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51-625: Born in Nancy , she was the daughter of Charles III of Lorraine and his wife Claude of Valois , and granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici . She was named after her paternal grandmother, Christina of Denmark . In 1584, Mary, Queen of Scots , hoped that Christina would marry her son James VI of Scotland . Mary thought that Christina, as her family relation, would be a useful ally to her. Mary wrote to Catherine de' Medici , Queen of France, about this marriage plan, but nothing came of it. In 1587 Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany died without

102-509: A province , with Nancy maintained as capital. Following its rise to prominence in the Age of Enlightenment , it was nicknamed the "capital of Eastern France" in the late 19th century. The metropolitan area of Nancy had a population of 511,257 inhabitants at the 2018 census, making it the 16th-largest functional urban area in France and Lorraine 's largest. The population of the city of Nancy proper

153-650: A large number of institutions of higher learning: Nancy is home to two of the three professional sport clubs in Lorraine: AS Nancy-Lorraine in football and SLUC Nancy in basketball. AS Nancy-Lorraine's Hall of Fame includes triple-Ballon d'Or and UEFA President Michel Platini, Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger, 1998 World Champion Aimé Jacquet, 2000 European Champion Roger Lemerre, 1998 African Ballon d'Or Mustapha Hadji, Irish legend Tony Cascarino, 1986 European Cup winner Sacha Zavarov and 1958 World Cup Semi-finalist Roger Piantoni. AS Nancy-Lorraine won

204-614: A legitimate male heir; his brother Ferdinando immediately declared himself the third Grand Duke of Tuscany . Seeking a marriage that would preserve his political independence, Ferdinando chose his distant cousin, Christine of Lorraine, the favourite granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. Catherine had influenced her towards this marriage, to re-align the Medici with France, not Spain. The sumptuous and well-documented wedding festivities, celebrated in Florence in 1589, were designed to impress

255-746: A regular government of the Kingdom of France . A parlement for Lorraine and Barrois was established in Nancy in 1776. As unrest surfaced within the French Armed Forces during the French Revolution , a full-scale mutiny, known as the Nancy affair , took place in Nancy in the latter part of summer 1790. A few units loyal to the government laid siege to the town and shot or imprisoned the mutineers. In 1871, Nancy remained French when Germany annexed Alsace-Lorraine . In 1909 it hosted

306-649: A response. In his Letter to Grand Duchess Christina Galileo expounded on the relationship between science and revelation. He argued that the Scripture does not intend to teach natural philosophy, but conveys the message of salvation. Thus there was not need to reconcile the Bible with science, and that it would damage the authority of the Church in the unbelieving world if it was to make rash pronouncements about science. This line of argument resembled Christina's own views on

357-471: A small decrease in population since 2007, placing it behind Metz as the second largest city in the Lorraine. However, the urban area of Metz experienced population decline from 1990 to 2010 while the urban area of Nancy grew over the same period, becoming the largest urban area in Lorraine and second largest in the " Grand Est " region of northeastern France. Within the Nancy metropolitan area in recent years,

408-594: A son and heir, the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 left the throne to the latter's next child. This turned out to be a daughter, Maria Theresa of Austria . In 1736, Emperor Charles arranged her marriage to Duke François of Lorraine, who reluctantly agreed to exchange his ancestral lands for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany . The exiled Polish king Stanislaus I ( Stanisław Leszczyński in Polish), father-in-law of

459-629: A tour of Europe in 1627. Maria Maddalena died in November 1631, shortly after her son Ferdinando II had formally assumed the position of grand duke. Maria Maddalena' brother was the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and she supported his anti-Protestant politics. Together with her brother she supported the militant wing of the Jesuits , with their Counter-Reformation ideology. Contemporary sources did not pass judgement on

510-611: A unique and interesting Musée de l'École de Nancy (School of Nancy Museum) with artworks by Émile Gallé , Louis Majorelle , Daum , Caravaggio , and others. Nancy also has other museums: The city is also the seat of the Diocese of Nancy and the home of the Opéra national de Lorraine . There is a network of libraries, the central of which is Bibliothèque municipale de Nancy . Nancy is known for its macarons and bergamotes , candies flavored with bergamot essential oil . Nancy has

