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73-530: Graben-Neudorf is a municipality in the district of Karlsruhe within Baden-Wüttemberg. It lies between Mannheim and Karlsruhe and between Bruchsal and Germersheim. It is approximately 20 and 45 km away from Karlsruhe and Mannheim, respectively, and 11 and 17 km away from Bruchsal and Germersheim, respectively. The municipality of Graben-Neudorf was composed from the formerly independent municipalities of Graben and Neudorf. The village of Graben belonged to

146-517: A 1 400 m long tunnel was dug with a tunnel boring machine between the Rotonde and Ancienne Synagogue/Les Halles stations. The Gare Centrale station, serving Strasbourg's railway station, is situated 17 m under ground in this tunnel. Artists were commissioned to create artworks relating to the city. In particular, the Oulipo was responsible for writing short texts on the columns in

219-525: A Rhine-crossing line at times, this section of the Rhine did not form the border between France and Germany from 1871 to the end of World War I and during World War II when Alsace (including Strasbourg) was annexed to Germany. The first tram line in Strasbourg, which was originally horse-drawn , opened in 1878. After 1894, when an electric-powered tram system was introduced, a widespread network of tramways

292-822: A border city. Strasbourg and Kehl are connected by four Rhine bridges which are from south to north: the Passerelle des Deux Rives (pedestrians and cyclists), the Bridge of Europe (motorists, pedestrians and cyclists), the Beatus-Rhenanus Bridge (tramway, pedestrians and cyclists), and the Rhine Bridge (railway). Line D of the Strasbourg tramway was extended in 2017 to reach Kehl station , and since 2018 there are another two stations within Kehl. It

365-456: A capacity of 800 spaces. According to 2007 usage statistics, 562832 vehicles used the Park and Ride stations in one year (note that at this time a further Park and Ride was in use, at Aristide Briand, which has since been demolished). When the new network was first built in 1994, new rolling stock was designed. The city wanted fully low-floor trams with a novel design. A partnership called Eurotram

438-401: A common track for 600m between Landsberg and Jean Jaures stations. The extensions also created a new north–south route serving the eastern part of the city. Meanwhile, line E brought about a major change in the network, since it was the first branch line. Sharing track with the other lines between Wacken and Baggersee , one of its objectives was to reduce transfer traffic at Homme de Fer ,

511-598: A large port on the Rhine, the Häfen Kehl (Kehl Ports), south of the mouth of the Kinzig, and is the seat of the Kehl University of Applied Sciences ( Hochschule Kehl ). The village of Kehl was first mentioned in 1038. In 1338, the first permanent bridge between Kehl and Strasbourg was completed. In 1678, the city was taken over by France , as it was considered to be part of the defense system of Strasbourg. Hence

584-455: A problem that was remedied with sun blinds. New rolling stock was required to operate on the 2005 extensions, so the city launched a call for bids in 2003 for new tram units. On 15 July 2003, Alstom was announced as the winner with its Citadis tram. Forty-one Citadis 403 trams were delivered from 2005 onwards. These units are 43.05 m long, carry 288 passengers and have ten axles. They weigh 53.2 t and are powered by three motor units, delivering

657-476: A public address system announces the next stop, accompanied by a musical jingle unique to each station, composed by the singer-songwriter Rodolphe Burger. Park and Ride stations are located near tramway stations, to encourage motorists to use the tramway and thus relieve congestion in the city centre. To facilitate this, a discounted tram ticket applicable to all occupants of a vehicle is offered at park and ride stations. The largest park and ride station, Elsau, has

730-450: A reconstitution of the old line 6/16, taken out of service on 1 January 1960. Two new sections were finished in 2010: Gare Centrale – Homme de Fer via Faubourg de Saverne , and Observatoire – Place d'Islande . The former was built in anticipation of the (now abandoned) tram-train line project and entered service on 27 November 2010. Line C abandoned the Homme de Fer-Elsau section, taking

