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81-560: Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso ( LNGS ) is the largest underground research center in the world. Situated below Gran Sasso mountain in Italy , it is well known for particle physics research by the INFN . In addition to a surface portion of the laboratory, there are extensive underground facilities beneath the mountain. The nearest towns are L'Aquila and Teramo . The facility is located about 120 km from Rome . The primary mission of

162-503: A hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ), with hot, dry summers and mild winters like other historical regions along the coast. Its precipitation values also bring it closer to semi-arid conditions. The summer extreme values can be slightly over 40 °C (104 °F), sometimes with very high humidity, while in winter, under special and rare conditions, the temperature drops slightly below zero. Heavy snowfalls occur on average every thirty years. The average temperature of

243-611: A viceroy , who resided in the Palazzo Regio . In the 16th century the fortifications of the city were strengthened with the construction of the bastions and the rights and benefits of the Aragonese were extended to all citizens. The intellectual life was relatively lively and in the early years of the 17th century the university was founded. In 1718, after a brief rule by the Habsburgs , Cagliari and Sardinia came under

324-680: A 10-kilometre (6.2-mile) two-lane highway tunnel carrying the A24 motorway , the Traforo del Gran Sasso , was bored through the Gran Sasso Massif. In 1995, a second parallel tunnel was completed. Construction of the tunnel included an underground particle physics laboratory at Assergi, the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso or Gran Sasso National Laboratory . The first large experiments there started in 1989. The laboratory

405-417: A deep valley. Corno Grande and Corno Piccolo's ash coloration come from their limestone and dolomite composition. The peaks are snow-covered for much of the year though the snow cover appears to be less each decade. Corno Piccolo is referred to as, "The Sleeping Giant". This is due to the appearance of a profile of a reclined face. This view of Corno Piccolo is evident when viewing the mountain from Pietracamela,

486-485: A flawed optic fiber cable in OPERA receiver of the laboratory, resulting in late arrival of the clock signal to which the neutrinos' arrivals were compared. Although the official statement published by OPERA does not declare any anomaly in the velocity of the neutrinos, and therefore the case is completely solved, the development of the story has given the community pause for thought. In 2014 Borexino measured directly, for

567-399: A large Carthaginian era necropolis , a Roman era amphitheatre , a Byzantine basilica , three Pisan-era towers and a strong system of fortification that made the town the core of Spanish Habsburg imperial power in the western Mediterranean Sea . Its natural resources have always been its sheltered harbour, the often powerfully fortified hill of Castel di Castro , the modern Casteddu ,

648-646: A little more than 100 metres (330 ft) above sea level on the long plains of Campidano. The plain is actually a Graben formed during the Alpine orogeny of the Cenozoic , which separated Sardinia from the European continent, roughly where the Gulf of Lion is now. The Graben filled in the course of tectonic movements associated with the breakup of the ancient island Paleozoic skeleton. The repeated intrusion of

729-471: A member of the coordinating group ILIAS . The laboratory consists of a surface facility, located within the Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park , and extensive underground facilities located next to the 10 km long Traforo del Gran Sasso freeway tunnel. The first large experiments at LNGS ran in 1989; the facilities were later expanded, and it is now the largest underground laboratory in

810-494: A narrow channel with the bay, which appears from Claudian to have been used in ancient times as an inner harbor or basin. The promontory adjoining the city is evidently that noticed by Ptolemy ( Κάραλις πόλις καὶ ἄκρα ), but the Caralitanum Promontorium of Pliny can be no other than the headland, now called Capo Carbonara , which forms the eastern boundary of the Gulf of Cagliari and the southeast point of

891-470: A researcher of Institute of Nuclear Physics in Lyons, France, presented preliminary findings that indicated neutrinos produced at CERN were arriving at OPERA detector about 60 ns earlier than they would if they were travelling at the speed of light. This faster-than-light neutrino anomaly was not immediately explained. The results were subsequently investigated and confirmed to be wrong. They were caused by

