AmaGqunukhwebe is a chiefdom of the Xhosa Nation that was created under the reign of King Tshiwo (1670–1702) of AmaXhosa , who was a grandfather to Gcaleka and Rharhabe . It consisted mostly of the Khoi chiefdoms ( Gonaqua , Hoengeniqua, Inqua and others) that had been displaced by colonists and became incorporated into the Xhosa nation.
11-634: Khwane kaLungane , a counselor and warrior under King Tshiwo, was chosen to lead the new chiefdom. This marked the start of his Khwane dynasty , which would lead the chiefdom for decades. The chiefdom spanned from the Buffalo River to Zwaartkops , but most of its territory was lost after the Xhosa Wars and was given to colony settlers (west of the Fish River ) and the Fengu people (between
22-620: A wide distribution throughout the Eastern Cape , such as in the Gulu River , Igoda River , Yellowwoods River ( Buffalo ), Nahoon River , Kowie River , Koonap River , Kat River ( Great Fish ) and the Tyhume River ( Keiskamma ). It is doubtful whether those fragmented populations will be viable in the future because they find themselves under a number of threats from agricultural practices, pollution and invasive species . It
33-603: Is a species of fish in the family Anabantidae . It is endemic to South Africa . The specific name of this species is thought to honour the Scottish geologist, explorer and soldier Andrew Geddes Bain (1797-1864) who also collected zoological specimens . Bain served as a captain in the Cape Frontier Wars and may have fought the tribal chief Sandile , for whom Castelnau named the genus. It used to be found in small populations dispersed in small areas over
44-684: Is situated in the city of East London on the East Coast of South Africa. It is to the west of the Nahoon River . It is the only navigable river in South Africa. The town of East London was thus established around it. The Buffalo River has its source in the seeps and sponges of the Amatola Mountains at an altitude of 1200 m. The river is 126 kilometres long and drains a catchment of 1287 square kilometres. From its source,
55-578: Is the Yellowwoods River , which flows from the north directly into Laing Dam . When full, Laing Dam covers 203 hectares and contains 20 million cubic metres of water. From Laing Dam, the Buffalo River flows eastwards for 40 kilometres to Bridle Drift Dam, the largest impoundment on the river, with a full supply volume of 101 million cubic metres. Small streams on the northern bank bring runoff directly into Bridle Drift Dam from Mdantsane ,
66-759: The endangered Eastern Province rocky (Sandelia bainsii) in the Yellowwoods River, part of the Buffalo River basin. Presently this river is part of the Mzimvubu to Keiskama Water Management Area . Include the Mgqakwebe River , Ngqokweni River and Yellowwoods River , this last river includes some waterfalls the largest being the Yellowwoods Falls , near Breidbach . Eastern Province rocky The Eastern Province rocky ( Sandelia bainsii ), also known as rocky kurper ,
77-515: The Fish and Keiskamma rivers) by the colonial government. The chiefdom gradually grew more homogeneous, until a divide occurred when two members of the leading family, Pato and Kama, split and settled different areas of the region. In addition, Kama converted to Christianity, which further alienated himself from the royal family. Later, Kama was recognized by the Cape Colony as the true leader of
88-561: The chiefdom, possibly due to his religious conversion. This further eroded the influence of Pato and the ruling family of Gqunukhwebe. Today, the chiefdom is effectively two entities led from two different centres, with one led by the Pato house and one led by the Kama house . Zolani ka-Ntlanganiso Phatho, a direct descendant of Pato, is currently next in line to be leader of the chiefdom. Buffalo River (Eastern Cape) The Buffalo River
99-459: The river descends through indigenous forest in a deeply incised channel, flanked by rock cliffs up to 120 metres high. The quality of these headwaters is good. After only seven kilometres, the river faces its first obstruction, the small Maden Dam , built in 1910 ( 114 years old). Four kilometres downstream of Maden Dam, the much larger Rooikrantz Dam impounds about five million cubic metres. Rooikrantz Dam supplies water to King William's Town and
110-611: The second largest township in Eastern Cape province. From Bridle Drift Dam , the Buffalo River flows through low altitude coastal forest for twenty kilometres and forms the northern border of the Umtiza Nature Reserve , before entering the Indian Ocean through the estuary harbour of East London. The endangered border barb lives in the waters of the Buffalo River. There is also a small population of
121-641: The surrounding areas. Twenty kilometres from its source, at an altitude of 450 metres above mean sea level, the Cwengcwe River and Izele River join the Buffalo from the northeast. From here the river runs through undulating plains. Two major tributaries from the west that join the middle section of the Buffalo River are the Mgqakwebe River just upstream of King William's Town and the Ngqokweni River at Zwelitsha . The other important tributary
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