803-549: A station not served by the line. Line E was extended by 2.5 km from Wacken to a new terminus, Robertsau Boecklin , on 23 November 2007, thus servicing buildings in the European district, such as the European Parliament . Line B was extended in two phases in 2008. The first extension, shifting the southern terminus from Elsau to Ostwald Hotel de Ville , was completed on 30 January 2008. The second phase

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876-598: A total of 720 kW. At CTS's request, the trams were restyled to look like the Eurotrams. The axle distribution is different on the Citadis, and the Citadis has an additional bogie under the driver's cab. One of the Citadis' advantages over the Eurotram is the inclusion of double doors which allow faster opening and closure, minimising time spent in stations. In 2014, CTS signed a framework agreement with Alstom for

949-463: A tram is beneficial for re-election. On 4 July 1998, a first extension began: line A was extended 2.8 km further south into Illkirch-Graffenstaden . Just under two months later, on 31 August 1998, line D ( Rotonde – Étoile – Polygone ) entered service thanks to a short branch near the Place de l'Étoile. This new line uses the line A track for most of its journey, enabling higher tram frequencies in

1022-629: Is twinned with: Strasbourg tramway The Strasbourg tramway ( French : Tramway de Strasbourg , German : Straßenbahn Straßburg ; Alsatian : D'Strossabàhn Strossburi(g) ), run by the CTS , is a network of six tramlines , A, B, C, D, E and F that operate in the cities of Strasbourg in Alsace , France , and Kehl in Baden-Württemberg , Germany . It is one of the few tram networks to cross an international border, along with

1095-422: Is 424 kW, produced by sixteen motors. Although the Eurotram's design has generally been applauded for its user-friendliness, it has also received some criticism. For instance, the doors have been criticised for being too slow to open/close (they are single doors), lengthening the time spent in stations. Additionally, the large window over and around the driver's cabin can result in the cabin becoming too hot,

1168-440: Is one every 10 minutes Monday – Friday, one every 13.5 minutes on Saturdays and one every 20 minutes on Sundays and public holidays. Outside the enhanced service period, trams follow published timetables on all lines except line A. Depending on the time of day, tram frequency is one every 10–15 minutes on lines B, C, D and E. On line A, it is possible that trams run only every 20 minutes in the early mornings and late evenings, while

1241-408: Is served less often, since only lines B and F travel this route. On the other hand, the two sections served by three lines ( Homme de Fer – République and République-Observatoire ) are travelled by 26 trams every hour in each direction, Monday to Friday. The network as a whole boasts one of the highest transit frequencies of all French urban areas with over 250 000 inhabitants. What is unique about

1314-699: Is that there is no separation between passenger cars; the inside of the tram is one continuous space. Twenty-six Eurotrams, built by Socimi, were delivered for service on line A between 1994 and 1995. These trams are 33.1m long, have 8 axles and a maximum capacity of 210 passengers. Each tram consists of 3 passenger cars and twelve motors, developing a total of 336 kW. The CTS placed a second order, this time for twenty-seven units, which were delivered between 1998 and 2000. The order included ten 8-axle trams and seventeen 10-axle trams. These ten-axle trams, nicknamed 'jumbos', are 43.05 m long, weigh 51 t and can carry up to 270 passengers in their 4-passenger cars. Total power

1387-480: Is therefore possible to directly reach the city centre of Strasbourg (stations Homme de Fer and Langstross Grand'Rue ) as well as Strasbourg Main Station (station Gare Centrale ) by tramway without having to change. The Jardin des Deux Rives / Garten der zwei Ufer extends on both sides of the Rhine, connected by the Passerelle des Deux Rives . Strasbourg and Kehl further share some municipal services. Kehl has

1460-474: The Homme de Fer – Faubourg de Saverne – Gare Centrale route instead. The next day, a citizen's initiative prompted Line F's introduction, serving the Elsau-Place d'Islande route, which included the Homme de Fer – Elsau section that line C had abandoned. In 2013, both line A and line D were extended in the northwest. New tracks were built for both lines on 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) for each. Line D saw