561-483: A villa, renamed it La Quiete and had it decorated in iconographic style by Giovanni da San Giovanni . [REDACTED] Media related to Christina of Lorraine at Wikimedia Commons Nancy, France Nancy is the prefecture of the northeastern French department of Meurthe-et-Moselle . It was the capital of the Duchy of Lorraine , which was annexed by France under King Louis XV in 1766 and replaced by

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612-540: Is Gare de Nancy-Ville , with direct connections to Paris (high-speed rail line), Metz , Lyon , Strasbourg and several regional destinations. The motorway A31 connects Nancy with Metz, Luxembourg and Langres . A nearby regional airport Lorraine Airfield provides scheduled air service to several cities within France. Public transport within Nancy is provided by Service de Transport de l'Agglomération Nancéienne (STAN), operated by Veolia Transport , operating around 20 conventional bus routes and, until early 2023,

663-417: Is 104,885. The motto of the city is Non inultus premor ( Latin for 'I am not injured unavenged') —a reference to the thistle, which is a symbol of Lorraine . Place Stanislas , a large square built between 1752 and 1756 by architect Emmanuel Héré under the direction of Stanislaus I of Poland to link the medieval old town of Nancy and the new city built under Charles III, Duke of Lorraine in

714-399: Is relatively small: 15 km . Its built-up area is continuous with those of its adjacent suburbs. The neighboring communes of Nancy are: Jarville-la-Malgrange , Laxou , Malzéville , Maxéville , Saint-Max , Tomblaine , Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy and Villers-lès-Nancy . The oldest part of Nancy is the quarter Vieille Ville – Léopold , which contains the 14th century Porte de la Craffe ,

765-604: The Tram by STAN , a guided busway based on Bombardier Transportation 's Guided Light Transit (GLT) technology and using articulated trolleybuses that was running for approximately 10 km on the East-West axis. The coat of arms of Nancy displays a thistle , originally considered to be a symbol of Virgin Mary , and adopted as a personal symbol by René of Anjou and later by his descendant René II, Duke of Lorraine . Contrary to

816-465: The Art Nouveau style at the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century. It was principally their work which made Nancy a center of art and architecture that rivaled Paris and helped give the city the nickname "Capitale de l'Est". The city still possesses many Art Nouveau buildings (mostly banks or private homes). Furniture, glassware , and other pieces of the decorative arts are conserved at

867-632: The Basilica of Saint-Epvre , which have historical ties to the ducal House of Lorraine . The Place Stanislas named after king of Poland , Grand Duke of Lithuania and duke of Lorraine Stanislaus I , Place de la Carrière, and Place d'Alliance were added on the World Heritage Sites list by the UNESCO in 1983. The " École de Nancy ", a group of artists and architects founded by the glassmaster and furniture maker Émile Gallé , worked in

918-616: The Duchy of Guelders , the Duchy of Jülich and the County of Bar . The inescutcheon is the coat of arms of Lorraine itself. The coat of arms displays the motto, which appeared in the end of the 16th century. It was initially " Nul ne s'y frotte " ("no one attacks it"), but it was changed to Latin " Non inultus premor " in 1616. The motto has a similar meaning to the Scottish one, " Nemo me impune lacessit ", usually translated as "No one attacks me with impunity", which also makes reference to

969-812: The Exposition Internationale de l'Est de la France between May and November. Nancy was occupied by German forces beginning in 1940 and renamed Nanzig. During the Lorraine Campaign of World War II, Nancy was liberated from Nazi Germany by the US Third Army in September 1944, at the Battle of Nancy . In 1988, Pope John Paul II visited Nancy. In 2005, French President Jacques Chirac , German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder and Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski inaugurated