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972-539: A small town near Prati di Tivo , on the north side of the mountain. Corno Grande and Corno Piccolo with their rough vertical walls provide serious rock climbers with challenges. Situated below the peak of the Corno Grande is the Calderone glacier , although deglaciation has significantly reduced the glacier's size. Glaciologists now question whether the glacier will survive past 2020. The mid- to lower slopes of

1053-697: A unitary state. Although Sardinian by name, the kingdom had its parliament in Turin , where the Savoys resided, and its members were mainly aristocrats from Piedmont or the mainland. In the late 18th century during the French Revolutionary Wars France tried to conquer Cagliari because of its strategic role in the Mediterranean sea ( Expédition de Sardaigne ). A French army landed on Poetto beach and advanced towards Cagliari, but

1134-440: A variety of chamois at the very edge of extinction but now making a comeback in the park through a joint effort by WWF Italia and the park administration. Other species of wildlife include wild boar , foxes , grass snakes such as Orsini's viper , and a wide variety of bird life including golden eagles , peregrine falcons , goshawks , ortolan buntings , rock sparrows , crested larks , red-backed shrikes and downy pipits. At

1215-465: Is 2.11 and the percentage of households composed of a single person is 42.53%. The population of Cagliari is structured like that of other first world countries, especially as to the prevalence of an elderly population. The trend of these rates in the Cagliari metropolitan area is proportionally reversed in the suburbs, where most younger families move. As of 2020 , 5.8% (8,796 people) of the population

1296-496: Is Cagliari: a naked town rising steep, steep, golden-looking, piled naked to the sky from the plain at the head of the formless hollow bay. It is strange and rather wonderful, not a bit like Italy. The city piles up lofty and almost miniature, and makes me think of Jerusalem: without trees, without cover, rising rather bare and proud, remote as if back in history, like a town in a monkish, illuminated missal. One wonders how it ever got there. And it seems like Spain—or Malta: not Italy. It

1377-499: Is a steep and lonely city, treeless, as in some old illumination. Yet withal rather jewel-like: like a sudden rose-cut amber jewel naked at the depth of the vast indenture. The air is cold, blowing bleak and bitter, the sky is all curd. And that is Cagliari. It has that curious look, as if it could be seen, but not entered. It is like some vision, some memory, something that has passed away. Impossible that one can actually walk in that city: set foot there and eat and laugh there. Ah, no! Yet

1458-715: Is also Sardinia's economic and industrial hub, having one of the biggest ports in the Mediterranean Sea , an international airport , and the 106th highest income level in Italy (among 8,092 comuni ), comparable to that of several northern Italian cities. It is also the seat of the University of Cagliari , founded in 1607, and of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cagliari , since the 5th century AD. The Cagliari area has been inhabited since

1539-410: Is an Italian municipality and the capital and largest city of the island of Sardinia , an autonomous region of Italy . It has about 155,000 inhabitants, while its metropolitan city (including Cagliari and 16 other nearby municipalities) has about 420,000 inhabitants. According to Eurostat , the population of the functional urban area , the commuting zone of Cagliari, rises to 476,975. Cagliari

1620-486: Is composed of three large underground chambers, sometimes referred to collectively as the third tunnel, and lies beneath 1,400 metres (4,600 feet) of rock. Construction of the laboratory and second tunnel faced opposition from Italian and international environmental groups including Pro-Natura International , LIPU and Club Alpino Italiano , as well as the World Wide Fund for Nature , Greenpeace , and Friends of

1701-527: Is located to the west of the Castello. A Christian community is attested in Cagliari at least as early as the 3rd century, and by the end of that century the city had a Christian bishop. In the middle decades of the 4th century bishop Lucifer of Cagliari was exiled because of his opposition to the sentence against Athanasius of Alexandria at the Synod of Milan . He was banished to the desert of Thebais by

