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162-550: When launching Star Trek: The Next Generation in 1987, Gene Roddenberry and the show's writers decided to introduce a new alien species to serve as antagonists for the crew of the USS Enterprise -D . The Ferengi first appeared in " The Last Outpost ", the show's fourth episode, which was set in the year 2364. The writers decided that the Ferengi ultimately failed to appear sufficiently menacing, instead replacing them with

324-454: A Penrose diagram of a Schwarzschild black hole . In the Penrose diagram, an object traveling faster than light will cross the black hole and will emerge from another end into a different space, time or universe. This will be an inter-universal wormhole. Theories of wormhole metrics describe the spacetime geometry of a wormhole and serve as theoretical models for time travel. An example of

486-527: A Southern Baptist ; however, as an adult, he rejected religion, and considered himself a humanist . He began questioning religion around the age of 14, and came to the conclusion that it was "nonsense". As a child, he served in the choir at his local church, but often substituted lyrics as he sang hymns. Early in his writing career, he received an award from the American Baptist Convention for "skillfully writing Christian truth and

648-521: A charged black hole . While such wormholes, if possible, may be limited to transfers of information, humanly traversable wormholes may exist if reality can broadly be described by the Randall–Sundrum model 2 , a brane -based theory consistent with string theory . Einstein–Rosen bridges, also known as ER bridges (named after Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen ), are connections between areas of space that can be modeled as vacuum solutions to

810-494: A fourth spatial dimension , analogous to how a two-dimensional (2D) being could experience only part of a three-dimensional (3D) object. A well-known analogy of such constructs is provided by the Klein bottle , displaying a hole when rendered in three dimensions but not in four or higher dimensions. In 1995, Matt Visser suggested there may be many wormholes in the universe if cosmic strings with negative mass were generated in

972-533: A pilot's license through the United States Army Air Corps -sponsored Civilian Pilot Training Program . He enlisted with the USAAC on December 18, 1941 and married Eileen on June 13, 1942. He graduated from the USAAC on August 5, 1942, when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant . He was posted to Bellows Field , Oahu, to join the 394th Bomb Squadron , 5th Bombardment Group , of

1134-458: A producer and have full creative control. He wrote another script for Ziv's series Harbourmaster titled "Coastal Security" and signed a contract with the company to develop a show called Junior Executive with Quinn Martin . Nothing came of the series. He wrote scripts for a number of other series in his early years as a professional writer, including The Jane Wyman Show , Bat Masterson and Jefferson Drum . Roddenberry's episode of

1296-501: A spacetime foam in a general relativistic spacetime manifold depicted by a Lorentzian manifold , and Euclidean wormholes (named after Euclidean manifold , a structure of Riemannian manifold ). The Casimir effect shows that quantum field theory allows the energy density in certain regions of space to be negative relative to the ordinary matter vacuum energy , and it has been shown theoretically that quantum field theory allows states where energy can be arbitrarily negative at

1458-684: A (traversable) wormhole metric is the following: first presented by Ellis (see Ellis wormhole ) as a special case of the Ellis drainhole . One type of non-traversable wormhole metric is the Schwarzschild solution (see the first diagram): The original Einstein–Rosen bridge was described in an article published in July 1935. For the Schwarzschild spherically symmetric static solution where d s {\displaystyle ds}

1620-471: A Ferengi bartender who would, according to Piller, be "a constant thorn in the side of law and order, but who has a sense of humor about it. He'd be someone who could obviously throw lots of story dynamics into play." Piller and the others consciously wanted to play the Quark character off against the station constable, Odo ( René Auberjonois ); according to Piller, "the idea of Odo and Quark being at loggerheads

1782-696: A Vulcan, into the plot for Star Trek: The God Thing . He had a similar disdain for Judaism . Despite working closely with Jewish writers and stars such as Shatner, Nimoy, and Koenig for the series, Nimoy said of Roddenberry, "Gene was antisemitic, clearly," qualifying that Roddenberry was anti-religious, seeing Jews as a religious group, adding "but I saw examples not only of [Roddenberry] practicing antisemitism, but of him being callous about other peoples' differences as well.” As with Christianity, Roddenberry similarly dismissed that there were any deliberately Jewish principles or allusions included in Star Trek , telling

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1944-444: A close, Roddenberry once again faced the threat of cancellation. He enlisted the help of Asimov, and even encouraged a student-led protest march on NBC. On January 8, 1968, a thousand students from 20 schools marched on the studio. Roddenberry began to communicate with Star Trek fan Bjo Trimble , who led a fan-writing campaign to save the series. Trimble later noted that this campaign of writing to fans who had written to Desilu about

2106-845: A closed surface) that cannot be continuously deformed (shrunk) to a world line (the time evolution of a point or observer). The first type of wormhole solution discovered was the Schwarzschild wormhole, which would be present in the Schwarzschild metric describing an eternal black hole , but it was found that it would collapse too quickly for anything to cross from one end to the other. Wormholes that could be crossed in both directions, known as traversable wormholes , were thought to be possible only if exotic matter with negative energy density could be used to stabilize them. However, physicists later reported that microscopic traversable wormholes may be possible and not require any exotic matter, instead requiring only electrically charged fermionic matter with small enough mass that it cannot collapse into

2268-640: A compilation of these Rules was published by Deep Space Nine showrunner Ira Steven Behr . Violations of economic norms such as abrogating contracts between fellow Ferengi or fraudulently taking advantage of business discounts are considered serious offences and subject to harsh punishments. The extreme sexism of Ferengi society is shown in early seasons of Deep Space Nine where Ferengi females are not permitted to earn profit, travel, or even wear clothing. A long-running plot thread on DS9 features Ferengi society's gradual evolution away from these practices, especially as Quark's mother Ishka establishes herself as

2430-545: A contract with Screen Gems that included a guaranteed $ 100,000, and became a producer for the first time on a summer replacement for The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show titled Wrangler . Screen Gems backed Roddenberry's first attempt at creating a pilot. His series, The Wild Blue , went to pilot, but was not picked up. The three main characters had names that later appeared in the Star Trek series: Philip Pike, Edward Jellicoe, and James T. Irvine. While working at Screen Gems, an actress, new to Hollywood, wrote to him asking for

2592-504: A distribution of energy that violates various energy conditions , such as the null energy condition along with the weak, strong, and dominant energy conditions. However, it is known that quantum effects can lead to small measurable violations of the null energy condition, and many physicists believe that the required negative energy may actually be possible due to the Casimir effect in quantum physics. Although early calculations suggested

2754-490: A few months after Schwarzschild published his solution, and was rediscovered by Albert Einstein and his colleague Nathan Rosen, who published their result in 1935. However, in 1962, John Archibald Wheeler and Robert W. Fuller published a paper showing that this type of wormhole is unstable if it connects two parts of the same universe, and that it will pinch off too quickly for light (or any particle moving slower than light) that falls in from one exterior region to make it to

2916-563: A film based on Asimov's " I, Robot " and also began work on a Tarzan script for National General Pictures . After initially requesting a budget of $ 2 million and being refused, Roddenberry made cuts to reduce costs to $ 1.2 million. When he learned they were being offered only $ 700,000 to shoot the film, which by now was being called a TV movie, he canceled the deal. NBC announced Star Trek 's cancellation in February 1969. A similar but much smaller letter-writing campaign followed news of

3078-418: A free-falling particle (following a geodesic in the spacetime). In order to satisfy this requirement, it turns out that in addition to the black hole interior region that particles enter when they fall through the event horizon from the outside, there must be a separate white hole interior region that allows us to extrapolate the trajectories of particles that an outside observer sees rising up away from

