number of royal residences , as well as Cheltenham Racecourse and the headquarters of GCHQ . As of September 2023, the force consisted of 1,301 police officers , 119 police community support officers , 114 special constables and 397 police support volunteers . Day-to-day policing in

220-484: A general outline for Collbohm's proposed project. Douglas engineer Arthur Emmons Raymond came up with the name Project RAND, from "research and development". Collbohm suggested that he himself should serve as the project's first director, which he thought would be a temporary position while he searched for a permanent replacement for himself. He later became RAND's first president and served in that capacity until his retirement in 1967. On 1 October 1945, Project RAND

264-541: A wide variety of issues, including the space race, the Vietnam War, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, and national health care. The RAND Corporation originated as "Project RAND" (from the phrase "research and development") in the postwar period immediately after World War II . The United States Army Air Forces established Project RAND with

308-578: Is at RAND's Santa Monica research facility. The Pardee RAND School is the world's largest PhD-granting program in policy analysis. Unlike many other programs, all Pardee RAND Graduate School students receive fellowships to cover their education costs. This allows them to dedicate their time to engage in research projects and provides them with on-the-job training. RAND also offers a number of internship and fellowship programs allowing students and others to assist in conducting research for RAND projects. Most of these are short-term independent projects mentored by

352-616: Is located in Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Brussels , Belgium ; and Rotterdam , Netherlands . RAND Australia is located in Canberra , Australia . RAND is home to the Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School , one of eight original graduate programs in public policy and the first to offer a PhD . The program aims to provide practical experience for students, who work with RAND analysts on addressing real-world problems. The campus

396-660: Is the European arm of the RAND Corporation, and like its main branch, it is a not-for-profit policy research organization dedicated to improving decision-making through evidence-based research and analysis. RAND Europe's stated mission is to improve policy and decision-making through rigorous, independent research. RAND Europe is incorporated in, and has offices in, Cambridge, Rotterdam, and Brussels. The research of RAND stems from its development of systems analysis . Important contributions are claimed in space systems and

440-630: Is the federal-level police service. It also acts as the provincial police service in every province except for Ontario , and Quebec , which operate provincial police services, as well as Newfoundland and Labrador , which is served by the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary . The RCMP is also contracted to act as the territorial police force in Nunavut , Yukon and the Northwest Territories in addition to being

484-505: Is the use of such a force in East Timor in substitution for Indonesian National Police . RAND Corporation The RAND Corporation is an American nonprofit global policy think tank , research institute , and public sector consulting firm . RAND Corporation engages in research and development (R&D) in a number of fields and industries. Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on

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528-522: The Cold War , RAND researchers contributed to the development of nuclear strategy concepts such as deterrence theory and mutually assured destruction . In recent years, RAND has analyzed military readiness, force modernization, and counterterrorism strategies. For example, one study examined the effectiveness of counterinsurgency operations in Iraq and Afghanistan . RAND designed and conducted one of

572-749: The G8 Conference in Scotland in 2005 or COP26 officers of the Metropolitan Police who are on protection duties anywhere in the United Kingdom and when taking a person to or from a prison . The United Nations (UN) has operated territorial police forces in those parts of countries which have been under control of the UN from time to time. These were usually formed from police personnel on loan from member countries. A recent example

616-614: The Metropolitan Police 's Mounted Section for the trial unit in 2016, the first horses owned by the force since the 1940s, with the section growing to four horses and three mounted officers by the time the trial concluded in August 2017. The force opted to retain the Mounted Section following the trial; in December 2021, the unit was retained again following a review by Gloucestershire Police and Crime Commissioner Chris Nelson into

660-574: The U.S. government , private endowments , corporations, universities , charitable foundations , U.S. state and local governments, international organizations , and to a small extent, foreign governments. RAND has approximately 1,850 employees. Its American locations include: Santa Monica, California (headquarters); Arlington, Virginia ; Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ; and Boston , Massachusetts . The RAND Gulf States Policy Institute has an office in New Orleans , Louisiana . RAND Europe

704-538: The University of Oxford and the RAND Corporation . The study surveyed whether the presence of mounted police on regular neighbourhood patrols would improve community engagement with the police, with results showing that members of the public were six times as likely to engage with police on horseback compared to police on foot patrol. Two horses were initially acquired by Gloucestershire Constabulary from

748-692: The federal police force in those Canadian territories. A separate Sahrawi indigenous unit serving the Spanish colonial government was the Policia Territorial . This gendarmerie corresponded to the Civil Guard in metropolitan Spain . It was commanded by Spanish officers and included Spanish personnel of all ranks. In the United Kingdom (UK) the phrase is gaining increased official (but not yet statutory ) use to describe