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1782-598: Is one of the "greenest" Italian cities. Every inhabitant of Cagliari has access to 87.5 square metres (942 sq ft) of public gardens and parks. Its mild climate allows the growth of numerous subtropical plants, such as Jacaranda mimosifolia , Ficus macrophylla , with some huge specimens in Via Roma and in the University Botanic Gardens , Erythrina afra with its stunning red flowers, Ficus retusa , which provides shade for several of

1863-475: Is remarkably free of tourists despite its proximity to Rome and the events of the Gran Sasso raid that took place there in 1943. This is especially true in summer with most Italians preferring beach vacations and foreign visitors more likely to visit the mountains of northern Italy. Pope John Paul II loved to secretly ski at Gran Sasso where he would retire often and pray at the church of San Pietro della Ienca. When he died Cardinal Stanislaw Dziwisz , gave

1944-501: Is the 26th largest city in Italy and the largest city on the island of Sardinia. An ancient city with a long history, Cagliari has seen the rule of several civilisations. Under the buildings of the modern city there is a continuous stratification attesting to human settlement over the course of some five thousand years, from the Neolithic to today. Historical sites include the prehistoric Domus de Janas , very damaged by cave activity,

2025-518: Is the starting and ending point of the Path of 100 Towers , which consist of a trekking route named after the 105 towers located along the whole Sardinian coast. The main beach of Cagliari is the Poetto. It stretches for about 8 kilometres (5 mi), from Sella del Diavolo ("Devil's Saddle") up to the coastline of Quartu Sant'Elena. Poetto is also the name of the district located on the western stretch of

2106-735: The Allies in February 1943. In order to escape from the danger of bombardments and difficult living conditions, many people were evacuated from the city into the countryside. In total the victims of the bombings were more than 2000 and about 80% of the buildings were damaged. The city received the Gold Medal of Military Valour . After the Italian armistice with the Allies in September 1943,

2187-597: The German Army took control of Cagliari and the island, but soon retreated peacefully in order to reinforce their positions in mainland Italy. The American Army then took control of Cagliari. Airports near the city ( Elmas , Monserrato , Decimomannu , currently a NATO airbase) were used by Allied aircraft to fly to North Africa or mainland Italy and Sicily . After the war, the population of Cagliari grew again and many apartment blocks and recreational areas were erected in new residential districts. And suddenly there

2268-624: The House of Savoy . As rulers of Sardinia, the Savoys took the title of kings of the Sardinian kingdom. During the Savoyard Era, until 1848, the institutions of the Sardinian kingdom remained unchanged, but with the " Perfect Fusion " in that year, all the possessions of the House of Savoy House, comprising Savoy , Nice (now part of France ), Piedmont and from 1815 Liguria , were merged into

2349-629: The Majorana /Dirac nature of the neutrino, called CUORE (Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events), is operating in the laboratory (as of 2018). The detector is shielded with lead recovered from an ancient Roman shipwreck, due to the ancient lead's lower radioactivity than recently minted lead. The artifacts were given to CUORE from the National Archaeological Museum in Cagliari . In September 2011, Dario Autiero,

2430-611: The Medicis ; Calascio, which sits before the ancient fortress ruin of Rocca di Calascio, Santo Stefano di Sessanio, and Castel Del Monte. In 2005, a 2,424-metre-high (7,953 ft) peak previously named "The Gendarme" was renamed "John Paul II Peak" on what would have been Pope John Paul II 's 85th birthday. He had visited the Gran Sasso many times, saying it reminded him of the mountains of his native Poland. In January 2017, an avalanche hit Rigopiano hotel , killing 29. In 1984,

2511-535: The Neolithic . It occupies a favourable position between the sea and a fertile plain and is surrounded by two marshes (which provides defence against attacks from the inland). There are high mountains nearby, to which people could evacuate if the settlement had to be given up. Relics of prehistoric inhabitants were found in the hill of Monte Claro ( Monte Claro culture ) and in Cape Sant'Elia (several domus de janas ). Karaly ( Punic : 𐤊𐤓𐤋‬𐤉 , KRLY )