1533-687: The Rhine into Baden . After in 1918 Strasbourg had become French, the 1920 all lines east of the Rhine (almost 50% of the overland network or 35% of the total network) were taken over at first by the shortly founded general German railway company of Deutsche Reichseisenbahnen , then in 1922 by the regional Mittelbadische Eisenbahnen (Central Baden Railways). In 1930, the network comprised 234 km of track, about 100 km in town and 130 km overland lines, all in France. There were 55 million passengers in 1930 and 71.5 million passengers in 1943. In

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1606-728: The Strasbourg Eurométropole provided €29m, the French government contributed €5·3m, and €1·5m came from the Bas-Rhin département . An extension of line D from the former terminus at Aristide Briand to Kehl in Germany is now in operation, since 28 April 2017. Construction on this extension involved the building of a new bridge across the Rhine , Beatus Rhenanus Bridge, starting in February 2014. This extension travels

1679-543: The Treaty of Versailles the harbor of Kehl was placed under French administration for seven years to prevent possible German attacks on the opposite newly French town of Strasbourg . During World War II Kehl was located in the so-called "Red Zone" on the western wall, which was cleared when the war broke out: in the night from 3 to 4 September 1939, the population was evacuated to the Black Forest by special trains and

1752-569: The Urban Community of Strasbourg considered building a Véhicule Automatique Léger network with two lines. The choice of rapid transit system became a major point of debate at the 1989 municipal elections , with the incumbent right-wing majority favouring the VAL , while the opposition Socialists campaigned for a modern tramway. Shopkeepers in the city centre were also in favour of the VAL, on

1825-401: The route length is only 49.8 km (30.9 mi). The system's hub is Homme de Fer, a station in the city centre where 5 of the 6 lines intersect. In the pedestrianized city centre, the tram shares space with pedestrians and bicycles. In the suburbs, the tram shares the road with automobiles, but trams are not subjected to the rules of the road, in common with other French tramways. Instead,

1898-577: The 17th century brought great misery to Graben. The Thirty Years' War from 1618 to 1648 took a heavy toll. In 1622, Graben had 145 citizens, by 1648 there were only 42 citizens. In the War of the Grand Alliance (1688-1697), the French destroyed Graben, so that only the church, city hall and some buildings remained. The inhabitants of the village were forced into the forests and in the surrounding area. Peace, order and prosperity did not return until

1971-428: The 1950s, the tram, already weakened by World War II , faced competition from other modes of transport such as the bus , the bicycle and the private automobile . The tram system was abandoned in 1960 and replaced by buses; the last tram ran on 1 May 1960 and carried a black wreath to resemble a funeral procession. Much of the traffic was absorbed by the private automobile. Owing to increasing traffic and pollution,

2044-571: The Graben area. The discovery of Roman coins in the area suggest a Roman camp was located around the current site of the city. The first documentary evidence of Graben only dates back to 1306. By the 14th and 15th century was Graben already a regional hub for trade as well as the church. Graben came under the jurisdiction of the Margraviate of Baden in 1312. When the Margraviate of Baden

2117-485: The Strasbourg service is the fact that service at morning and evening rush hours is not more frequent than other services throughout the day. This is particularly noticeable in the early mornings, where service is reduced in most large cities; this is not the case in Strasbourg. The trams have no separate evening timetable, while bus schedules are modified only slightly. Both modes of transport have their timetables co-ordinated as to ensure transfers are always possible, even in

2190-415: The VAL project was abandoned in favour of the tramway. The first line, line A, opened on 25 November 1994. At 9.8 kilometres long, it signalled the return of the tramway to Strasbourg. It was the fourth modern tram system in France. The line ran from the western suburb of Hautepierre to Illkirch-Graffenstaden ( Baggersee station). In order to cross the railway lines near the Strasbourg railway station ,

2263-506: The areas of " Hönheim " and "zur Kehler Brücke". In the inner city, horses were used. In the suburbs, small steam locomotives drew the carriages. By 1885 further lines to the suburbs of Königshofen , Robertsau , Neuhof and Wolfisheim were opened, and in 1886 the meter gauge was first used in extending the track to Grafenstaden . The electric company of AEG was engaged to install electric traction of that line in December 1894. Though