1020-753: The Musée de l'École de Nancy , which is housed in the 1909 villa of Eugène Corbin , a Nancy businessman and supporter of the Art Nouveau there. The Musée des Beaux-Arts has further collections of the Art Nouveau movement. A major botanical garden , the Jardin botanique du Montet , is located at Villers-lès-Nancy. Other gardens of interest include the city's earliest botanical garden, the Jardin Dominique Alexandre Godron , and various other public gardens and places of interest including

1071-630: The Palace of the Dukes of Lorraine , the Porte Désilles and the 19th century St-Epvre basilica . Adjacent to its south is the quarter Charles III – Centre Ville , which is the 16th–18th century "new town". This quarter contains the famous Place Stanislas , the Nancy Cathedral , the Opéra national de Lorraine and the main railway station . The population of the city proper experienced

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1122-571: The University of Pisa . He then moved to Florence to work under the jurist Pompeo Neri . He obtained a salaried position in the State department of the Grand Duchy, and in 1768 was appointed professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Florence . In 1769, Riguccio, along with Carlo Bonsi and Ferdinando Fossi, was appointed by Grand-Duke Leopold with the gargantuan task of reorganizing

1173-791: The thistle . The coat of arms further displays the Legion of Honour , awarded to the city after the First World War , and the War Crosses 14–18 and 39–45. Jacopo Riguccio Galluzzi Jacopo Riguccio Galluzzi (25 April 1739 – 24 September 1801) was an Italian writer and historian, mainly of the Medici dynasty and era in Florence . He was born in Volterra to a prominent family. During 1757–1762, he studied Civil and Canon law at

1224-558: The 17th century, is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site , the first square in France to be given this distinction. The city also has many buildings listed as historical monuments and is one of the European centres of Art Nouveau thanks to the École de Nancy . Nancy is also a large university city; with the Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brabois, the conurbation is home to one of

1275-557: The Florentine court lamented that "the Jesuits acted as if they were in charge". The co-regents did abolish a century old law in 1623 to allow patricians to participate in the government of Florence. As a consequence patricians started to occupy positions in a range of institutions of the Medici government and in the civil service. This move was intended to weaken the power of the Roman aristocrats in Florentine government. This strategy

1326-673: The French cup 1978 with captain Michel Platini who scored the only goal of the final (Nancy 1–0 Nice). More recently AS Nancy-Lorraine won the "Coupe de la Ligue" (French League Cup) in 2006 and reached fourth place in the French football league in 2007/2008. SLUC Nancy won the last Korac European Cup in 2002, reached the finals of French championship of basketball (Pro A) four consecutive times and finally won his first trophy in 2008. Also winner of "Semaine des As" in 2005 and champion of 2nd league (pro B) in 1994. The main railway station

1377-663: The French king Louis XV , was then given the vacant duchy of Lorraine. Under his nominal rule, Nancy experienced growth and a flowering of Baroque culture and architecture. Stanislaus oversaw the construction of Place Stanislaus, a major square and development connecting the old medieval with a newer part of the city. On the south side of the Place Stanislaus is the Hôtel de Ville , which was completed in 1755. Upon Stanislaus' death in February 1766, Lorraine and Barrois became

1428-544: The Pépinière and Parc Sainte-Marie (public gardens). The town also has an aquarium. The surroundings of the train station are a busy commercial area. The city is known for its World Heritage buildings at the Place Stanislas , which was opened April 2005 by Jacques Chirac after refurbishment. At the turn of the 20th century, Nancy was a major center of the Art Nouveau with the École de Nancy . The city possesses

1479-405: The Scottish thistle, the one of Lorraine is always shown with its roots. During the wars against Burgundy , the thistle became an emblem for the people of Lorraine as a whole. It officially became the attribute of the city of Nancy in 1575 when Charles III, Duke of Lorraine granted the city with its own coat of arms. At first, the coat of arms of Nancy had a chief of Lorraine, which meant that

1530-601: The Triumphal Arch and the "Place de la Carrière" are a fine examples of 18th-century architecture. The Palace of the Dukes of Lorraine is the former princely residence of the rulers. The palace houses the Musée Lorrain . A historic church is the Church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours, Nancy , final resting place of the last duke Stanislas. Other notable churches are the Church of Saint-François-des-Cordeliers and