3240-436: A given point. Many physicists, such as Stephen Hawking , Kip Thorne , and others, argued that such effects might make it possible to stabilize a traversable wormhole. The only known natural process that is theoretically predicted to form a wormhole in the context of general relativity and quantum mechanics was put forth by Juan Maldacena and Leonard Susskind in their ER = EPR conjecture. The quantum foam hypothesis

3402-402: A half-hour later (moving from 9:00 to 9:30). Powerful Laugh-In producer George Schlatter objected to his highly rated show yielding its slot to the poorly-rated Star Trek . Instead, Laugh-In retained the slot, and Star Trek was moved to 10:00 pm on Fridays. Realizing the show could not survive in that time slot and burned out from arguments with the network, Roddenberry resigned from

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3564-471: A hyperplane r = 2 m {\displaystyle r=2m} or u = 0 {\displaystyle u=0} in which g {\displaystyle g} vanishes. We call such a connection between the two sheets a "bridge". For the combined field, gravity and electricity, Einstein and Rosen derived the following Schwarzschild static spherically symmetric solution where ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon }

3726-467: A journalist, "You Jews have a lamentable habit of identifying those characteristics in a society that you deem positive and then taking credit for inventing them.” Before his death, Roddenberry became close friends with philosopher Charles Musès , who said that Roddenberry's views were "a far cry from atheism ". Roddenberry explained his position thus: "It's not true that I don't believe in God. I believe in

3888-415: A kind of God. It's just not other people's God. I reject religion. I accept the notion of God." He had an ongoing interest in other people's experiences with religion, and called Catholicism "a very beautiful religion. An art form." However, he said that he dismissed all organized religions , saying that for the most part, they acted like a "substitute brain... and a very malfunctioning one". Roddenberry

4050-686: A meeting. They quickly became friends and met every few months; the woman was Majel Leigh Hudec , later known as Majel Barrett. He created a second pilot called 333 Montgomery about a lawyer, played by DeForest Kelley . It was not picked up by the network but was later rewritten as a new series called Defiance County . His career with Screen Gems ended in late 1961, and shortly afterward, he had issues with his old friend Erle Stanley Gardner . The Perry Mason creator claimed that Defiance County had infringed his character Doug Selby . The two writers fell out via correspondence and stopped contacting one another, though Defiance County never proceeded past

4212-411: A mix between Nazi caricatures of Jews and the original Nosferatu ." The scholar of religion Ross S. Kraemer wrote that "Ferengi religion seems almost a parody, perhaps of traditional Judaism ." He wrote that the 285 Rules of Acquisition bore similarities with the 613 Commandments of Judaism and that the Ferengi social restrictions on women mirrored Orthodox Judaism 's restrictions on women studying

4374-411: A model of closed timelike curves can have internal inconsistencies as it will lead to strange phenomena like distinguishing non-orthogonal quantum states and distinguishing proper and improper mixture. Accordingly, the destructive positive feedback loop of virtual particles circulating through a wormhole time machine, a result indicated by semi-classical calculations, is averted. A particle returning from

4536-431: A more realistic black hole that forms at some particular time from a collapsing star would require a different metric. When the infalling stellar matter is added to a diagram of a black hole's geography, it removes the part of the diagram corresponding to the white hole interior region, along with the part of the diagram corresponding to the other universe. The Einstein–Rosen bridge was discovered by Ludwig Flamm in 1916,

4698-513: A multi-ethnic crew on an airship traveling the world, based on the film Master of the World (1961), with fellow writer Christopher Knopf at MGM . As the time was not right for science fiction, he began work on The Lieutenant for Arena Productions. This made it to the NBC Saturday night lineup at 7:30 pm and premiered on September 14, 1963. The show set a new ratings record for

4860-404: A newly discovered stable wormhole ; later in the episode, it is revealed that the wormhole was not really stable and the Ferengi get stuck on the other side of it, in a distant part of the galaxy. "The Price" is the first episode in which a Ferengi starship was referred to as a "marauder". When the writers were putting together the premise of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine , they decided to introduce

5022-467: A practice exercise. The Ferengi uniform was revised for this episode, and new collar pips were added to designate their differing ranks. The season three episode " The Price ", which was written by Hannah Louise Shearer, directed by Robert Scheerer, and first aired in November 1989, also included Ferengi characters. In it, two Ferengi delegates compete against their Federation counterparts to gain access to

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5184-460: A producer of science fiction, despite his background in Westerns and police stories. He later described the period, saying, "My dreams were going downhill because I could not get work after the original series was cancelled." He felt that he was "perceived as the guy who made the show that was an expensive flop." Roddenberry had sold his interest in Star Trek to Paramount Studios in return for

5346-577: A proposed novel based upon his rejected 1975 screenplay for a proposed low-budget ($ 3 to $ 5 million) Star Trek film preceding the development of Phase II throughout 1976. Attempts to complete the project by Walter Koenig , Susan Sackett , Fred Bronson, and Michael Jan Friedman have proven to be unfeasible for a variety of legal and structural reasons. While at Los Angeles City College , Roddenberry began dating Eileen-Anita Rexroat. They became engaged before Roddenberry left Los Angeles during his military service, and they married on June 20, 1942, at

5508-472: A recurring Ferengi character who would inhabit the space station Deep Space Nine that was the main setting for the show. The show's co-creator, Michael Piller , later noted that: "It was clear to me that having a Ferengi aboard Deep Space 9 would provide the show with instant humor and built-in conflict with the Federation guy in charge of the station". The show's creators developed the character of Quark,

5670-569: A respected businesswoman and Quark comes to tolerate his employees forming a union . In the third season of Deep Space Nine , Quark's nephew Nog becomes the first Ferengi to join Starfleet , the military and exploration arm of the United Federation of Planets . This development prompted discussions on electronic mailing lists devoted to Star Trek . Various commentators suggested that, given how Nog had behaved in previous episodes, it

5832-501: A respected businesswoman and financial advisor. Evidently, the fact that granting full societal and economic rights to females would mean a dramatic expansion of business and investment opportunities proved persuasive to the Ferengi government. By 2380, Grand Nagus' reforms had taken effect, as seen in the acceptance of clothing for females. The Ferengi were first designed by Andrew Probert and later refined and produced by Michael Westmore . The most prominent feature in Ferengi design

5994-778: A salary to produce the series, and celebrated by purchasing a new Rolls-Royce for $ 100,000. The arrangement did not entitle him to be executive producer of the series. Paramount was already concerned about the original cast not returning, and fearing fan reaction if Roddenberry was not involved, agreed to his demand for control of the show. Roddenberry rewrote the series bible from an original version by David Gerrold , who had previously written The Original Series episode " The Trouble with Tribbles ", and The Animated Series follow-up, " More Tribbles, More Troubles ". According to producer Rick Berman , Roddenberry's involvement in The Next Generation "diminished greatly" after

6156-554: A secular parallel to the Catholic Mass ". Roddenberry compared the franchise to his own philosophy by saying: "Understand that Star Trek is more than just my political philosophy, my racial philosophy, my overview on life and the human condition." He was awarded the 1991 Humanist Arts Award from the American Humanist Association . In the late 1980s, it was likely that Roddenberry was afflicted by

6318-524: A special solution of the Einstein field equations . Specifically, they are a transcendental bijection of the spacetime continuum, an asymptotic projection of the Calabi–Yau manifold manifesting itself in anti-de Sitter space . Wormholes are consistent with the general theory of relativity , but whether they actually exist is unknown. Many scientists postulate that wormholes are merely projections of