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2592-473: The OPERA and ICARUS detectors, in a study of neutrino oscillations that will improve on the results of the Fermilab to MINOS experiment. In May 2010, Lucia Votano , Director of the Gran Sasso laboratories, announced, "The OPERA experiment has reached its first goal: the detection of a tau neutrino obtained from the transformation of a muon neutrino , which occurred during the journey from Geneva to

2673-687: The Second Punic War , Caralis was the headquarters of the praetor, Titus Manlius Torquatus , whence he conducted his operations against Hampsicora and the Carthaginians. At other times it was also the Romans' chief naval station on the island and the residence of its praetor. The Romans built a new settlement east of the old Punic city, the vicus munitus Caralis (i.e. the fortified community of Caralis) mentioned by Varro Atacinus . The two urban agglomerations merged gradually during

2754-458: The mistral and sirocco ; in summer a marine sirocco breeze (called s'imbattu in Sardinian language ) lowers the temperature and brings some relief from the heat. According to ISTAT, in 2014 there were 154,356 people residing in Cagliari (+3.0% compared with 2011), of whom 71,522 were male and 82,834 female for a sex ratio of 0.86. Minors (children aged 18 and younger) totaled 12.92% of

2835-647: The salt from its lagoons, and, from the hinterland , wheat from the Campidano plain and silver and other ores from the Iglesiente mines. Cagliari was the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1324 to 1848, when Turin became the formal capital of the kingdom (which in 1861 became the Kingdom of Italy ). Today the city is a regional cultural, educational, political and artistic centre, known for its diverse Art Nouveau architecture and several monuments. It

2916-451: The Earth . Environmentalists noted that the nuclear physics laboratory would lie on or near two major and highly active seismic faults, that construction of the tunnels would interfere with a major aquifer , and that construction waste would degrade an environmentally sensitive and significant area. Many credit the opposition created by the tunnel and laboratory construction with galvanizing

2997-628: The French were defeated by Sardinians who had decided to defend themselves against the revolutionary army. The people of Cagliari hoped to receive some concession from the Savoys in return for their defence of the town. For example, aristocrats from Cagliari asked for a Sardinian representative in the parliament of the kingdom. When the Savoyards refused any concession to the Sardinians, the inhabitants of Cagliari rose up against them and expelled all

3078-610: The Gran Sasso Laboratory." This was the first observed tau neutrino candidate event in a muon neutrino beam, providing further evidence that neutrinos have mass. (Research first determined that neutrinos have mass in 1998 at the Super-Kamiokande neutrino detector.) Neutrinos must have mass for this transformation to occur; this is a deviation from the classic Standard Model of particle physics , which assumed that neutrinos are massless. An effort to determine

3159-605: The Gran Sasso are grazed in spring, summer and autumn by large flocks of sheep guarded by Maremmano-Abruzzese sheepdogs as well as herds of cattle and semi-wild horses. The pastures are covered with field grasses and meadowland wildflowers. The park is also the habitat for diverse wildlife from rare species such as the Apennine wolf , the Marsican bear , European wildcat and the Abruzzo chamois ( Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata ),

3240-517: The Italian environmental movement and leading to the creation of the Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park in 1991. In recent years, the laboratory has itself begun promoting preservation of the Gran Sasso environment. Because of its low background radiation, the underground laboratory is used for experiments in particle and nuclear physics, including the study of neutrinos , high-energy cosmic rays , dark matter , nuclear decay , as well as

