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49-652: The district occupies the southern corner of Vologda Oblast. Most of the district's territory lies on the Gryazovets Plateau , which is cut through by rivers and is of glacial origin. The plateau lies on the divide between the drainage basins of the Sukhona and Volga Rivers , and thus on the divide between the basins of the Arctic Ocean and the Caspian Sea . The southern part of the district lies in

98-430: A district in a federal subject of Russia, which is equal in status to a town of district significance or an urban-type settlement of district significance , but is organized around a rural locality (as opposed to a town or an urban-type settlement ). In some federal subjects, selsoviets were replaced with municipal rural settlements , which, in turn, were granted status of administrative-territorial units. Prior to

147-499: A considerable period of Soviet history, passports of rural residents were stored in selsoviet offices, and people could not move outside their area of residence without the permission of selsoviet. Division into selsoviets as administrative-territorial units remained after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in many of the federal subjects of Russia . In modern Russia, a selsoviet is a type of an administrative division of

196-454: A drainage basin, and there are different ways to interpret that data. In the unlikely event that the gauges are many and evenly distributed over an area of uniform precipitation, using the arithmetic mean method will give good results. In the Thiessen polygon method, the drainage basin is divided into polygons with the rain gauge in the middle of each polygon assumed to be representative for

245-540: A drainage boundary is referred to as watershed delineation . Finding the area and extent of a drainage basin is an important step in many areas of science and engineering. Most of the water that discharges from the basin outlet originated as precipitation falling on the basin. A portion of the water that enters the groundwater system beneath the drainage basin may flow towards the outlet of another drainage basin because groundwater flow directions do not always match those of their overlying drainage network. Measurement of

294-426: A point where surface water is lost underground . Drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units , which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system . Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks. In a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. About 48.71% of

343-428: A succession of elevated features, such as ridges and hills . A basin may consist of smaller basins that merge at river confluences , forming a hierarchical pattern . Other terms for a drainage basin are catchment area , catchment basin , drainage area , river basin , water basin , and impluvium . In North America, they are commonly called a watershed , though in other English-speaking places, "watershed"

392-501: Is also food industry. The agriculture of the district is essentially limited to crop growing and cattle breeding, resulting and meat and milk production. One of the principal highways in Russia, M8 , which connects Moscow and Arkhangelsk , crosses the district from south to north, passing Gryazovets. There are also local roads, with the bus traffic originating from Gryazovets. The railroad connecting Yaroslavl and Vologda crosses

441-423: Is divided into two urban and five rural settlements. However, four rural localities of the administrative district are municipally incorporated elsewhere: two (the settlements of Ida and Kordon ) are a part of Babushkinsky Municipal District , and the other two (the settlements of Gremyachy and Karitsa ) are a part of Totemsky Municipal District . The economy of the district is based on timber industry. There

490-487: Is referred to as " watershed management ". In Brazil , the National Policy of Water Resources, regulated by Act n° 9.433 of 1997, establishes the drainage basin as the territorial division of Brazilian water management. When a river basin crosses at least one political border, either a border within a nation or an international boundary, it is identified as a transboundary river . Management of such basins becomes

539-614: Is the Dead Sea . Drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important. For example, the English crown gave the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly on the fur trade in the entire Hudson Bay basin, an area called Rupert's Land . Bioregional political organization today includes agreements of states (e.g., international treaties and, within

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588-519: Is the shortened name for a rural council ( Belarusian : се́льскi саве́т ; Russian : се́льский сове́т ; Ukrainian : сільська́ ра́да ) and for the area governed by such a council ( soviet ). Selsoviets were the lowest level of administrative division in rural areas in the Soviet Union . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, they were preserved as a third tier of administrative-territorial division throughout Ukraine , Belarus , and many of

637-404: Is used only in its original sense, that of the drainage divide line. A drainage basin's boundaries are determined by watershed delineation , a common task in environmental engineering and science. In a closed drainage basin, or endorheic basin , rather than flowing to the ocean, water converges toward the interior of the basin, known as a sink , which may be a permanent lake, a dry lake , or