6480-611: A teleplay. This episode was first aired in November 1987. In it, a Ferengi called DaiMon Bok gives the Enterprise Captain Jean-Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) the derelict ship that the latter once captained, the Stargazer . Over the course of the episode, it is revealed that this is part of Bok's plan for vengeance, for he holds Picard responsible for the death of his son many years before. Forrester's first plot outline had featured various scenes aboard

6642-544: A third of the profits but this did not result in any quick financial gain; the studio was still claiming that the series was $ 500,000 in the red in 1982. He wrote and produced Pretty Maids All in a Row (1971), a sexploitation film directed by Roger Vadim , for MGM. The cast included Rock Hudson , Angie Dickinson , Telly Savalas , and Roddy McDowall alongside Star Trek regular James Doohan and notable guest star William Campbell , who had appeared in " The Squire Of Gothos " and " The Trouble with Tribbles ". Variety

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6804-411: A tool for teaching general relativity. For this reason, the type of traversable wormhole they proposed, held open by a spherical shell of exotic matter , is also known as a Morris–Thorne wormhole . Later, other types of traversable wormholes were discovered as allowable solutions to the equations of general relativity, including a variety analyzed in a 1989 paper by Matt Visser, in which a path through

6966-410: A traversable wormhole might hypothetically work in the following way: One end of the wormhole is accelerated to some significant fraction of the speed of light, perhaps with some advanced propulsion system , and then brought back to the point of origin. Alternatively, another way is to take one entrance of the wormhole and move it to within the gravitational field of an object that has higher gravity than

7128-475: A very large amount of negative energy would be required, later calculations showed that the amount of negative energy can be made arbitrarily small. In 1993, Matt Visser argued that the two mouths of a wormhole with such an induced clock difference could not be brought together without inducing quantum field and gravitational effects that would either make the wormhole collapse or the two mouths repel each other, or otherwise prevent information from passing through

7290-430: A wormhole hypothesis of matter in connection with mass analysis of electromagnetic field energy; however, he did not use the term "wormhole" (he spoke of "one-dimensional tubes" instead). American theoretical physicist John Archibald Wheeler (inspired by Weyl's work) coined the term "wormhole" in a 1957 paper he wrote with Charles W. Misner : This analysis forces one to consider situations ... where there

7452-414: A wormhole to travel back to a time earlier than when the wormhole was first converted into a time "machine". Until this time it could not have been noticed or have been used. To see why exotic matter is required, consider an incoming light front traveling along geodesics, which then crosses the wormhole and re-expands on the other side. The expansion goes from negative to positive. As the wormhole neck

7614-443: A wormhole whose length is shorter than the distance between them outside the wormhole, the time taken to traverse it could be less than the time it would take a light beam to make the journey if it took a path through the space outside the wormhole. However, a light beam traveling through the same wormhole would beat the traveler. If traversable wormholes exist, they might allow time travel . A proposed time-travel machine using

7776-763: Is a larger Ferengi spaceship called the Marauder. The Marauder was designed by Andrew Probert , and the model was built by Greg Jein ; the studio model was constructed of resin, fiberglass, and aluminum. In 2017, Syfy rated the Ferengi one of the top eleven most bizarre aliens of Star Trek: The Next Generation . In 2017, Den of Geek ranked the Ferengi the eighth best aliens of the Star Trek franchise, in between Andorians and Romulans . Examples of well-received Ferengi-focused episodes in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine include " Little Green Men ", in which Ferengi characters travel back in time to

7938-439: Is a net flux of lines of force, through what topologists would call "a handle " of the multiply-connected space, and what physicists might perhaps be excused for more vividly terming a "wormhole". Wormholes have been defined both geometrically and topologically . From a topological point of view, an intra-universe wormhole (a wormhole between two points in the same universe) is a compact region of spacetime whose boundary

8100-480: Is a solution manifold of Einstein's field equations for a vacuum spacetime, modified by inclusion of a scalar field minimally coupled to the Ricci tensor with antiorthodox polarity (negative instead of positive). (Ellis specifically rejected referring to the scalar field as 'exotic' because of the antiorthodox coupling, finding arguments for doing so unpersuasive.) The solution depends on two parameters: m , which fixes

8262-521: Is depicted as hyper- capitalistic , focused on the acquisition of profit as the highest goal. Deep Space Nine writers have described how they saw the Ferengi as a satirical presentation of 20th century humans. The Ferengi have repeatedly drawn comparisons to stereotypes of Jews . The name Ferengi was coined based on the originally Persian Ferenghi (compare older Feringhee ), a term used in various languages throughout Asia and Ethiopia meaning "foreigners" or "Europeans". While preparing scripts for

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8424-533: Is introduced in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode " Family Business ". Ferenginar experiences near-constant torrential rain; consequently, the Ferengi language has 178 different words for rain (and none for "crisp"). A Ferengi shuttlecraft was introduced in the episode "The Price". It was also seen in "Little Green Men" as a spacecraft used by Quark. The studio model for VFX was auctioned by Christie's for over US$ 8,000 in 2006. There

8586-420: Is more of a path through time rather than it is a device that itself moves through time, and it would not allow the technology itself to be moved backward in time. According to current theories on the nature of wormholes, construction of a traversable wormhole would require the existence of a substance with negative energy, often referred to as " exotic matter ". More technically, the wormhole spacetime requires

8748-510: Is of finite size, we would not expect caustics to develop, at least within the vicinity of the neck. According to the optical Raychaudhuri's theorem , this requires a violation of the averaged null energy condition . Quantum effects such as the Casimir effect cannot violate the averaged null energy condition in any neighborhood of space with zero curvature, but calculations in semiclassical gravity suggest that quantum effects may be able to violate this condition in curved spacetime. Although it

8910-403: Is possible with R gravity, a form of f ( R ) gravity . The impossibility of faster-than-light relative speed applies only locally. Wormholes might allow effective superluminal ( faster-than-light ) travel by ensuring that the speed of light is not exceeded locally at any time. While traveling through a wormhole, subluminal (slower-than-light) speeds are used. If two points are connected by

9072-406: Is possible. A possible resolution to the paradoxes resulting from wormhole-enabled time travel rests on the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics . In 1991 David Deutsch showed that quantum theory is fully consistent (in the sense that the so-called density matrix can be made free of discontinuities) in spacetimes with closed timelike curves. However, later it was shown that such

9234-621: Is sometimes used to suggest that tiny wormholes might appear and disappear spontaneously at the Planck scale , and stable versions of such wormholes have been suggested as dark matter candidates. It has also been proposed that, if a tiny wormhole held open by a negative mass cosmic string had appeared around the time of the Big Bang , it could have been inflated to macroscopic size by cosmic inflation . Lorentzian traversable wormholes would allow travel in both directions from one part of

9396-431: Is the electric charge. The field equations without denominators in the case when m = 0 {\displaystyle m=0} can be written In order to eliminate singularities, if one replaces r {\displaystyle r} by u {\displaystyle u} according to the equation: and with m = 0 {\displaystyle m=0} one obtains The solution

9558-573: Is the proper time and c = 1 {\displaystyle c=1} . If one replaces r {\displaystyle r} with u {\displaystyle u} according to u 2 = r − 2 m {\displaystyle u^{2}=r-2m} The four-dimensional space is described mathematically by two congruent parts or "sheets", corresponding to u > 0 {\displaystyle u>0} and u < 0 {\displaystyle u<0} , which are joined by