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2336-405: The automobile's omnipresence in the city (pollution, congestion, disorderly parking). With the construction of the tramway, the city centre was pedestrianised and parking in the city centre was reduced via out-of-town park and ride facilities. Access to the city centre was closed off to cars in 1992. In 1995, Trautmann was re-elected which gave a signal to other mayors of French cities that opening

2409-633: The centre of the network. The two lines diverge at the République station: line C leads to the terminus in the Esplanade district via the university area , while line B heads north, serving the Wacken exhibition centre. It then passes through the communes of Schiltigheim and Bischheim before reaching the Hoenheim terminus, in the commune of Hoenheim . In September 2002, the Hoenheim terminus

2482-472: The city centre. The network was further extended on 1 September 2000 as line B and C (total length: 11.9 km) entered service. They both originate from the same terminus, situated in Elsau, a residential area. They share a trunk line which leads to the city centre, crossing it from the south-east to the north-west. At the Homme de Fer station, the lines cross the track of lines A and D. This junction became

2555-689: The city centre. This scheme is unique in France, but similar to systems in Switzerland and Germany. On considerable sections of track, the current network retraces the old network: Porte de l'hopital – Campus d'Illkirch (line A); Etoile Polygone – Aristide Briand (line D); Graviere – Neuhof Rudolphe Reuss (line C); Montagne Verte – Homme de Fer – Gallia (line B); place de Bordeaux – Wacken and Droits de l'Homme – Robertsau Boecklin (line E); Gare centrale – Pont de Saverne (line C) and Pont de Saverne – Homme de Fer (line A) – around 14.4 km in total. The Homme de Fer station did not exist on

2628-573: The city was finally returned to Baden ( now a Grand Duchy ) in 1815 and the fortress was dismantled. Between 1842 and 1847, the first port facility was created by the Baden State Railway Administration. In 1861, the first railway bridge was built and the first direct connection from Paris to Vienna was established, with locomotives being changed over in Kehl. After the First World War, under article 65 of

2701-584: The city, after which it was demolished in 1939. Kehl then became a suburb of Strasbourg. This status was retained even after the war. Kehl was released in accordance with the Washington Agreement on the Clearance of the City of Kehl by France from April 8, 1949, in 42 partial releases from July 29, 1949, to April 8, 1953. At that time (1945 to 1953) Sondheim was an independent municipality, which

2774-485: The contract between town and company had included the maintaining of standard gauge, since 1897, the standard gauge tracks were converted to one-meter gauge. New lines were built and run to Kronenburg , Lingolsheim and Breuschwickersheim . In addition to the network in town, an overland network was built, mainly worked with steam traction, extending from Strasbourg to the Vosges Mountains , Colmar and across

2847-400: The destination of the next tram due at the station and its estimated time of arrival. Each station is linked to a central command post, and there is a PA system in the case of major disruptions. The trams themselves are also equipped with passenger information systems. Displays show a map of the line the tram is serving, indicating the final destination and the next station. Between stations,

2920-455: The distance from the former terminus through the rest of Strasbourg, to the bridge over the Rhine terminating at Kehl station. A further extension to Kehl Rathaus was planned to open by the end of 2017. The extension as of 2018 included three new stops in France and one in Germany; two more were added in Germany with the subsequent extension opening in 2018. According to early reports, within

2993-403: The entire front of the tram, giving it a futuristic appearance. Similarly, large windows were included on the sides of the tram, with the aim of giving passengers the impression of travelling on a 'moving pavement'. Eurotram also had a modular construction, with the head units being connected to passenger units, linked to each other by power units resting on their own axles. Another notable feature

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3066-411: The first month of operation, the new extension to Kehl's main railway station saw around 10,000 daily users. The extension now serves Hochschule Kehl  [ de ] and Kehl City Hall, allowing easier access to the city center. As of 31 August 2020, the network has 6 lines and a total line length of 65 kilometres (40 mi). However, due to the fact that many lines overlap with each other,