3321-480: The Rose , Arnold Schwarzenegger 's Red Sonja , Ladyhawke , King David , Keoma and The Barbarians . Cagliari Cagliari ( / k æ l ˈ j ɑːr i / , also UK : / ˌ k æ l i ˈ ɑːr i , ˈ k æ l j ə r i / , US : / ˈ k ɑː l j ə r i / ; Italian: [ˈkaʎʎari] ; Sardinian : Casteddu [kasˈteɖːu] ; Latin : Caralis )

Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso - Misplaced Pages Continue

3402-526: The Sun (only 1% of Sun's energy output). With this outcome Borexino has unraveled both the two processes powering the Sun and many main sequence stars. Gran Sasso The three main summits of the Gran Sasso are Corno Grande , which at 2,912 metres (9,554 feet) is the highest peak in the Apennines, nearby Corno Piccolo , and Pizzo d'Intermesoli , which is separated from the other two peaks by Val Maone,

3483-540: The Sun's core. The Gran Sasso is located in the Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park . Running through this nature preserve is a portion of the Italian State Highway 80 (SS80), known as the Grand Highway of the Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park ("Strada maestra del Parco"). While frequented by skiers in winter, and mountain climbers and hikers in other seasons, the Gran Sasso

3564-640: The Vandals, Ostrogoths , and then part of the Byzantine Empire , Cagliari became the capital of a gradually independent Judicate , (from Latin Iudex, Governor and Supreme Magistrate, used in late Roman and Byzantine period, along with the medieval Greek ἄρχων). This state was born around 1020 and was overthrown by the Republic of Pisa in 1258. Due to the overlap of buildings since the year 800 B.C., and

3645-716: The administrative capital of the newborn Kingdom of Sardinia , one of the many kingdoms forming the Crown of Aragon, which later came under the rule of the Spanish Empire . After the expulsion of the Tuscans, the Castello district was repopulated by the Aragonese settlers of Bonaria while the indigenous population was, as in the past, concentrated in Stampace and Villanova. The kings of Sardinia , also kings of Aragon and later kings of Spain , were represented in Cagliari by

3726-427: The bay, the plain, and the mountains that surround it on the east (The Seven Brothers and Serpeddì) and west (the mountains of Capoterra ). On the cold, clear days of winter, the snowy peaks of Gennargentu can be seen from the highest points of the city. The city has four historic neighbourhoods: Castello, Marina, Stampace and Villanova and several modern districts (such as San Benedetto, Monte Urpinu and Genneruxi at

3807-764: The capital of the Giudicato was located around the road that it directed towards Sassari , today called Corso Vittorio Emanuele II (in Sardinian language: Su Brugu, the borough), although there are not yet archeological confirmations, particularly of the Cathedral and the Judex Palace, destroyed after the Pisan conquest. The Judicate of Cagliari comprised a large area of the Campidano plain, the Sulcis - Iglesiente and

3888-415: The city experienced a century of rapid growth. Numerous buildings combined influences from Art Nouveau together with the traditional Sardinian taste for floral decoration; an example is the white marble City Hall near the port. Many buildings were erected by the end of the 19th century during the term of office of mayor Ottone Bacaredda . In 1905 he had to face up to the a violent, bloody revolt against

3969-571: The city's streets, Araucaria heterophylla , the date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera ), the Canary Islands palm ( Phoenix canariensis ) and the Mexican Fan Palm ( Washingtonia robusta ). Major city parks include: The Molentargius - Saline Regional Park is located near the city. Some mountain parks, such as Monte Arcosu or Maidopis, with large forests and wildlife (Sardinian deer, wild boars, etc.) are also nearby. The city

4050-508: The coldest month, January, is about 10 °C (50 °F), and of the warmest month, August, about 25 °C (77 °F). But heat waves can occur, due to African anticyclone, starting in June. From mid-June to mid-September, rain is a rare event, limited to brief afternoon storms. The rainy season starts in September, and the first cold days come in December. Winds are frequent, especially