9720-508: Is their large ear lobes. Ferengi experience sexual stimulation when their lobes are rubbed – an act called "oo-mox". Ferengi females allegedly have smaller lobes, but the only female Ferengi characters shown in the series were Pel and Ishka . Betazoids are incapable of reading Ferengi emotions. The focus on ears extends to figures of speech (i.e. "not having the lobes" to indicate a lack of courage) and to health problems (i.e. an ear infection proving fatal). The Ferengi home planet, Ferenginar,

9882-434: Is topologically trivial, but whose interior is not simply connected . Formalizing this idea leads to definitions such as the following, taken from Matt Visser's Lorentzian Wormholes (1996). If a Minkowski spacetime contains a compact region Ω, and if the topology of Ω is of the form Ω ~ S × Σ, where Σ is a three-manifold of the nontrivial topology, whose boundary has the topology of the form ∂Σ ~ S , and if, furthermore,

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10044-402: The 2013 film second. In 1980, Roddenberry submitted a treatment for a proposed sequel about the crew preventing the alien Klingons from thwarting the assassination of John F. Kennedy . Mindful of the tumult that suffused the production of Star Trek: The Motion Picture , Paramount rejected the proposal. After he was replaced on the project by television producer Harve Bennett , Roddenberry

10206-610: The Department of Defense over potential plots. The department withdrew its support after Roddenberry pressed ahead with a plot titled " To Set It Right " in which a white and a black man find a common cause in their roles as Marines. "To Set It Right" was the first time he worked with Nichols, and it was her first television role. The episode has been preserved at the Museum of Television and Radio in New York City. The show

10368-489: The Einstein field equations , and that are now understood to be intrinsic parts of the maximally extended version of the Schwarzschild metric describing an eternal black hole with no charge and no rotation. Here, "maximally extended" refers to the idea that the spacetime should not have any "edges": it should be possible to continue this path arbitrarily far into the particle's future or past for any possible trajectory of

10530-643: The Romulans and Borg as primary antagonists. Throughout the rest of the series, Ferengi characters were primarily used for comedic effect. When creating Star Trek: Deep Space Nine , the show's writers decided to introduce the Ferengi bartender Quark ( Armin Shimerman ) as a major character, and subsequently his brother Rom ( Max Grodénchik ) and nephew Nog ( Aron Eisenberg ) as recurring characters, again frequently using them for comedic purposes. Ferengi culture, especially as portrayed on Deep Space Nine ,

10692-643: The Thirteenth Air Force , which flew the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress . On August 2, 1943, while flying B-17E-BO, 41-2463 , "Yankee Doodle", out of Espiritu Santo , the plane Roddenberry was piloting overran the runway by 500 feet (150 m) and crashed into trees, crushing the nose and starting a fire as well as killing two men: bombardier Sgt. John P. Kruger and navigator Lt. Talbert H. Woolam. The official report absolved Roddenberry of any responsibility. Roddenberry spent

10854-460: The Torah . Historian Paul Sturtevant wrote in 2018 that not only are the Ferengi "extremely legalistic" and "defined by their greed", echoing common stereotypes of Jews, but the major Ferengi characters on Deep Space Nine were all played by Jewish actors. Shimerman addressed the issue when asked at a question-and-answer session at a Star Trek convention. He stated that: In America, people ask "Do

11016-412: The early universe . Some physicists, such as Kip Thorne , have suggested how to make wormholes artificially. For a simplified notion of a wormhole, space can be visualized as a two-dimensional surface. In this case, a wormhole would appear as a hole in that surface, lead into a 3D tube (the inside surface of a cylinder ), then re-emerge at another location on the 2D surface with a hole similar to

11178-480: The hypersurfaces Σ are all spacelike, then the region Ω contains a quasi-permanent intrauniverse wormhole. Geometrically, wormholes can be described as regions of spacetime that constrain the incremental deformation of closed surfaces. For example, in Enrico Rodrigo's The Physics of Stargates, a wormhole is defined informally as: a region of spacetime containing a " world tube " (the time evolution of

11340-420: The torsion tensor , as a dynamic variable. Torsion naturally accounts for the quantum-mechanical, intrinsic angular momentum ( spin ) of matter. The minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors generates a repulsive spin–spin interaction that is significant in fermionic matter at extremely high densities. Such an interaction prevents the formation of a gravitational singularity (e.g. a black hole). Instead,

11502-471: The 1940s and become the alien invaders in the Roswell UFO incident , and " The Magnificent Ferengi ", in which a group of Ferengi characters team up to rescue Quark's mother when she is captured by an enemy empire. Various critics have argued that the depiction of the Ferengi and their culture mirrors anti-Semitic stereotypes of Jews , namely the love of profit and the oversized facial features – in

11664-474: The 23rd century". Brannon Braga said that Roddenberry made it known to the writers of Star Trek and Star Trek: The Next Generation that religion, superstition, and mystical thinking were not to be included. Even a mention of marriage in a script for an early episode of The Next Generation resulted in Roddenberry's chastising the writers. Nicholas Meyer said that Star Trek had evolved "into sort of

11826-458: The Edge of Forever " after Roddenberry rewrote Ellison's script to make it both financially feasible to film and usable for the series context. Even his close friend Don Ingalls had his script for " A Private Little War " altered drastically, and as a result, Ingalls declared that he would only be credited under the pseudonym "Jud Crucis" (a play on "Jesus Christ"), claiming he had been crucified by

11988-651: The Ferengi as Jewish stereotypes, but that they attempted to mitigate this, both through characterization of Ferengi characters as individuals, and through incorporating aspects of multiple human cultures into Ferengi culture. Gene Roddenberry Eugene Wesley Roddenberry Sr. (August 19, 1921 – October 24, 1991) was an American television screenwriter and producer who created the science fiction series and fictional universe Star Trek . Born in El Paso, Texas , Roddenberry grew up in Los Angeles, where his father

12150-403: The Ferengi bartender Quark in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine . The Ferengi outfits designed for "The Last Outpost" featured fur wrap-arounds. As weapons, they were given blue whips that fired energy bolts when cracked; these were subsequently dropped from the series and not used in later depictions of the species. Mike Okuda designed the Ferengi insignia to present the idea of " dog eat dog ". It

12312-542: The Ferengi represent Jews?" In England, they ask "Do the Ferengi represent the Irish?" In Australia, they ask if the Ferengi represent the Chinese ;... The Ferengi represent the outcast ... it's the person who lives among us that we don't fully understand. Robert Hewitt Wolfe , writer for Deep Space Nine , has stated that the creative team (several of whom were Jewish) were aware at the time that many already saw

12474-462: The Ferengi spaceship, but these did not make it into the episode. Series writer Rick Berman later noted that because of their "silliness quotient", the Ferengi became "a disappointment as a major adversary". For the second-season episode " Peak Performance ", written by David Kemper and directed by Robert Scheerer, the Enterprise is depicted encountering a hostile Ferengi ship while engaging in

12636-401: The Ferengi while pursuing one of their vessels, which has stolen a T-9 energy converter. Both ships are immobilized over an unknown planet, leading both to send away parties to investigate, where they encounter each other. One of the actors who played a Ferengi in "The Last Outpost", Armin Shimerman , would go on to play a Ferengi again in the later episode "Peak Performance" before being cast as