686-713: The African Great Lakes , the interiors of Australia and the Arabian Peninsula , and parts in Mexico and the Andes . Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, adjacent closed basins. In endorheic bodies of water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this

735-828: The Continental Divide , northern Alaska and parts of North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , and Montana in the United States, the north shore of the Scandinavian peninsula in Europe, central and northern Russia, and parts of Kazakhstan and Mongolia in Asia , which totals to about 17% of the world's land. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean . Its basin includes much of China, eastern and southeastern Russia, Japan,

784-714: The Korean Peninsula , most of Indochina, Indonesia and Malaysia, the Philippines, all of the Pacific Islands , the northeast coast of Australia , and Canada and the United States west of the Continental Divide (including most of Alaska), as well as western Central America and South America west of the Andes. The Indian Ocean 's drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earth's land. It drains

833-481: The administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , the area was included into Archangelgorod Governorate . In 1780, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Vologda Viceroyalty . Simultaneously, in 1780, Gryazovets was chartered and became the seat of Gryazovetsky Uyezd . The viceroyalty was abolished in 1796, and its part which included Gryazovetsky Uyezd became Vologda Governorate . In 1924,

882-495: The federal subjects of Russia . A selsoviet is a rural administrative division of a raion that includes one or several smaller rural localities and is in a subordination to its respective raion administration. The name refers to the local rural self-administration, the rural soviet (council), a part of the Soviet system of administration. A selsoviet was headed by a chairman, who had to be appointed by higher administration. For

931-464: The groundwater . A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean. Selsoviet A selsoviet ( Belarusian : сельсавет , romanized :  sieł'saviet ; Russian : сельсовет , romanized :  sel'sovet , IPA: [ˈsʲelʲsɐˈvʲɛt] ; Ukrainian : сільрада , romanized :  sil'rada )

980-571: The 19th century. The only museum in the district is the Gryazovets District Museum, located in Gryazovets. Drainage basin A drainage basin is an area of land in which all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth , or flows into another body of water , such as a lake or ocean . A basin is separated from adjacent basins by a perimeter, the drainage divide , made up of

1029-623: The US, interstate compacts ) or other political entities in a particular drainage basin to manage the body or bodies of water into which it drains. Examples of such interstate compacts are the Great Lakes Commission and the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency . In hydrology , the drainage basin is a logical unit of focus for studying the movement of water within the hydrological cycle . The process of finding

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1078-451: The administrative center was located in the settlement of Lezha . In 1959, the district was abolished and merged into Gryazovetsky District. As an administrative division , the district is divided into one town of district significance ( Gryazovets ), one urban-type settlement ( Vokhtoga ), and sixteen selsoviets . Within the framework of municipal divisions , most of the district is incorporated as Gryazovetsky Municipal District and

1127-461: The adoption of the 1993 Constitution of Russia , this type of administrative division had a uniform definition on the whole territory of the Russian SFSR . After the adoption of the 1993 Constitution, the administrative-territorial structure of the federal subjects is no longer identified as the responsibility of the federal government or as the joint responsibility of the federal government and

1176-742: The basin of the Obnora River , a tributary of the Kostroma River . Some areas in the southeast of the district are in the basin of various tributaries of the Kostroma as well. The geographical center of the district is situated in the basin of the Lezha River , a right tributary of the Sukhona , which has its source in Kostroma Oblast and crosses the district from south to north, forming its largest waterway. The biggest lake in

1225-406: The basin, it can form tributaries that change the structure of the land. There are three different main types, which are affected by the rocks and ground underneath. Rock that is quick to erode forms dendritic patterns, and these are seen most often. The two other types of patterns that form are trellis patterns and rectangular patterns. Rain gauge data is used to measure total precipitation over

1274-580: The border of Vologda and Kostroma Oblasts. The Monza railroad crosses the district and enters Mezhdurechensky District, eventually continuing to the southeastern districts of Vologda Oblast. The plans to extend it further east to Nikolsk were never realized. The district contains four objects classified as cultural and historical heritage by Russian Federal law and additionally ninety objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local importance (fifty of them in Gryazovets). The objects protected at