792-579: The "randomly deselected" candidates, took legal action and was awarded £2,500 compensation. The Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) and the Equal Opportunities Commission who led the investigation stated that the Gloucestershire Police had unlawfully discriminated on the grounds of race and sex. The same illegal policy was also used by Avon and Somerset Constabulary . A serving Gloucestershire Police officer

836-508: The 2021 report, HMICFRS reinspected the force in July 2023. They found the force was still inadequate in the area of "Responding to the Public", however had improved in all other areas previously found "Inadequate". In 2015, Gloucestershire police were able to show using biomechanical evidence that Robert Nowak was the driver of a car involved in a crash in 2013 in which his friend Michal Sobolak

880-1040: The United States' space program , in computing and in artificial intelligence . RAND researchers developed many of the principles that were used to build the Internet . RAND also contributed to the development and use of wargaming . Current areas of expertise include: child policy, law , civil and criminal justice , education , health ( public health and health care ), international policy/ foreign policy , labor markets , national security , defense policy , infrastructure , energy , environment , business and corporate governance , economic development , intelligence policy , long-range planning, crisis management and emergency management-disaster preparation , population studies , regional studies , comparative studies , science and technology , social policy , welfare , terrorism and counterterrorism , cultural policy, arts policy , and transportation. During

924-542: The University of South Wales . The Police Roll of Honour Trust and Police Memorial Trust list and commemorate all British police officers killed in the line of duty. Since its establishment in 1984, the Police Memorial Trust has erected 50 memorials nationally to some of those officers. Since 1817 the following officers of Gloucestershire Constabulary were killed while attempting to prevent or stop

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968-598: The absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Both proponents and opponents of various gun control measures have cited the RAND initiative. Additionally, RAND has researched the opioid epidemic, and alcoholism . The RAND analysis of the Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching , a $ 575 million initiative from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to increase teacher effectiveness, found that

1012-613: The chief of staff of the newly created United States Air Force approved the evolution of Project RAND into a nonprofit corporation , independent of Douglas. On 14 May 1948, RAND was incorporated as a nonprofit corporation under the laws of the State of California and on 1 November 1948, the Project RAND contract was formally transferred from the Douglas Aircraft Company to the RAND Corporation. Initial capital for

1056-590: The collection of forces responsible for general policing in areas defined with respect to local government areas. The phrase " Home Office Police" is commonly used but this is often inaccurate or inadequate as the words naturally exclude forces outside England and Wales , but include some special police forces over which the Home Secretary has some power. The police forces referred to as "territorial" are those whose police areas are defined by: Members of territorial police forces have jurisdiction in one of

1100-426: The cost and overall effectiveness of the unit, which had grown to consist of six horses when the review was undertaken. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS) conducts a periodic police effectiveness, efficiency and legitimacy (PEEL) inspection of each police service's performance. In its latest PEEL inspection, Gloucestershire Constabulary was rated as follows: Following

1144-465: The county is split into 55 local communities, organised by three Local Policing Areas each overseen by a superintendent: Cheltenham and Tewkesbury , Gloucester and the Forest of Dean , and Cotswolds and Stroud . Each of these areas contains a Local Policing Team, providing an initial response to incidents, as well as a Neighbourhood Policing Team, which manage local concerns. As of March 2020,

1188-488: The county per year, and only 69.2% of violent crimes were recorded accurately. The inspection also found 38% of victims were not informed when crime reports were cancelled. In 2020, the force opened a new £ 6.8 million police academy, the Sabrina Centre, on the grounds of the former Berkeley Nuclear Power Station . This coincided with the force offering new Police Constable Degree Apprenticeships in partnership with

1232-744: The evidence of the effects of gun policies in the United States. The second expanded review in 2020 analyzed almost 13,000 relevant studies on guns and gun violence since 1995 and selected 123 as having sufficient methodological rigor for inclusion. These studies were used to evaluate scientific support for eighteen classes of gun policy. The review found supportive evidence that child-access prevention laws reduce firearm self-injuries (including suicides), firearm homicides or assault injuries, and unintentional firearm injuries and deaths among youth. Conversely, it identified that stand-your-ground laws increase firearm homicides and shall-issue concealed carry laws increase total and firearm homicides. RAND also emphasized that

1276-523: The force had 113 special constables, who are mainly embedded in the Local Policing Teams and Neighbourhood Policing teams. A number of officers have been upskilled in rural crime and the use of 4x4 off-road vehicles to enhance the force's capability in this area. Gloucestershire Constabulary introduced a mounted police unit based at Highnam Court for a trial period in 2016, following the conclusion of an eighteen-month study in 2014 by both

1320-512: The idea of a "winnable" nuclear exchange in his 1960 book On Thermonuclear War . This led to Kahn's being one of the models for the titular character of the film Dr. Strangelove , in which RAND is spoofed as the "BLAND Corporation". Even in the late 1940s and early 1950s, long before Sputnik, the RAND project was secretly recommending to the US government a major effort to design a human-made satellite that would take photographs from space and

