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41-470: Grand Marais may refer to: Grand Marais, Louisiana , a Creole unincorporated community in Iberia Parish, Louisiana , United States Grand Marais, Manitoba , Canada Grand Marais, Michigan , United States Grand Marais, Minnesota , United States Grand Marais, Seeland , Switzerland Grand Marais Creek , a 41.1-mile-long (66.1 km) tributary of

82-455: A freedman would be born free, with full rights of citizenship. The Claudian Civil Service set a precedent whereby freedmen could be used as civil servants in the Roman bureaucracy . In addition, Claudius passed legislation concerning slaves, including a law stating that sick slaves abandoned by their owners became freedmen if they recovered. The emperor was criticized for using freedmen in

123-517: Is a caricature of such a freedman. The term "Eastern slave trade" refers to the Arab slave trade that supplied the early Muslim conquests throughout the Arab - Muslim world from the 7th to the 20th centuries, peaking in the 18th and 19th centuries. This term, which covers the Arab-Muslim slave trade, is symmetrical with the term "Western slave trade", which refers to the triangular trade on

164-411: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Iberia Parish, Louisiana Iberia Parish ( French : Paroisse de l'Ibérie , Spanish : Parroquia de Iberia ) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana . At the 2020 census , it had a population of 69,929; the parish seat is New Iberia . The parish was formed in 1868 during

205-485: Is stationed in New Iberia, Louisiana . Both units have deployed twice to Iraq, 2004-5 and 2010, as part of the 256TH IBCT . Geology 29°47′N 91°47′W  /  29.79°N 91.78°W  / 29.79; -91.78 Freedmen Rome differed from Greek city-states in allowing freed slaves to become plebeian citizens . The act of freeing a slave was called manumissio , from manus , "hand" (in

246-478: The 2020 United States census , there were 69,929 people, 26,185 households, and 20,409 families residing in the parish. The 2019 American Community Survey estimated 69,830 people lived in Iberia Parish. Approximately 25.6% of the population were under 18 years of age and 51.1% of the population was female. At the census of 2000, there were 73,266 people, 25,381 households, and 19,162 families residing in

287-580: The American Civil War . They supported the Confederacy during the war, supplying some warriors in the West, as they were promised their own state if the Confederacy won. After the end of the war, the U.S. required these tribes to make new peace treaties, and to emancipate their African slaves. They were required to offer full citizenship in their tribes to those freedmen who wanted to stay with

328-512: The Eurasian steppes . The offspring of Mamluks were regarded as Muslim freedmen, and hence excluded from the Arab-Muslim slave trade; they were known as the awlād al-nās ("sons of respectable people"), who either fulfilled scribal and administrative functions or served as commanders of the non-Mamluk ḥalqa troops, serving the ruling Arab and Ottoman dynasties in the Muslim world . In

369-641: The Horn of Africa , and the islands of the Indian Ocean . For centuries, Arab-Muslim slave traders took and transported an estimated 10 to 15 million native Africans to slavery throughout the Arab - Muslim world . They also enslaved Europeans (known as Saqaliba ), as well as Caucasian and Turkic peoples, from coastal areas of the Mediterranean Region , the Balkans , Central Asia , and

410-589: The Reconstruction era and named for the Iberian Peninsula . It is part of the 22-parish Acadiana region of the state, with a large Francophone population. Some of its ethnic French residents had ancestors who settled here after being expelled in the 18th century by the British from Acadia in present-day Canada. Historically, it has also been a center for sugar cane cultivation and produces

451-698: The Reconstruction era was one of increasing violence, especially at the turn of the century and into the early 20th century. In this period, the highly populated Iberia Parish had 26 lynchings of Black people by the KKK , as part of racial terrorism. This was the fifth-highest total of any parish in Louisiana, and tied with the total number of lynchings in Bossier Parish . There was intense political factionalism in Louisiana. Iberia Parish had factions split among conservatives and those who were more moderate about

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492-538: The Red River of the North in northwestern Minnesota, United States Grand Marais Road (Windsor, Ontario) , a road that travels through Windsor, Ontario Grand Marais Trail , a small bicycle trail that follows Turkey Creek in the middle of Windsor, Ontario See also [ edit ] Grand (disambiguation) Marais (disambiguation) Little Marais (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

533-588: The U.S. Census Bureau , the parish has a total area of 1,031 square miles (2,670 km ), of which 574 square miles (1,490 km ) is land and 456 square miles (1,180 km ) (44%) is water. This includes Marsh Island . The parish has both national and state protected areas within its borders. Part of the Attakapas Wildlife Management Area is located within Iberia Parish, as well as in St. Mary and St. Martin parishes. As of