1323-430: The discharge of water from a basin may be made by a stream gauge located at the basin's outlet. Depending on the conditions of the drainage basin, as rainfall occurs some of it seeps directly into the ground. This water will either remain underground, slowly making its way downhill and eventually reaching the basin, or it will permeate deeper into the soil and consolidate into groundwater aquifers. As water flows through

1372-471: The district from south to north. Gryazovets is the main railroad station within the district. There is also another line, which connects Vologda in the north and Buy in the south, with the main station within the district being Vokhtoga . At Vokhtoga, another railroad branches off east, the Monza Railroad , built for timber transport and operated by the timber production authorities, which runs along

1421-693: The district, Lake Nikolskoye , is a source of the Komela River , a left tributary of the Lezha. Minor areas in the east of the district belong to the basins of the tributaries of the Sukhona, and minor areas in the northwest of the district are in the basin of the Vologda River , a right tributary of the Sukhona. In the 15th century, the area became a part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow . The area

1470-441: The drainage area is dependent on the soil type. Certain soil types such as sandy soils are very free-draining, and rainfall on sandy soil is likely to be absorbed by the ground. However, soils containing clay can be almost impermeable and therefore rainfall on clay soils will run off and contribute to flood volumes. After prolonged rainfall even free-draining soils can become saturated , meaning that any further rainfall will reach

1519-697: The drainage basin to the mouth, and may accumulate there, disturbing the natural mineral balance. This can cause eutrophication where plant growth is accelerated by the additional material. Because drainage basins are coherent entities in a hydrological sense, it has become common to manage water resources on the basis of individual basins. In the U.S. state of Minnesota , governmental entities that perform this function are called " watershed districts ". In New Zealand, they are called catchment boards. Comparable community groups based in Ontario, Canada, are called conservation authorities . In North America, this function

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1568-857: The eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf , the Indian subcontinent , Burma, and most parts of Australia . The five largest river basins (by area), from largest to smallest, are those of the Amazon (7 million km ), the Congo (4 million km ), the Nile (3.4 million km ), the Mississippi (3.22 million km ), and the Río de la Plata (3.17 million km ). The three rivers that drain

1617-699: The federal level are the Intercession Church and the Bryanchaninov Estate, both located in the selo of Pokrovskoye , and the building of the secondary school in Gryazovets. Ignatius Bryanchaninov , who later became an Orthodox bishop and is now venerated as a saint by the Russian Orthodox Church , was born in Pokrovskoye. The center of the town of Gryazovets mainly preserved the historical buildings from

1666-412: The federal subjects. This state of the matters is traditionally interpreted by the governments of the federal subjects as a sign that the matters of the administrative-territorial divisions are the sole responsibility of the federal subjects themselves. As a result, the modern administrative-territorial structures of the federal subjects vary significantly from one federal subject to another; that includes

1715-583: The greatest portion of western Sub-Saharan Africa , as well as Western Sahara and part of Morocco . The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic. The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U.S. interior between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains , a small part of the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan , eastern Central America ,

1764-435: The ground and along rivers it can pick up nutrients , sediment , and pollutants . With the water, they are transported towards the outlet of the basin, and can affect the ecological processes along the way as well as in the receiving water body . Modern use of artificial fertilizers , containing nitrogen (as nitrates ), phosphorus , and potassium , has affected the mouths of drainage basins. The minerals are carried by

1813-722: The ground at its terminus, the area can go by several names, such playa, salt flat, dry lake , or alkali sink . The largest endorheic basins are in Central Asia , including the Caspian Sea , the Aral Sea , and numerous smaller lakes. Other endorheic regions include the Great Basin in the United States, much of the Sahara Desert , the drainage basin of the Okavango River ( Kalahari Basin ), highlands near

1862-639: The islands of the Caribbean and the Gulf, and a small part of northern South America. The Mediterranean Sea basin, with the Black Sea , includes much of North Africa , east-central Africa (through the Nile River ), Southern , Central, and Eastern Europe , Turkey , and the coastal areas of Israel , Lebanon , and Syria . The Arctic Ocean drains most of Western Canada and Northern Canada east of