3139-579: The following year. On May 7, 1770, Marie Antoinette was officially handed over by Austria to France on an island on the Rhine near Kehl. This island, which was uninhabited at the time but turned into a middle class settlement until the First World War , became known as Kommissionsinsel after the commission that took over Marie Antoinette. In 1774, Kehl received town rights by the Charles Frederick, Margrave of Baden . The village

3212-655: The former municipality of Graben, and the village of Neudorf and the Graben-Neudorf and Johannisgrund train stations belonged to the former municipality of Neudorf. The deserted village of Hainhof also lay in the former municipalities of Graben and partially lay in the portion of Spöck, which is currently part of the city of Stuttensee. The village of Graben was probably created between the 5th and 7th century, though this isn't entirely certain. An ancient Roman road (partly visible to this day) connecting Kehl , Mühlburg , Heidelberg , and Neuenheim runs north/south through

3285-539: The frequency on line F is only one every 20–30 minutes at these times. This is not problematic for users, since its purpose is to reinforce service on other lines (aside the final 600m, Observatoire – Place d'Islande ). Stations served by two different lines will have a tram stop every 3 minutes on weekdays, according to the schedules described above. On Saturdays, this gap grows to 3.5 minutes, while frequency averages one tram every 6 – 7.5 minutes on Sundays and public holidays. There are some exceptions: Elsau – Homme de Fer

3358-466: The grounds that the construction of the tramway and subsequent loss of parking spaces would deter customers. Meanwhile, the opposition campaigning for the tramway emphasised its cost-efficiency relative to the VAL (1 kilometre of VAL track cost as much to build as 4 kilometres of tramway) and the revitalization and pedestrianization of the city centre that the construction of the tramway entailed. With Catherine Trautmann's election as mayor of Strasbourg,

3431-501: The last tram leaves Gare Centrale at 0035). After this, trams are stored in the depots; there is no reduced night-time service. The service is equally frequent across all lines except line F, which has much lower frequency. All lines have an enhanced service period, from around 0600 to 2000. During this period, tram frequencies on lines A, B, C, D and E are one every 6 minutes on Mondays – Fridays, one every 7 minutes on Saturdays and every 12–15 minutes on Sundays. On line F, tram frequency

3504-559: The late evenings. From the beginning of July to the end of August, the CTS uses a summer timetable, with slightly lower tram frequencies. Details of this are however not published, only arrival and departure times at major stations. Journey times are not identical across all services, varying by up to 3–4 minutes on line A, regardless of the time of day. Overall, the trams recorded an average service speed of 19 km/h in 2010. Every station has displays providing real-time passenger information:

3577-608: The margrave of Baden. From the early 19th century up to 1914, Lutherans and Catholics shared one church building; then, as the first building on the Kommissionsinsel the Catholic Church of St. Johann Nepomuk was erected. Several free churches are situated in Kehl, including Mennonites and the New Apostolic Church . Population development: The city of Strasbourg lies opposite Kehl over

3650-407: The middle of the 18th century. The village of Neudorf ("new village") resulted from merging two settlements, first noted in 1497 as "Nuwdorff". This Karlsruhe district location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kehl Kehl ( German pronunciation: [keːl] ; Low Alemannic : Kaal ) is a city with around 38,000 inhabitants in

3723-511: The old network: there was a station nearby in the Rue de la Haute Montée, currently crossed by lines B, C and F, while the Place Kléber was the main hub. Place de la République and place du Polygone were important nodes in the old network. Trams crossed the city centre from north to south via the Rue des Grandes Arcades and the Rue du Vieux Marché aux Poissons: otherwise, the current line A is

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3796-508: The opening of three new stations ( Paul Éluard , Marcel Rudloff and Poteries ) and line A, of two new stations ( Le Galet and Parc des Sports ). The name of Hautepierre Maillon station on line A was changed to Cervantès . In late 2013, work started on a further extension of line A, from Illkirch-Lixenbuhl to the town centre of Illkirch-Graffenstaden . The extension opened on 23 April 2016, providing 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) of extra route and three extra stops. It cost € 37m, of which