1581-651: The archives of the Secretary of State of Tuscany. He continued into the 1790s with various government posts. He wrote a history of the House of Medici , including of the last of grand-duke of the family, Gian Gastone . The work was commissioned by Grand-Duke Leopold. During the occupation of Tuscany by the French Revolutionary armies , in 1798 he also joined the French-backed puppet government . He

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1632-474: The benefit of her son". Christina was keen to bolster the dynastic claim of the Medici, and commissioned a biography of the first grand duke and her father-in-law Cosimo I . She also commissioned engravings by Jacques Callot to showcase the life of her late husband Ferdinando I. Her son Cosimo II died in February 1621, leaving his ten-year-old son Ferdinando II as grand duke. Christina and her daughter-in-law, Maria Maddalena of Austria , acted as regents until

1683-576: The boy came of age. Their regency is known as the Tutrici . Little is known about the relationship of the two women, though they coexisted at court. Maria Maddalena took on the public political role by taking the seat in the primo luogo . Christina took charge of engaging with the Florentine religious establishment. Maria Maddalena assumed the title of archduchess. Christina became known as the Dowager Grand Duchess, and sent Ferdinando II on

1734-467: The city population declined slightly (2009–2014) at the roughly same time as a small increase in the population of its urban area (2006–2012). Nancy has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ), although a bit more extreme than most of the larger French cities . By the standards of France it is a "continental" climate with a certain degree of maritime (unrelated to the Köppen classification , since generally

1785-534: The day. Through her patronage the Monastero di Santa Croce (or La Crocetta ) became the principal residence for unmarried Medici princesses. As a young women Christina had expressed the wish to finish her life in a convent, but she never withdrew from political affairs. Though she did build for herself a residence next to Crocetta, and spend less time at the Medici court in Pitti Palace . In 1627 she purchased

1836-434: The ephemeral decorations. Altogether the wedding spectacles cost approximately fourteen million pounds in today's currency. These lavish and innovative forms of entertainment proved to be more than showmanship. They greatly influenced theatrical practices in European courts throughout the 17th century. On 28 July 1603 she wrote to Anne of Denmark to congratulate her and King James coming to the throne of England . The letter

1887-526: The exact workings of nature, he gave precedence to natural philosophers, and that theologians should in the light of these findings determine the meaning of the Bible. In the letter to Galileo, Castelli stated that Christina criticized heliocentrism, and Galileo did not like this. However, Christina's disagreement was prompted by Boscaglia rather than by her own thought. Galileo had been attacked in front of his paymasters, and after being warned by Castelli and an exchange of views with his former student, he drafted

1938-452: The lens of the telescope. But Boscaglia argued that Galileo's interpretation of his discoveries was wrong, mainly because "the motion of the Earth seemed incredible and could not be true, all the more so since Holy Scripture was clearly against this opinion." Christina asked Castelli for his opinion on the matter, not as a mathematician but as a theologian. Castelli responded that with regards to

1989-495: The main health centres in Europe, renowned for its innovations in surgical robotics. The earliest signs of human settlement in the area date to 800 BC. Early settlers were likely attracted by easily mined iron ore and a ford in the river Meurthe . Its name is first attested as Nanciaco , possibly from a Gaulish personal name. A small fortified town named Nanciacum ( Nancy ) was built by Gérard, Duke of Lorraine around 1050. Nancy

2040-470: The matter, and is in essence the position the Catholic Church takes today on questions of science. Christina's reputation for piety stems from her patronage for Florentine religious institutions, particularly female monasteries. She became an active patron immediately after her marriage. In 1592 she and her daughters were granted permission by Pope Clement VIII to enter Florentine convents during

2091-629: The philosopher Cosimo Boscaglia . When the court was in Pisa during winter, in December 1613, Galileo's former student Benedetto Castelli was invited to court. At a breakfast attended by Cosimo II, his wife, his mother Christina and Boscaglia the Medicean stars were discussed. These were the four moons of Jupiter Galileo had discovered and named after Cosimo II and his brothers. Boscaglia conceded that these moons were real, and not an illusion produced by