1911-514: The most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganges , and Congo rivers. Endorheic basin are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Endorheic basins cover around 18% of the Earth's land. Some endorheic basins drain to an Endorheic lake or Inland sea . Many of these lakes are ephemeral or vary dramatically in size depending on climate and inflow. If water evaporates or infiltrates into

1960-418: The rainfall on the area of land included in its polygon. These polygons are made by drawing lines between gauges, then making perpendicular bisectors of those lines form the polygons. The isohyetal method involves contours of equal precipitation are drawn over the gauges on a map. Calculating the area between these curves and adding up the volume of water is time-consuming. Isochrone maps can be used to show

2009-631: The responsibility of the countries sharing it. Nile Basin Initiative , OMVS for Senegal River , Mekong River Commission are a few examples of arrangements involving management of shared river basins. Management of shared drainage basins is also seen as a way to build lasting peaceful relationships among countries. The catchment is the most significant factor determining the amount or likelihood of flooding . Catchment factors are: topography , shape, size, soil type, and land use (paved or roofed areas). Catchment topography and shape determine

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2058-461: The river rather than being absorbed by the ground. If the surface is impermeable the precipitation will create surface run-off which will lead to higher risk of flooding; if the ground is permeable, the precipitation will infiltrate the soil. Land use can contribute to the volume of water reaching the river, in a similar way to clay soils. For example, rainfall on roofs, pavements , and roads will be collected by rivers with almost no absorption into

2107-418: The speed with which the runoff reaches a river. A long thin catchment will take longer to drain than a circular catchment. Size will help determine the amount of water reaching the river, as the larger the catchment the greater the potential for flooding. It is also determined on the basis of length and width of the drainage basin. Soil type will help determine how much water reaches the river. The runoff from

2156-415: The time taken for rain to reach the river, while catchment size, soil type, and development determine the amount of water to reach the river. Generally, topography plays a big part in how fast runoff will reach a river. Rain that falls in steep mountainous areas will reach the primary river in the drainage basin faster than flat or lightly sloping areas (e.g., > 1% gradient). Shape will contribute to

2205-477: The time taken for runoff water within a drainage basin to reach a lake, reservoir or outlet, assuming constant and uniform effective rainfall. Drainage basins are the principal hydrologic unit considered in fluvial geomorphology . A drainage basin is the source for water and sediment that moves from higher elevation through the river system to lower elevations as they reshape the channel forms. Drainage basins are important in ecology . As water flows over

2254-464: The uyezd was abolished, and the area was included into Vologodsky Uyezd . On July 15, 1929, several governorates, including Vologda Governorate, were merged into Northern Krai , and the uyezds were abolished. Instead, Gryazovetsky District with the administrative center in the town of Gryazovets was established as a part of Vologda Okrug . In the following years, the first-level administrative division of Russia kept changing. In 1936, Northern Krai

2303-673: The world's land drains to the Atlantic Ocean . In North America , surface water drains to the Atlantic via the Saint Lawrence River and Great Lakes basins, the Eastern Seaboard of the United States, the Canadian Maritimes , and most of Newfoundland and Labrador . Nearly all of South America east of the Andes also drains to the Atlantic, as does most of Western and Central Europe and

2352-645: Was attractive for monks, since it was at the time covered by unpopulated forests. A number of influential monasteries were founded within the current limits of the district, including the Pavlo-Obnorsky Monastery in the 15th century and the Korniliyevo-Komelsky Monastery . Gryazovets was first mentioned in 1538 as a settlement dependent on the Korniliyevo-Komelsky Monastery. In the course of

2401-464: Was transformed into Northern Oblast . In 1937, Northern Oblast was split into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast. Gryazovetsky District remained in Vologda Oblast ever since. On January 25, 1935, Lezhsky District was established on the territory split off from Gryazovetsky District. The administrative center of the district became the selo of Sidorovo , and between 1938 and 1952

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