3869-519: The other end of the line between 0436 and 0457. In this way, stations closest to the depots ( Rotonde for lines A and D, Elsau for lines B and F, Martin Schongauer for line B headed to Ostwald , Kibitzenau for line C and Landsberg for line E). On Sundays and public holidays, service starts an hour later than usual. Service ends at the same time every day; the last departures from termini take place between 0002 and 0015 (except for line C, where

3942-562: The possession of the city of Strasbourg. When Alsace became part of France in November 1918, the name of the company was translated into French, "Compagnie des tramways strasbourgeois" (CTS). In this form it still exists today. Public transport in Strasbourg had begun in 1848 with horse-drawn omnibuses and carriages. The first standard gauge tracks of the Horse/Railway Company were opened on 20 July 1878. These passed through

4015-492: The river Rhine and the two share some municipal services. Kehl station is located near the Europabrücke (Europe Bridge), which can be crossed on foot to enter Strasbourg. Bus line 21 used to connect Kehl with the nearest tram stations across the Rhine in Strasbourg, but Strasbourg tramway line D has since been extended to Kehl. It opened on April 28, 2017 to Kehl station, and to Kehl town centre in November 2018. Kehl

4088-529: The southwestern German state of Baden-Württemberg . It lies in the region of Baden on the Rhine River, at the confluence with the smaller Kinzig River, directly opposite the French and Alsatian city of Strasbourg . It is the third-largest city of the Ortenaukreis ( Ortenau District ) after Offenburg and Lahr/Schwarzwald . Kehl is mostly known because of its proximity to Strasbourg and as

4161-407: The stations, but with the following four constraints: The construction of the network was accompanied by town-planning operations, with the intention of promoting city-centre access by tram. Park and ride facilities were also built near suburban stations in order to encourage motorists to use the tram. Indeed, the rationale behind the reintroduction of the tramway was the perceived negative effect of

4234-429: The supply of a further 50 Citadis trams. An initial 12 trams, worth €41 000 000, entered service by the end of 2016. The trams met BOStrab standards for operation into Germany , and are used on the cross-border line D extension to Kehl , as well as line A. Given the network's size and daily usage, maintenance is practically constant. Two 'Aspirail' trucks run the route daily, sucking up any debris that may be clogging

4307-421: The time. However, a strategic reconsideration of the city's public transport requirements led to the reconstruction of the system, a development whose success led to other large French cities reopening their tramways, such as Montpellier and Nice . Lines A and D were opened in 1994, lines B and C were opened in 2000, line E was opened in 2007 and line F was opened in 2010. It is regarded as a remarkable example of

4380-499: The tram uses its own dedicated signalling system, benefitting from priority over other traffic at all junctions. The six lines are: Some stations connect to the bus network, run by the CTS . During the COVID-19 pandemic , the tram only lost 30% of the ridership, less significant than many other transportation networks in France. Service generally starts at the termini closest to the depot, between 0404 and 0434, picking up at

4453-436: The trams of Basel , Geneva and Saarbrücken . The first tramline in Strasbourg, which was originally horse-drawn , opened in 1878. After 1894, when an electric-powered tram system was introduced, a widespread network of tramways was built, including several longer-distance lines on both sides of the Rhine. Use of the system declined from the 1930s onwards, and the service closed in 1960 in parallel with many other tramways at

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4526-488: The tramway's rebirth in the 1990s. Together with the success seen in Nantes since 1985, the Strasbourg experiment resulted in the construction of tramways in multiple other French urban areas, and the expansion of tramway systems remains an ongoing project in Strasbourg and throughout France. Since 2017, the tram system also reaches Kehl on the right bank of the Rhine, in Germany. While the prior tram network also included such