4131-481: The current district of Castello were built by the Pisans, including the two remaining white limestone towers (early 14th century) designed by the architect Giovanni Capula . Together with the district of Castello, Castel di Castro comprised the districts of Marina (which included the port), and later Stampace  [ it ] and Villanova. Marina and Stampace were guarded by walls, in contrast to Villanova, which

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4212-477: The east, Sant'Avendrace at the west, Is Mirrionis/San Michele at north and Bonaria, La Palma and Poetto at the south), grown when part of the ancient walls had been demolished in the middle of the 19th century. The comune of Cagliari has one circoscrizione , the town of Pirri (about 30.000 inhabitants), former village of the Campidano absorbed in the fast growth after the Second World War . Cagliari

4293-477: The emperor Constantius II . Claudian describes the ancient city of Karalis as extending to a considerable length towards the promontory or headland, the projection of which sheltered its port. The port affords good anchorage for large vessels, but besides this, which is only a well-sheltered standby, there is a large salt-water lake or lagoon, called the Stagno di Cagliari , adjoining the city and communicating by

4374-544: The exorbitant cost of living, stoked by his political opponents and which caused a number of victims and extensive material damage. After various other ups and downs, and following another resignation, he was returned to office between 1911 and 1917. Ottone Bacaredda died in his modest house in Via San Giovanni, on 26 December 1921, During the Second World War Cagliari was heavily bombed by

4455-468: The experiments from cosmic rays . Providing about 3400 metres of water equivalent (mwe) shielding, it is not the deepest underground laboratory, but the fact that it can be driven to without using mine elevators makes it very popular. Since late August 2006, CERN has directed a beam of muon neutrinos from the CERN SPS accelerator to the Gran Sasso lab, 730 km away, where they are detected by

4536-450: The first time, the neutrinos from the primary proton-proton fusion process in the Sun. This result is published on Nature . This measurement is consistent with the expectations derived from the standard solar model of J. Bahcall along with the theory of solar neutrino oscillations as described by MSW theory . In 2020 Borexino measured also solar neutrinos originated from CNO cycle , a fusion process common in giant stars but uncommon in

4617-419: The judikessa Benedetta of Cagliari to give him the mount located east of Santa Igia . Soon (1216–17) Pisan merchants established there a new fortified city, known as Castel di Castro , which can be considered the ancestor of the modern city of Cagliari. In 1258, after the defeat of William III , the last king of Cagliari, the Pisans and their Sardinian allies ( Arborea , Gallura and Logudoro ) destroyed

4698-434: The laboratory is to host experiments that require a low background environment in the fields of astroparticle physics and nuclear astrophysics and other disciplines that can profit of its characteristics and of its infrastructures. The LNGS is, like the three other European underground astroparticle laboratories ( Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane , Laboratorio subterráneo de Canfranc , and Boulby Underground Laboratory ),

4779-409: The large Tuvixeddu necropolis and other remains. Cagliari was a fortified settlement in what is now the modern Marina quarter, with an annexed holy area in the modern Stampace. Sardinia and Cagliari came under Roman rule in 238 BC, shortly after the First Punic War , when the Romans defeated the Carthaginians. No mention of it is found on the occasion of the Roman conquest of the island but, during

4860-409: The local Abruzzo community some of the late pontiff's blood as a token of the love he had felt for the mountainous area. The Shrine of Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows at Isola del Gran Sasso d'Italia with average of two million visitors per year is one of the 15 most visited sanctuaries in the world. Acclaimed international movies shot at Gran Sasso include Jean-Jacques Annaud 's The Name of

4941-419: The mountain region of Ogliastra . During the 11th century, the Republic of Pisa began to extend its political influence over the Judgedom of Cagliari. Pisa and the maritime republic of Genoa had a keen interest in Sardinia because it was a perfect strategic base for controlling the commercial routes between Italy and North Africa. In 1215 the Pisan Lamberto Visconti , husband of Elena of Gallura , forced