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2142-557: The quality of the co-regency, but focused on detailing the daily going-on at court. The 18th Century historian Jacopo Riguccio Galluzzi remarked on the co-regency "everything started to decline from the moment of Cosimo II' death". Galluzzi criticised that in the co-regency religious men were allowed to enter administrative ranks in the Tuscan government. Galluzzi also lamented that both women continued to influence Ferdinando II after he had come of age. Angelo Solerti , an important source on

2193-553: The renovated Place Stanislas, which was recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. Nancy is situated on the left bank of the river Meurthe , about 10 km upstream from its confluence with the Moselle . The Marne–Rhine Canal runs through the city, parallel to the Meurthe. Nancy is surrounded by hills that are about 150 m higher than the city center, which is situated at 200 m above mean sea level. The area of Nancy proper

2244-497: The royal houses of Europe. The wedding ceremony in Florence Cathedral was followed by outdoor events for the public, as well as banquets and balls, comedies and musical interludes, and a mock sea battle in the flooded courtyard of Palazzo Pitti for the aristocratic guests. PJ Mariette takes note of the various artists including Santi di Tito , Gregorio Pagani , Camillo Pagni , and Giovanni Battista Paggi, who worked on

2295-466: The upper part showed the ducal arms, namely three alerions on a red bend. Later, the chief of Lorraine was replaced by a more complex one which gathers the former possessions of the Dukes of Lorraine. The upper row comprises from left to right the arms of the Kingdom of Hungary , the Kingdom of Naples , the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Crown of Aragon , while the lower row comprises the Duchy of Anjou ,

2346-466: The use of the geometric and military compass . In 1608 Christina asked Galileo to attend Cosimo's wedding to Maria Maddalena of Austria and in the same year asked him to cast a horoscope for her ill husband. Following the death of his father, Cosimo assumed the throne in February 1609, and Galileo applied for patronage at the Medici court. Christina and the Medici Court also offered patronage to

2397-492: The west of the country. Sunshine hours are almost identical to Paris and the snowy days are the same as Strasbourg (most similar weather conditions). Although the lowest recorded temperature is officially −26.8 °C, some sources consider temperatures from −30 °C on 10 December 1879 before continuous data. The old city center's heritage dates from the Middle Ages to the 18th century. The cathedral of Nancy ,

2448-487: The whole country has a predominant mechanism favored by the West winds ). The temperatures have a distinct variation of the temperate zone , both during the day and between seasons but without being very different. Winters are cold and dry in freezing climates. Summers are not always sunny, but warm enough. Mists are frequent in autumn and the winds are light and not too violent. Precipitation tends to be less abundant than in

2499-462: Was brought to London by Count Alfonso Montecuccoli . Christina's husband died in early 1609, shortly after her son had wed. Grand Duke Cosimo II was only 19 when he assumed power, and Christina remained a dominant force at the court. In 1610 the Venetian ambassador Giacomo Vendramin wrote home: "the grand duchess wants thus to govern everything absolutely, without any thought to the reputation and

2550-561: Was burned in 1218 at the end of the War of Succession of Champagne , and conquered by Emperor Frederick II . It was rebuilt in stone over the next few centuries as it grew in importance as the capital of the Duchy of Lorraine . Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy , was defeated and killed in the Battle of Nancy in 1477; René II, Duke of Lorraine became the ruler. Following the failure of both Emperor Joseph I and Emperor Charles VI to produce

2601-533: Was continued by Ferdinando II. Christina of Lorraine died at the Medici villa in Castello, aged 72, in December 1636. Christina was chosen by Fernando as bride, not only because she was a devout Catholic, but also because she was intelligent and well educated. Christina had received a scholarly education due to the efforts of Catherine de Medici . In 1605, she invited Galileo Galilei to tutor her son Cosimo II de' Medici . Among other things, Galilei taught Cosimo

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