12798-482: The Man Behind Star Trek , he states that Roddenberry watched The Undiscovered Country alongside the producers of the film at a private screening two days before his death, and told them they had done a "good job". In contrast, Nimoy and Shatner's memoirs report that after the screening, Roddenberry called his lawyer and demanded a quarter of the scenes be cut; the producers refused. Roddenberry wrote

12960-475: The Word more spice than nourishment, so I am interested in a statement couched in dollars and cents of what this means to the Roddenberry treasury." Roddenberry said of Christianity, "How can I take seriously a God-image that requires that I prostrate myself every seven days and praise it? That sounds to me like a very insecure personality." At one point, he worked a similar opinion, which was to have been stated by

13122-436: The acquisition of profit as the highest goal. Many episodes portray this as taken to a comical extreme, as, for example, Ferengi prayer involves paying bribes to the gods, and Ferengi funeral rites involve auctioning off the deceased's remains. Ferengi characters frequently quote the " Rules of Acquisition ", a collection of proverbs that are said to govern Ferengi business practices (such as "Never place friendship above profit");

13284-448: The affair as she did not want to be "the other woman to the other woman". Barrett and Roddenberry had an apartment together by the opening weeks of Star Trek . He had planned to divorce Eileen after the first season of the show, but when the show was renewed, he delayed doing so, fearing that he would not have enough time to deal with both the divorce and Star Trek . He moved out of the family home on August 9, 1968, two weeks after

13446-480: The application of Christian principles into commercial, dramatic TV scripts". For several years, he corresponded with John M. Gunn of the National Council of Churches regarding the application of Christian teachings in television series. However, Gunn stopped replying after Roddenberry wrote in a letter: "But you must understand that I am a complete pagan, and consume enormous amounts of bread, having found

13608-458: The cancellation. Because of the manner in which the series was sold to NBC, it left the production company $ 4.7 million in debt. The last episode of Star Trek aired 47 days before Neil Armstrong stepped onto the moon as part of the Apollo 11 mission, and Roddenberry declared that he would never write for television again. After the cancellation of Star Trek, Roddenberry felt typecast as

13770-480: The case of the Ferengi, the ears. During the 1990s, this issue was discussed on electronic mailing lists devoted to the franchise, with some commentators arguing that there were parallels and others objecting to the comparison. In his 2007 critique of The Next Generation for the National Review , the commentator Jonah Goldberg described the Ferengi as "runaway capitalists with bullwhips who looked like

13932-585: The chapel at Kelly Field. They had two daughters, Darleen Anita and Dawn Allison. During his time in the LAPD, Roddenberry was known to have had affairs with secretarial staff. Before his work on Star Trek , he began relationships with Nichelle Nichols and Majel Barrett . Nichols wrote about their relationship in her autobiography Beyond Uhura only after Roddenberry's death. At the time, Roddenberry wanted to remain in an open relationship with both women, but Nichols, recognizing Barrett's devotion to him, ended

14094-508: The civil service test and was given a police commission there. During his childhood, Roddenberry was interested in reading, especially pulp magazines , and was a fan of stories such as John Carter of Mars , Tarzan , and the Skylark series by E. E. Smith . Roddenberry majored in police science at Los Angeles City College , where he began dating Eileen-Anita Rexroat and became interested in aeronautical engineering . He obtained

14256-524: The collapsing matter reaches an enormous but finite density and rebounds, forming the other side of the bridge. Although Schwarzschild wormholes are not traversable in both directions, their existence inspired Kip Thorne to imagine traversable wormholes created by holding the "throat" of a Schwarzschild wormhole open with exotic matter (material that has negative mass/energy). Other non-traversable wormholes include Lorentzian wormholes (first proposed by John Archibald Wheeler in 1957), wormholes creating

14418-529: The crash; eleven passengers required hospital treatment (including Bishnu Charan Ghosh ), and eight were unharmed. Roddenberry resigned from Pan Am on May 15, 1948, and decided to pursue his dream of writing, particularly for the new medium of television. Roddenberry applied for a position with the Los Angeles Police Department on January 10, 1949, and spent his first sixteen months in the traffic division before being transferred to

14580-578: The day-to-day running of Star Trek , although he continued to be credited as executive producer. Roddenberry cooperated with Stephen Edward Poe, writing as Stephen Whitfield, on the 1968 non-fiction book The Making of Star Trek for Ballantine Books, splitting the royalties evenly. Roddenberry explained to Whitfield: "I had to get some money somewhere. I'm sure not going to get it from the profits of Star Trek ." Herbert Solow and Robert H. Justman observed that Whitfield never regretted his 50–50 deal with Roddenberry, since it gave him "the opportunity to become

14742-481: The early days of Star Trek , and he specifically wrote the part of the character Number One in the pilot with her in mind; no other actresses were considered for the role. Barrett suggested Nimoy for the part of Spock . He had worked with both Roddenberry and Barrett on The Lieutenant , and once Roddenberry remembered the thin features of the actor, he did not consider anyone else for the part. The remaining cast came together; filming began on November 27, 1964, and

14904-434: The entrance. An actual wormhole would be analogous to this, but with the spatial dimensions raised by one. For example, instead of circular holes on a 2Dimensional plane , the entry and exit points could be visualized as spherical holes in 3D space leading into a four-dimensional "tube" similar to a spherinder . Another way to imagine wormholes is to take a sheet of paper and draw two somewhat distant points on one side of

15066-500: The event horizon. And just as there are two separate interior regions of the maximally extended spacetime, there are also two separate exterior regions, sometimes called two different "universes", with the second universe allowing us to extrapolate some possible particle trajectories in the two interior regions. This means that the interior black hole region can contain a mix of particles that fell in from either universe (and thus an observer who fell in from one universe might be able to see

15228-481: The fee with the officers who actually investigated the real-life case. He became then technical advisor for a new television version of Mr. District Attorney , which led to him writing for the show under his pseudonym "Robert Wesley". He began to collaborate with Ziv Television Programs and continued to sell scripts to Mr. District Attorney , in addition to Ziv's Highway Patrol . In early 1956, he sold two story ideas for I Led Three Lives , and he found that it

15390-515: The film Planet of the Apes . It was watched by an even greater audience than Genesis II. CBS scrapped Genesis II and replaced it with a television series based on the film; the results were disastrous from a ratings standpoint, and Planet of the Apes was canceled after 14 episodes. The Questor Tapes project reunited him with his Star Trek collaborator, Gene L. Coon, who was in poor health. NBC ordered 16 episodes, and tentatively scheduled

15552-460: The first chronicler of television's successful unsuccessful series." Whitfield had previously been the national advertising and promotion director for model makers Aluminum Model Toys , better known as "AMT", which then held the Star Trek license, and moved to run Lincoln Enterprises , Roddenberry's company set up to sell the series' merchandise. Having stepped aside from the majority of his Star Trek duties, Roddenberry sought instead to create

15714-432: The first episode of the Star Trek series went into production; Desilu was contracted to deliver 13 episodes. Five days before the first broadcast, Roddenberry appeared at the 24th World Science Fiction Convention and previewed "Where No Man Has Gone Before". After the episode was shown, he received a standing ovation. The first episode to air on NBC was " The Man Trap ", on September 8, 1966, at 8:00 pm. Roddenberry

15876-548: The first few seasons of The Next Generation under Roddenberry as an "insane asylum". In 1990, Nicholas Meyer was brought in to direct the sixth film in the series: Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country . Creatively, Meyer clashed with Roddenberry, who felt that having the Enterprise crew hold prejudices against the Klingons did not fit with his view of the universe. Meyer described a meeting with Roddenberry he later regretted, saying His guys were lined up on one side of