574-858: The Western coasts of Africa that supplied the European colonization of the Americas , and which includes the Atlantic slave trade . The slaves of the Eastern slave trade came mainly from Sub-Saharan Africa , Northwestern Africa , Southern Europe , Slavic countries , the Caucasus , and the Indian subcontinent , and were imported by the Arab-Muslim slave traders into the Middle East and North Africa ,

615-571: The history of the United States , the terms "freedmen" and "freedwomen" refer chiefly to former African slaves emancipated during and after the American Civil War by the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . African slaves freed before the war (usually by individual manumissions , often in wills ) were generally referred to as "free Negroes" or "free Blacks". In addition, there

656-539: The "Civil War Amendments" or the " Reconstruction Amendments ". To help freedmen transition from slavery to freedom, including a free labor market, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln created the Freedmen's Bureau , which assigned agents throughout the former Confederate states. The Bureau also founded schools to educate freedmen, both adults and children; helped freedmen negotiate labor contracts; and tried to minimize violence against freedmen. The era of Reconstruction

697-539: The Confederacy —states in rebellion and not under the control of the Union —to be permanently free. It did not end slavery in the four border states that had stayed in the Union. African slavery elsewhere was abolished by state action or with the ratification of the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in December 1865. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 , passed over the veto of U.S. President Andrew Johnson , gave

738-654: The Imperial Courts. Some freedmen enjoyed enormous success and became quite wealthy. The brothers who owned House of the Vettii , one of the biggest and most magnificent houses in Pompeii , are thought to have been freedmen. A freedman who became rich and influential might still be looked down on by the traditional aristocracy as a vulgar nouveau riche . Trimalchio , a character in the Satyricon of Petronius ,

779-550: The South via military districts enacted by the Reconstruction Acts ; they protected freedmen in voting polls and public facilities from violence and intimidation by white Southerners, which were common throughout the region. The Cherokee Nation , Choctaw Nation , Chickasaw Nation , Seminole Nation of Oklahoma , and Creek Nation were among those Native American tribes that held enslaved Africans before and during

820-521: The United Kingdom and Europe voluntarily, planning to settle in Australia, some as pastors and missionaries, others seeking to make a living by trade or farming. When convicts finished their sentence, they were freed and referred to as "freedmen" or "freed men". However, many of these who were freed wanted to claim the label "free men". But those who had come freely to Australia wanted to reserve

861-404: The formerly enslaved peoples full citizenship in the United States , though this did not guarantee them voting rights. The 14th Amendment made "All persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the United States. The 15th Amendment gave voting rights to all adult males; only adult males had the franchise among White Americans . The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments are known as

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902-708: The most sugar of any parish in the state. Iberia Parish is part of the Lafayette metropolitan area . The Port of Iberia has a waterway with access to the Gulf Coast. Iberia Parish was created from parts of St. Martin Parish and St. Mary Parish in 1868. It was part of an effort by the Reconstruction-era government to create parishes in which there would be large Republican-majority populations, composed primarily of freedmen in those years. This territory

943-720: The north of the island. Some went first to Spanish-ruled Cuba , from where they immigrated to New Orleans in 1808 and 1809 after being expelled when Napoleon invaded Spanish territories in Western Europe . Many brought slaves with them. Their numbers strengthened the French-speaking community of enslaved African peoples, as well as the free people of color. Other refugees from Saint-Domingue settled in Charleston , Savannah , and New York . The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 declared all enslaved peoples in

984-685: The original group). In addition to arguing that the post-Civil War treaties gave them citizenship, the freedmen have argued that the Dawes Rolls were often inaccurate, recording as freedmen even those individuals who had partial Cherokee ancestry and were considered Cherokee by blood. The Choctaw freedmen and Creek freedmen have similarly struggled with their respective tribes over the terms of citizenship in contemporary times. The tribes have wanted to limit those who can benefit from tribal citizenship, in an era in which gaming casinos are yielding considerable revenues for members. The majority of members of

1025-419: The parish had a median income $ 48,861 and mean income of $ 23,290. An estimated 21.9% of the parish population lived at or below the poverty line. The median income for a household in the parish was $ 31,204, and the median income for a family was $ 36,017 in 2000. Males had a median income of $ 32,399 versus $ 18,174 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $ 14,145. About 20.20% of families and 23.60% of

1066-584: The parish. Iberia parish also has several private schools. These include Catholic High New Iberia (of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lafayette in Louisiana ), Acadiana Christian School and Highland Baptist School. Iberia Parish is in the service area of Fletcher Technical Community College and of South Louisiana Community College . E Company 199th Forward Support Battalion is stationed in Jeanerette, Louisiana , and B Company 2-156th