1364-420: The interventions had no effect on student achievement. RAND has examined the implications of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity threats, and autonomous systems. It was accused of working too closely with Open Philanthropy in its work on AI, at the risk of losing its independence. RAND employees have expressed concerns to Politico about the organization's objectivity after it

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1408-460: The largest and most important studies of health insurance between 1974 and 1982. The RAND Health Insurance Experiment , funded by the then–U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare , established an insurance corporation to compare demand for health services with their cost to the patient. In 2018, RAND began its Gun Policy in America initiative, which resulted in comprehensive reviews of

1452-465: The need for a private organization to connect operational research with research and development decisions. The immediate impetus for the creation of RAND was a conversation in September 1945 between General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold and Douglas executive Franklin R. Collbohm . Both men were deeply worried that ongoing demobilization meant the federal government was about to lose direct control of

1496-459: The objective of investigating long-range planning of future weapons. Douglas Aircraft Company was granted a contract to research intercontinental warfare. Project RAND later evolved into the RAND Corporation, and expanded its research into civilian fields such as education and international affairs. It was the first think tank to be regularly referred to as a "think tank". RAND receives both public and private funding. Its funding sources include

1540-441: The rockets to put such a satellite in orbit. RAND was not the first think tank, but during the 1960s, it was the first to be regularly referred to as a "think tank". Accordingly, RAND served as the "prototype" for the modern definition of that term. In the early 1990s, RAND established a European branch to serve clients across the public, private, and third sectors, including governments, charities, and corporations. RAND Europe

1584-612: The second rural police force formed in Britain . The force in its present form dates from 1 April 1974, when the southern part of Gloucestershire became part of the County of Avon and thus covered by the newly formed Avon and Somerset Constabulary . In 1965, the force had an establishment of 1,010 and an actual strength of 867. Between 2010 and 2019, the force lost 238 officers due to Government budget cuts. From 2013 to 2019, specialist teams – roads, firearms and police dogs – operated in

1628-677: The spin-off was provided by the Ford Foundation . Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the space race, the Vietnam War , the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, the digital revolution, and national health care. In the 1970s the Rand Corporation adjusted computer models it

1672-440: The three distinct legal systems of the United Kingdom – either England and Wales , Scotland or Northern Ireland . A police officer of one of the three legal systems has all the powers of a constable throughout their own legal system but limited powers in the other two legal systems. Certain exceptions where full police powers cross the border with the officer are when officers are providing planned support to another force such as

1716-465: The vast amount of American scientific brainpower assembled to fight World War II. As soon as Arnold realized Collbohm had been thinking along similar lines, he said, "I know just what you're going to tell me. It's the most important thing we can do." With Arnold's blessing, Collbohm quickly pulled in additional people from Douglas to help, and together with Donald Douglas , they convened with Arnold two days later at Hamilton Army Airfield to sketch out

1760-464: Was arrested on 12 November 2024 by Counter Terrorism Policing South West (CTPSW) officers on suspicion of providing support to a proscribed organisation, namely Hamas , under Section 12 of the Terrorism Act 2000. The constable has been suspended from all duties by the force and the investigation remains ongoing. Territorial police force The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP/GRC)

1804-571: Was killed. Nowak was sentenced to ten years imprisonment and seven years' disqualification from driving for Causing Death by Dangerous Driving, Conspiring to Pervert the Course of Justice and Driving whilst Disqualified. In November 2006, a tribunal ruled that the constabulary had illegally discriminated against 108 white male candidates it had rejected from its recruitment process solely because of their race and sex in trying to reach government targets for hiring underrepresented groups. Matt Powell, one of

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1848-639: Was revealed that RAND helped draft the Executive Order on AI, following over $ 15 million in funding from a Facebook founder-backed Open Philanthropy. In December 2023, the House Science Committee sent a bipartisan letter to the National Institute of Standards and Technology raising concerns over RAND's "research that has failed to go through robust review processes, such as academic peer review." On Septiembre 13, 2024,

1892-477: Was set up under special contract to the Douglas Aircraft Company and began operations in December 1945. In May 1946, the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship was released. By late 1947, Douglas Aircraft executives had expressed their concerns that their close relationship with RAND might create conflict of interest problems on future hardware contracts. In February 1948,

1936-554: Was using to recommend closures of fire stations in New York City so that fire stations were closed in the most fire-prone areas, home to Black and Puerto Rican residents, rather than in wealthier, more affluent neighborhoods. RAND contributed to the doctrine of nuclear deterrence by mutually assured destruction (MAD), developed under the guidance of then-Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and based upon their work with game theory . Chief strategist Herman Kahn also posited

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