16038-513: The first manifestations of cerebrovascular disease and encephalopathy as a result of his longstanding recreational use of legal and illicit drugs, including alcohol , methaqualone , methylphenidate , Dexamyl , and cocaine (which he had used regularly since the production of Star Trek: The Motion Picture ). Roddenberry also used cannabis for many years, although its cumulative impact on his health remains unclear. Throughout much of his career, he had routinely used stimulants to work through

16200-425: The first season of Star Trek: The Next Generation , the idea of the Ferengi was devised by Gene Roddenberry and Herbert Wright . The new alien species initially appeared in the first season's fourth episode, " The Last Outpost ", which was based on a story by Richard Krzemien and a teleplay by Wright. In this story, the USS Enterprise -D —whose crew are the main protagonists of the series—makes first contact with

16362-462: The first season, but the nature of his increasingly peripheral role was not disclosed because of the value of his name to fans. While Berman said that Roddenberry had "all but stopped writing and rewriting" by the end of the third season, his final writing credit on the show (a co-teleplay credit) actually occurred considerably earlier, appearing on " Datalore ", the 13th episode of the first season. Although commercially successful from its inception,

16524-749: The future does not return to its universe of origination but to a parallel universe. This suggests that a wormhole time machine with an exceedingly short time jump is a theoretical bridge between contemporaneous parallel universes. Because a wormhole time-machine introduces a type of nonlinearity into quantum theory, this sort of communication between parallel universes is consistent with Joseph Polchinski 's proposal of an Everett phone (named after Hugh Everett ) in Steven Weinberg 's formulation of nonlinear quantum mechanics. The possibility of communication between parallel universes has been dubbed interuniversal travel . Wormhole can also be depicted in

16686-425: The help of Samuel A. Peeples , " Where No Man Has Gone Before ". NBC selected the last one, leading to later rumors that Peeples created Star Trek , something he always denied. Roddenberry was determined to make the crew racially diverse, which impressed actor George Takei when he came for his audition. The episode went into production on July 15, 1965, and was completed at around half the cost of "The Cage", since

16848-670: The idea to Mort Werner at NBC, this time downplaying the science fiction elements and highlighting the links to Gunsmoke and Wagon Train . The network funded three story ideas and selected "The Menagerie", which was later known as " The Cage ", to be made into a pilot. (The other two later became episodes of the series.) While most of the money for the pilot came from NBC, the remaining costs were covered by Desilu. Roddenberry hired Dorothy Fontana, better known as D. C. Fontana , as his assistant. They had worked together previously on The Lieutenant, and she had eight script credits to her name. Roddenberry and Barrett had begun an affair by

17010-717: The issue of Spock's growing popularity and the possibility that his character would overshadow Kirk. Asimov suggested having Kirk and Spock work together as a team "to get people to think of Kirk when they think of Spock." The series was renewed by NBC, first for a full season's order, and then for a second season. An article in the Chicago Tribune quoted studio executives as stating that the letter-writing campaign had been wasted because they had already been planning to renew Star Trek . Roddenberry often rewrote submitted scripts, although he did not always take credit for these. Roddenberry and Ellison fell out over " The City on

17172-431: The light that fell in from the other one), and likewise particles from the interior white hole region can escape into either universe. All four regions can be seen in a spacetime diagram that uses Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates . In this spacetime, it is possible to come up with coordinate systems such that if a hypersurface of constant time (a set of points that all have the same time coordinate, such that every point on

17334-647: The marriage of his daughter Darleen. In 1969, while scouting locations in Japan for MGM for Pretty Maids All in a Row , he proposed to Barrett by telephone. They were married in a Shinto ceremony, as Roddenberry had considered it "sacrilegious" to have an American minister in Japan perform the ceremony. Roddenberry and Barrett had a son together, Eugene Jr., commonly and professionally known as Rod Roddenberry , in February 1974. From 1975 until his death, Roddenberry maintained an extramarital relationship with his executive assistant, Susan Sackett . Roddenberry grew up

17496-522: The more established array of approximately 3,600 fans and industry professionals who attended the 32nd World Science Fiction Convention in Washington, D.C. in 1974) led Paramount to hire Roddenberry to create and produce a feature film based on the franchise in May 1975. The studio was unimpressed with the ideas being put forward; John D. F. Black's opinion was that their ideas were never "big enough" for

17658-623: The newspaper unit. That became the Public Information Division, and Roddenberry became the Chief of Police's speech writer. In this position, he also became the LAPD liaison to the very popular Dragnet television series, providing technical advisors for specific episodes. He also did his first TV writing for the show, taking actual cases, and boiling them down to short screen treatments that would be fleshed out into full scripts by Jack Webb's staff of writers, and splitting

17820-478: The night on scripts, especially amphetamines . The effects of these substances were compounded by deleterious interactions with diabetes , high blood pressure , and antidepressant prescriptions. Wormhole A wormhole is a hypothetical structure which connects disparate points in spacetime . It may be visualized as a tunnel with two ends at separate points in spacetime (i.e., different locations, different points in time, or both). Wormholes are based on

17982-492: The novelization of Star Trek: The Motion Picture . Although it has been incorrectly attributed to several other authors (most notably Alan Dean Foster ), it was the first in a series of hundreds of Star Trek -based novels to be published by the Pocket Books imprint of Simon & Schuster , whose parent company also owned Paramount Pictures Corporation . Previously, Roddenberry worked intermittently on The God Thing ,

18144-507: The original Star Trek series, which premiered in 1966 and ran for three seasons. He then worked on projects including a string of failed television pilots. The syndication of Star Trek led to its growing popularity, resulting in the Star Trek feature films , which Roddenberry continued to produce and consult on. In 1987, the sequel series Star Trek: The Next Generation began airing on television in first-run syndication ; Roddenberry

18306-473: The other entrance, and then return it to a position near the other entrance. For both these methods, time dilation causes the end of the wormhole that has been moved to have aged less, or become "younger", than the stationary end as seen by an external observer; however, time connects differently through the wormhole than outside it, so that synchronized clocks at either end of the wormhole will always remain synchronized as seen by an observer passing through

18468-475: The other exterior region. According to general relativity, the gravitational collapse of a sufficiently compact mass forms a singular Schwarzschild black hole. In the Einstein–Cartan –Sciama–Kibble theory of gravity, however, it forms a regular Einstein–Rosen bridge. This theory extends general relativity by removing a constraint of the symmetry of the affine connection and regarding its antisymmetric part,

18630-463: The paper. The sheet of paper represents a plane in the spacetime continuum , and the two points represent a distance to be traveled, but theoretically, a wormhole could connect these two points by folding that plane (⁠ i.e. the paper) so the points are touching. In this way, it would be much easier to traverse the distance since the two points are now touching. In 1928, German mathematician, philosopher and theoretical physicist Hermann Weyl proposed

18792-579: The pilot stage. The project finally wound up as the NBC series Sam Benedict with Edmond O'Brien in the title role, produced by MGM. E. Jack Neuman took the creator's credit; claiming the character was based on real-life San Francisco lawyer Jake Ehrlich . In 1961, he agreed to appear in an advertisement for MONY (Mutual of New York) as long as he had final approval. With the money from Screen Gems and other works, he and Eileen moved to 539 South Beverly Glen, near Beverly Hills . He discussed an idea about