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5022-442: The mountain tribes. In the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey , the citizens of Caralis were the first to declare in favor of the former, an example soon followed by the other cities of Sardinia; and Caesar himself touched there with his fleet on his return from Africa. A few years later, when Sardinia fell into the hands of Menas , the lieutenant of Sextus Pompeius , Caralis was the only city which offered any resistance, but

5103-438: The northern base of Corno Piccolo is Prati di Tivo, a ski village. To the east of Corno Grande and Corno Piccolo lies Campo Imperatore , a 27-kilometre-long (17-mile) and 8-kilometre-wide (5.0-mile) high plain or plateau at about 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) height. Campo Imperatore is home to Italy's oldest continuously operating commercial ski area (connected to Fonte Cerreto via cable car). Hotel Campo Imperatore in Gran Sasso

5184-409: The old capital of Santa Igia. The Judgedom of Cagliari was then divided into three parts: the northeast third went to Gallura; the central portion was incorporated into Arborea; Sulcis and Iglesiente , on the southwest, were given to the Pisan della Gherardesca family, while the Republic of Pisa maintained control over its colony of Castel di Castro. Some of the fortifications that still surround

5265-424: The population, compared to pensioners at 24.81%. The average age of Cagliari residents is 47.44. The ratio of the population over 65 years of age to that under the age of 18, is 53.39%. The elderly population, defined as being over 65 years of age, has increased by 21.95% over the last 10 years. The current birth rate in Cagliari is 6.29 births per 1,000 inhabitants. The average number of people of any age per household

5346-408: The representatives of the kingdom along with the Piedmontese rulers. This insurgence is celebrated in Cagliari during Sa die de sa Sardigna ("The day of Sardinia") on the last weekend of April. However, the Savoys regained control of the town after a brief period of autonomous rule. The population by the 1840s had reached 29,000. Starting in the 1870s, in the wake of the unification of Italy ,

5427-446: The scarcity of archeological and historical informations, it was believed that the population was moved to more inland areas of the territory, along the lagoon, in a city called Santa Ilia or Santa Igia (modern San Gilla) and it was believed that the ancient Roman and Byzantine city had been abandoned because it was too exposed to attacks by Moorish pirates coming from north Africa and Spain. Recent studies have instead hypothesized that

5508-406: The sea left calcareous sediments that formed a series of hills that mark the territory of Cagliari. Castello is where the fortified town arose in the Middle Age near the harbour of the port, other hills are those of Mount Urpinu, the St. Elias hill, also known as the Sella del Diavolo ("Saddle of the Devil") for its shape, Tuvumannu and Tuvixeddu, the site of the ancient Punic and Roman necropolis,

5589-399: The second century BC; to this process is perhaps attributable the plural name Carales . Florus calls it the urbs urbium or capital of Sardinia. He represents it as taken and severely punished by Gracchus , but this statement is wholly at variance with Livy's account of the wars of Gracchus, in Sardinia, according to which the cities were faithful to Rome, and the revolt was confined to

5670-417: The ship drifts nearer, nearer, and we are looking for the actual harbour. The city of Cagliari is situated in the south of Sardinia, overlooking the centre of the eponymous gulf, also called Golfo degli Angeli ("Bay of Angels") after an ancient legend. The city is spread over and around the hill of the historic district of Castello and nine other limestone hills of the middle-to-late Miocene, unique heights of

5751-402: The small Bonaria hill, where the basilica stands, and the San Michele hill, with the eponymous castle on top. The modern city occupies the flat spaces between the hills and the sea to the south and southeast, along the Poetto beach, the lagoons and ponds of Santa Gilla and Molentargius, and the remains of more recent marine intrusions, in an articulate landscape with many landmarks and panoramas of

5832-543: The strip between the beach and Saline di Molentargius ("Molentargius's Salt Mine"). Another smaller beach is that of Calamosca near the Sant'Elia district. On the coast between Calamosca and Poetto beaches, among the cliffs of the Sella del Diavolo, lies Cala Fighera, a small bay. Cagliari is close to other seaside locations such as Santa Margherita di Pula, Chia , Geremeas, Solanas , Villasimius and Costa Rei . Cagliari has