1107-514: The parish. The population density was 127 people per square mile (49 people/km ). There were 27,844 housing units at an average density of 48 per square mile (19/km ). In 2000, there were 25,381 households, out of which 39.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.20% were married couples living together, 17.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.50% were non-families. 21.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.70% had someone living alone who

1148-482: The persons legally executed for violent crimes in the late 19th century. In the late 19th century, there was often a labor shortage on the sugar plantations. Planters recruited thousands of Italian immigrants as temporary laborers, many Sicilians who had first settled in New Orleans. They were needed during the fall harvest and processing season, which extended from October to January. The Italians became part of

1189-432: The population were below the poverty line , including 31.50% of those under age 18 and 20.20% of those age 65 or over. At the 2000 census, the racial makeup of the parish was 65.08% White , 30.81% Black or African American , 0.31% Native American , 1.93% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.60% from other races , and 1.25% from two or more races. About 1.50% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of

1230-479: The population, 11.99% reported speaking French or Cajun French at home, while 1.48% speak Lao and 1.29% Spanish . The 2019 census estimated determined 58.6% of the population was non-Hispanic white , 32.8% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 2.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.9% multiracial, and 4.3% Hispanic or Latin American of any race. Iberia Parish School System serves

1271-429: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Marais&oldid=761911781 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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1312-410: The sense of holding or possessing something), and missio , the act of releasing. After manumission , a slave who had belonged to a Roman citizen enjoyed not only passive freedom from ownership, but active political freedom (libertas) , including the right to vote. A slave who had acquired libertas was known as a libertus ("freed person", feminine liberta ) in relation to his former master, who

1353-559: The status of Black people. Moderates sometimes allied with the Republican creoles and White people in the parish. But in 1884 white Democrats murdered more than 20 African Americans (most of the total noted above), in a kind of political lynching, and arrested White Republicans to regain power in Iberia Parish. In contrast to northern Louisiana, residents otherwise seemed to rely more on the formal legal system, with fewer mob lynchings. But Black people suffered here, making up 88 percent of

1394-455: The tribes have voted to limit membership. Descendants of freedmen, however, maintain that their rights to citizenship granted under the post-Civil War treaties should be restored. In 2017, the Cherokee freedmen were granted citizenship again in the tribe. Many convicted people from the United Kingdom were sentenced to be transported to Australia between 1788 and 1868. Also, many came from

1435-573: The tribes. Numerous families had intermarried by that time or had other personal ties. If freedmen left the tribes, they would become U.S. citizens. In the late 20th century, the Cherokee Nation voted for restrictions on membership to only those descendants of people listed as "Cherokee by blood" on the Dawes Rolls of the early 20th century, a decision that excluded most Cherokee Freedmen (by that time this term referred to descendants of

1476-422: The volatility of social relations, struggling to make their way between planters and Black workers, and competing with other workers for jobs. The parish economy changed markedly in the 20th century after the discovery of oil. The Port of Iberia was developed into an industrial center. New types of jobs became available for African Americans. Iberia produces the most sugar of any parish in the state. According to

1517-451: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.28. In the parish the population was spread out, with 30.00% under the age of 18, 9.60% from 18 to 24, 28.40% from 25 to 44, 20.60% from 45 to 64, and 11.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 92.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.80 males in 2000. In 2019,

1558-562: Was a population of African Americans born free. In addition, there were sizable communities of free peoples of African descent in the French Caribbean colonies , such as Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe . Due to the violence of the Haitian Revolution , many free people of color, who were originally part of the revolution, fled the island as refugees after being attacked by slave rebels , particularly in

1599-583: Was an attempt to establish new governments in the former Confederacy and to bring freedmen into society as voting citizens. Northern church bodies, such as the American Missionary Association and the Free Will Baptists , sent teachers to the South to assist in educating freedmen and their children, and eventually established several colleges for higher education. U.S. Army occupation soldiers were stationed throughout

1640-489: Was called his or her patron ( patronus ) . As a social class, freed slaves were liberti , though later Latin texts used the terms libertus and libertini interchangeably. Libertini were not entitled to hold public office or state priesthoods , nor could they achieve legitimate senatorial rank . During the early Empire, however, freedmen held key positions in the government bureaucracy, so much so that Hadrian limited their participation by law. Any future children of

1681-506: Was part of the sugar parishes, where sugar cane plantations were developed along the waterways before and after the Civil War, dependent on labor of high numbers of enslaved African Americans before the war. Sugar cane was a lucrative commodity crop for planters. Relations between White and Black people were troubled after the Civil War, as White people sought to dominate freedmen , by violence and intimidation if necessary. The period after

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