18954-411: The process. Roddenberry's work rewriting " The Menagerie ", based on footage originally shot for "The Cage", resulted in a Writers Guild arbitration board hearing. The Guild ruled in his favor over John D. F. Black , the complainant. The script won a Hugo Award , but the awards board neglected to inform Roddenberry, who found out through correspondence with Asimov. As the second season was drawing to

19116-402: The production of Star Trek. The conventions began to build the fan support to bring back Star Trek, leading TV Guide to describe it, in 1972, as "the show that won't die." In 1972 and 1973, Roddenberry made a comeback to science fiction, selling ideas for four new series to a variety of networks. Roddenberry's Genesis II was set in a post-apocalyptic Earth. He had hoped to recreate

19278-421: The progressive reforms of Grand Nagus Rom and his wife First Clerk Leeta had taken root in Ferengi society with the arms trade being discouraged with the greater longer-term economic benefits of more benign industries, such as hospitality, being encouraged. As such, Ferenginar is in the process of joining the United Federation of Planets . Ferengi culture is depicted, especially on Deep Space Nine , as focused on

19440-619: The remainder of his military career in the United States and flew all over the country as a plane crash investigator. He was involved in a second plane crash, this time as a passenger. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal . In 1945, Roddenberry began flying for Pan American World Airways , including routes from New York to Johannesburg or Calcutta, the two longest Pan Am routes at

19602-497: The room, and my guys were lined up on the other side of the room, and this was not a meeting in which I felt I'd behaved very well, very diplomatically. I came out of it feeling not very good, and I've not felt good about it ever since. He was not well, and maybe there were more tactful ways of dealing with it, because at the end of the day, I was going to go out and make the movie. I didn't have to take him on. Not my finest hour. In Joel Engel's biography, Gene Roddenberry: The Myth and

19764-551: The series Have Gun – Will Travel , "Helen of Abajinian", won the Writers Guild of America award for Best Teleplay in 1958. He also continued to create series of his own, including a series based on an agent for Lloyd's of London called The Man from Lloyds . He pitched a police-based series called Footbeat to CBS, Hollis Productions, and Screen Gems . It nearly made it into ABC 's Sunday-night lineup, but they opted to show only Western series that night. Roddenberry

19926-500: The series to follow The Rockford Files on Friday nights; the pilot launched on January 23, 1974, to positive critical response, but Roddenberry balked at the substantial changes requested by the network and left the project, leading to its immediate cancellation. During 1974, Roddenberry reworked the Genesis II concept as a second pilot, Planet Earth , for rival network ABC, with similar less-than-successful results. The pilot

20088-558: The series was initially marred by Writers Guild of America grievances from Fontana and Gerrold, both of whom left the series in acrimonious circumstances; frequent turnover among the writing staff (24 staff writers left the show during its first three seasons, triple the average attrition rate for such series); and allegations that Roddenberry attorney Leonard Maizlish had become the producer's "point man and proxy", ghostwriting memos, sitting in on meetings, and contributing to scripts despite not being on staff. Writer Tracy Tormé described

20250-426: The sets were already built. Roddenberry worked on several projects for the rest of the year. In December, he decided to write lyrics to the Star Trek theme; this angered the theme's composer, Alexander Courage , as it meant that royalties would be split between them. In February 1966, NBC informed Desilu that they were buying Star Trek and that it would be included in the fall 1966 television schedule. On May 24,

20412-532: The show, urging them to write NBC, had created an organized Star Trek fandom . The network received around 6,000 letters a week from fans petitioning it to renew the series. On March 1, 1968, NBC announced on air, at the end of "The Omega Glory", that Star Trek would return for a third season. The network had initially planned to place Star Trek in the 7:30 pm Monday-night time slot freed up by The Man from U.N.C.L.E. completing its run. That would have meant Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In had to start

20574-469: The strength of its gravitational field, and n , which determines the curvature of its spatial cross sections. When m is set equal to 0, the drainhole's gravitational field vanishes. What is left is the Ellis wormhole , a nongravitating, purely geometric, traversable wormhole. Kip Thorne and his graduate student Mike Morris independently discovered in 1988 the Ellis wormhole and argued for its use as

20736-560: The studio, even when one scenario involved the end of the universe. Several ideas were partly developed including Star Trek: The God Thing and Star Trek: Planet of the Titans . Following the commercial reception of Star Wars , in June 1977, Paramount instead green-lit a new series set in the franchise titled Star Trek: Phase II , with Roddenberry and most of the original cast, except Nimoy, set to reprise their respective roles. It

20898-639: The success of Star Trek without "doing another space-hopping show." He created a 45-page writing guide, and proposed several story ideas based on the concept that pockets of civilisation had regressed to past eras or changed altogether. The pilot aired as a TV movie in March 1973, setting new records for the Thursday Night Movie of the Week . Roddenberry was asked to produce four more scripts for episodes, but before production could begin again, CBS aired

21060-421: The surface has a space-like separation, giving what is called a 'space-like surface') is picked and an "embedding diagram" drawn depicting the curvature of space at that time, the embedding diagram will look like a tube connecting the two exterior regions, known as an "Einstein–Rosen bridge". The Schwarzschild metric describes an idealized black hole that exists eternally from the perspective of external observers;

21222-474: The time slot. Roddenberry worked with several cast and crew who would later join him on Star Trek , including Gene L. Coon , star Gary Lockwood , Joe D'Agosta, Leonard Nimoy , Nichelle Nichols , and Majel Barrett. The Lieutenant was produced with the co-operation of the Pentagon , which allowed them to film at an actual Marine base. During the production of the series Roddenberry clashed regularly with

21384-407: The time the work on the script was complete, though, those who had approved the project had left Fox and their replacements were not interested in the project. A similar fate was faced by Tribunes, a science-fiction police series, which Roddenberry attempted to get off the ground between 1973 and 1977. He gave up after four years; the series never even reached the pilot stage. In 1974, Roddenberry

21546-540: The time. Listed as a resident of River Edge, New Jersey , he experienced his third crash while on the Clipper Eclipse on June 18, 1947. The plane came down in the Syrian Desert , and Roddenberry, who took control as the ranking flight officer, suffered two broken ribs but was able to drag injured passengers out of the burning plane and led the group to get help. Fourteen (or fifteen) people died in

21708-490: The universe to another part of that same universe very quickly or would allow travel from one universe to another. The possibility of traversable wormholes in general relativity was first demonstrated in a 1973 paper by Homer Ellis and independently in a 1973 paper by K. A. Bronnikov. Ellis analyzed the topology and the geodesics of the Ellis drainhole , showing it to be geodesically complete, horizonless, singularity-free, and fully traversable in both directions. The drainhole

21870-427: The wormhole can be made where the traversing path does not pass through a region of exotic matter. However, in the pure Gauss–Bonnet gravity (a modification to general relativity involving extra spatial dimensions which is sometimes studied in the context of brane cosmology ) exotic matter is not needed in order for wormholes to exist—they can exist even with no matter. A type held open by negative mass cosmic strings

22032-415: The wormhole, no matter how the two ends move around. This means that an observer entering the "younger" end would exit the "older" end at a time when it was the same age as the "younger" end, effectively going back in time as seen by an observer from the outside. One significant limitation of such a time machine is that it is only possible to go as far back in time as the initial creation of the machine; it

22194-463: The wormhole. Because of this, the two mouths could not be brought close enough for causality violation to take place. However, in a 1997 paper, Visser hypothesized that a complex " Roman ring " (named after Tom Roman) configuration of an N number of wormholes arranged in a symmetric polygon could still act as a time machine, although he concludes that this is more likely a flaw in classical quantum gravity theory rather than proof that causality violation