5913-543: The study of geology , and biology . The laboratory employs over 700 scientists from twenty different countries. The LNGS was the destination of the neutrinos involved in the faster-than-light neutrino anomaly publicly announced in September 2011 and retracted in July 2012. In the summer of 2014 the facility was instrumental in confirming previous theories about the Sun's main source of energy, when proton-to-proton fusion-produced neutrinos were detected and measured, virtually at

5994-719: The whole island. Immediately off it lay the little island of Ficaria, now called the Isola dei Cavoli ("Cabbage Island" in Italian, Isula de is Càvurus "Crab Island" in Sardinian). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire Cagliari fell, together with the rest of Sardinia, into the hands of the Vandals , but appears to have retained its importance throughout the Middle Ages. Subsequently, ruled by

6075-546: The world. There are three main barrel vaulted experimental halls, each approximately 20 m wide, 18 m tall, and 100 m long. These provide roughly 3×20×100=6,000 m (65,000 sq ft) of floor space and 3×20×(8+10×π/4)×100=95,100 m (3,360,000 cu ft) of volume. Including smaller spaces and various connecting tunnels, the facility totals 17,800 m (192,000 sq ft) and 180,000 m (6,400,000 cu ft). The experimental halls are covered by about 1400 m of rock, protecting

6156-666: Was Benito Mussolini 's prison until his freeing in September 1943 by Nazi commandos in the Gran Sasso raid . The plateau is also the site of the Campo Imperatore station of the Rome Observatory , from which the Campo Imperatore Near-Earth Object Survey and other astronomical studies are carried out. At the southern edge of Campo Imperatore and within the bounds of the national park are three medieval hill towns once ruled by

6237-557: Was established around the 8th/7th century BC as one of a string of Phoenician colonies in Sardinia, including Tharros . The etymology of the toponym is unknown. It almost certainly does not come from the Phoenician language, but it has some similarities with other Sardinian or Asia Minor toponyms. Its founding is linked to its position along communication routes with Africa as well as to its excellent port. The Phoenician settlement

6318-441: Was foreign, of which the largest group were Filipinos (17.21%), followed by Ukrainians (10.38%), Romanians (8.42%), Senegalese (8.25%) and Chinese (7.94%). In 1928, during the fascist regime, the neighbouring municipalities of Pirri , Monserrato , Selargius , Quartucciu and Elmas , were merged with that of Cagliari. Mussolini's regime wanted to streamline the local administration by eliminating many small towns and at

6399-527: Was located in the Stagno di Santa Gilla , west of the present centre of Cagliari. This was also the site of the Roman Portus Scipio , and when Arab pirates raided the area in the 8th century it became the refuge for people fleeing from the city. Other Phoenician settlements have been found at Cape Sant'Elia. In the late 6th century BC Carthage took control of part of Sardinia, and Cagliari grew substantially under its domination, as testified by

6480-622: Was mostly home to peasants. In the second decade of the 14th century the Crown of Aragon conquered Sardinia after a series of battles against the Pisans . During the siege of Castel di Castro (1324-1326), the Aragonese, led by Alfonso IV of Aragon , built a stronghold on a more southern hill, that of Bonaria. When the fortified city was finally conquered by the Aragonese army, Castel di Castro ( Castel de Càller or simply Càller in Catalan ) became

6561-598: Was taken after a short siege. Cagliari continued to be regarded as the capital of the island under the Roman Empire , and though it did not become a colony , obtained the status of municipium . Remains of Roman public buildings were found to the west of Marina in Piazza del Carmine. There was an area of ordinary housing near the modern Via Roma, and richer houses on the slopes of the Marina distinct. The amphitheatre

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