4599-602: The village was transformed into a fortress in 1683 by the French architect Vauban . In 1681, the Imperial City of Strasbourg, a territory of the Holy Roman Empire that included Kehl, was annexed by Louis XIV , King of France . This annexation was recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697, but all right-bank territories were restored to the Empire, leading to Kehl's cession to the Margraviate of Baden

4672-801: Was badly damaged during the French Revolutionary Wars , especially during the Rhine Campaign of 1796 , during the first and second battles of Kehl, and it was besieged by the Austrians in late 1796 until its surrender on 9 January 1797. During the First French Empire , Kehl was reunited with Strasbourg under the French First Republic , before being restored to Baden ( now raised to an Electorate ) in 1803. After briefly being subject to Austria,

4745-403: Was built in the largest city of Alsace , including also several longer-distance lines on both sides of the Rhine. The decline of the tramways system began in the 1930s, and ended with the retirement of the service in 1960. After a long drawn out communal political decision process, the tram was reintroduced in 1994. As part of the redevelopment of the city, a track of a total 33 km distance

4818-630: Was built, on which 5 tram line services have been developed. On 5 April 1877 the Strasbourg Horse Railway Company ("Straßburger Pferde-Eisenbahngesellschaft") was founded, and the name changed on 25 April 1888 to the Strasbourg Tramway Company ("Straßburger Straßenbahngesellschaft"). Since May 1897, the AEG electrical manufacturing company was the main shareholder. In 1912 the company was transferred to

4891-510: Was completed on 22 May 2008, further extending this part of the line to Lingolsheim Tiergaertel . The total length of these two extensions is 4.9 km, and the entire 2007–2008 extension project was completed at a cost of €397.5m. These extensions transformed a cross-shaped network, centred on Homme de Fer , into a lattice shape, with two lines running in tandem along key routes in the city centre. This enabled more transfers and more direct links between stations, along with greater frequency in

4964-487: Was completed. These extensions should have been finished in 2006, but were delayed by appeals lodged by several associations and three individuals (including two Green Party councillors) On 25 August 2007 lines C and D were extended, and line E entered service. Line D was extended to a new terminus ( Aristide Briand ), while line C was lengthened by 4.2 km, taking it into the heart of Neuhof, which had previously been enclaved in southern Strasbourg. The two lines share

5037-426: Was divided between brothers Bernhard III . and Ernst in 1535, Graben came under the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach . In 1771 when the Margraviate of Baden was reestablished Graben came under its jurisdiction. In 1556, Margrave Charles II of Baden-Durlach introduced Lutheranism in the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach. He also moved his residence from Pforzheim to Durlach giving the Margraviate its name. The wars of

5110-412: Was formed between CTS and Socimi , an Italian company. Stringent standards were set on ergonomics and aesthetics: the city insisted on a fully low-floor design, with wide doors and electric wheelchair ramps in order to facilitate access and cater for the elderly and the disabled. Air conditioning was installed, despite advice from the manufacturers that it was unnecessary. The curved front windscreen covers

5183-555: Was linked to the Alsace regional train (TER) on the Strasbourg-Lauterbourg line. A year later, a new exchange was created at Krimmeri-Meinau : a railway station was built next to the eponymous tram stop, allowing transfers between line A (and line E in 2007) and regional trains running on the Strasbourg-Offenburg line. The tramway remained largely unchanged until 2007, when a new wave of extensions

5256-623: Was only allowed to return after German troops occupied France. On November 10, 1938, the Jewish synagogue of Kehl was broken into by Kehl supporters of the SS and members of the Gestapo and all ritual objects were destroyed. All Jewish men from Kehl and the surrounding area were taken to the city hall, abused and then deported to the Dachau. After this night, the Jewish community had to sell the synagogue to

5329-544: Was then reunited with the city of Kehl. The city and the entire district of Kehl then belonged to the administrative district of South Baden within Baden-Württemberg. Until 1519, Kehl was part of the diocese of Strasbourg . Then, the village had to change religion at the order of the margraves and the first Lutheran minister took office. During the French occupation of the 1690s, Kehl became Roman Catholic again, only to revert to Lutheranism after being ceded back to

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