22356-608: Was involved in the initial development but took a less active role after the first season due to ill health. He consulted on the series until his death in 1991. In 1985, Roddenberry became the first TV writer with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . He was later inducted into the Science Fiction Hall of Fame and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Hall of Fame. Years after his death, Roddenberry

22518-538: Was a police officer. Roddenberry flew 89 combat missions in the Army Air Forces during World War II and worked as a commercial pilot after the war. Later, he joined the Los Angeles Police Department and began to write for television. As a freelance writer , Roddenberry wrote scripts for Highway Patrol , Have Gun – Will Travel , and other series, before creating and producing his own television series, The Lieutenant . In 1964, Roddenberry created

22680-434: Was aired on April 23, 1974. While Roddenberry wanted to create something that could feasibly exist in the future, the network wanted stereotypical science-fiction women and were unhappy when that was not delivered. Roddenberry was not involved in a third reworking of the material by ABC that produced Strange New World . He began developing MAGNA I, an underwater science-fiction series, for 20th Century Fox Television . By

22842-737: Was also critical of how the public looked at certain religions, noting that when the King David Hotel bombing took place in 1946, the American public accepted it as the action of freedom fighters, whereas a car bombing by a Muslim in Beirut is condemned as a terrorist act. While he agreed that both parties were wrong in their use of violence, he said that the actions of both were undertaken because of their strong religious beliefs. According to Ronald D. Moore , Roddenberry "felt very strongly that contemporary Earth religions would be gone by

23004-399: Was asked to write a series called Riverboat , set in 1860s Mississippi. When he discovered that the producers wanted no black people on the show, he argued so much with them that he lost the job. He also considered moving to England around this time, as Lew Grade wanted Roddenberry to develop series and set up his own production company. Though he did not move, he leveraged the deal to land

23166-460: Was becoming increasingly difficult to be a writer and a policeman. On June 7, 1956, he resigned from the force to concentrate on his writing career. Roddenberry was promoted to head writer for The West Point Story and wrote ten scripts for the first season, about a third of the total episodes. While working for Ziv, in 1956, he pitched a series to CBS set aboard a cruise ship , Hawaii Passage , but they did not buy it, as he wanted to become

23328-430: Was circulated to eight people; Bennett attributed the subsequent plot leak of the death of Spock to Roddenberry. About 20% of the plot was based on Roddenberry's ideas. Roddenberry was involved in creating the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation , which premiered with " Encounter at Farpoint " on September 28, 1987. He was given a bonus of $ 1 million (equivalent to $ 3.2 million in 2023) in addition to

23490-408: Was colored green because of that color's associations with greed, envy, and money. The Ferengi ship featured in the episode was designed by Andy Probert , who used a horseshoe crab on Wright's desk as inspiration, with the model then being constructed by Greg Jein . The Ferengi were reused for the season's ninth episode, " The Battle ", based on a story by Larry Forrester that Wright converted into

23652-464: Was completed on December 11. After post-production, the episode was shown to NBC executives, and it was rumored that Star Trek would be broadcast at 8:00 pm on Friday nights. The episode failed to impress test audiences, and after the executives became hesitant, Katz offered to make a second pilot. On March 26, 1965, NBC ordered a new episode. Roddenberry developed several possible scripts, including " Mudd's Women ", " The Omega Glory ", and with

23814-468: Was granted full creative control of Star Trek: The Animated Series . Although he read all the scripts and "sometimes [added] touches of his own", he relinquished most of his authority to de facto showrunner/associate producer D. C. Fontana. Roddenberry had some difficulties with the cast. To save money, he sought not to hire George Takei and Nichelle Nichols. He neglected to inform Leonard Nimoy of this and instead, to get him to sign on, told him that he

23976-517: Was having financial difficulties; its only success was The Lucy Show . Roddenberry took the Star Trek idea to Oscar Katz, head of programming, and the duo immediately started work on a plan to sell the series to the networks. They took it to CBS, which ultimately passed on it. The duo later learned that CBS had been eager to find out about Star Trek because it had a science fiction series in development— Lost in Space . Roddenberry and Katz next took

24138-430: Was hoped recently that quantum effects could not violate an achronal version of the averaged null energy condition, violations have nevertheless been found, so it remains an open possibility that quantum effects might be used to support a wormhole. In some hypotheses where general relativity is modified , it is possible to have a wormhole that does not collapse without having to resort to exotic matter. For example, this

24300-408: Was immediately concerned about the series' low ratings and wrote to Harlan Ellison to ask if he could use his name in letters to the network to save the show. Not wanting to lose a potential source of income, Ellison agreed and also sought the help of other writers who also wanted to avoid losing potential income. Roddenberry corresponded with science fiction writer Isaac Asimov about how to address

24462-498: Was named " executive consultant " for the project, a position he retained for subsequent Star Trek franchise films produced during his lifetime. Under this arrangement, he was compensated with a producer's fee and a percentage of the net profits of the film in exchange for proffering non-binding story notes and corresponding with the fan community; much to his chagrin, these memos were largely disregarded by Bennett and other producers. An initial script for Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan

24624-528: Was not renewed after its first season. Roddenberry was already working on a new series idea. This included his ship location from Hawaii Passage and added a Horatio Hornblower character, plus the multiracial crew from his airship idea. He decided to write it as science fiction, and by March 11, 1964, he brought together a 16-page pitch. On April 24, he sent three copies and two dollars to the Writers Guild of America to register his series. He called it Star Trek . When Roddenberry pitched Star Trek to MGM, it

24786-505: Was one of the first humans to have their ashes carried into earth orbit. Star Trek has inspired films, books, comic books, video games and fan films set in the Star Trek universe. Gene Roddenberry was born on August 19, 1921, in his parents' rented home in El Paso, Texas, the first child of Eugene Edward Roddenberry and Caroline "Glen" ( née  Golemon ) Roddenberry. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1923 after Gene's father passed

24948-481: Was paid $ 25,000 by John Whitmore to write a script called The Nine . Intended to be about Andrija Puharich 's parapsychological research, it evolved into a frank exploration of his experiences attempting to earn a living attending science fiction conventions. At the time, he was again close to losing his house because of a lack of income. The pilot Spectre , Roddenberry's 1977 attempt to create an occult detective duo similar to Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ,

25110-529: Was put forth by Visser in collaboration with Cramer et al. , in which it was proposed that such wormholes could have been naturally created in the early universe. Wormholes connect two points in spacetime, which means that they would in principle allow travel in time , as well as in space. In 1988, Morris, Thorne and Yurtsever worked out how to convert a wormhole traversing space into one traversing time by accelerating one of its two mouths. However, according to general relativity, it would not be possible to use

25272-512: Was released as a television movie within the United States and received a limited theatrical release in the United Kingdom. Lacking funds in the early 1970s, Roddenberry was unable to buy the full rights to Star Trek for $ 150,000 ($ 1.18 million in 2023) from Paramount. Lou Scheimer approached Paramount in 1973 about creating an animated Star Trek series. Credited as "executive consultant" and paid $ 2,500 per episode, Roddenberry

25434-463: Was surprising that Starfleet would take him on. They suggested that this might indicate that Starfleet had some form of affirmative action policy to benefit species not presently represented in Starfleet. Other online commentators argued that this viewpoint was racist , and that Nog would have been accepted as a Starfleet cadet because he was qualified, not because of his racial identity. By 2381,

25596-448: Was the only member of the main cast not returning. After Nimoy discovered the deception, he demanded that Takei and Nichols play Sulu and Uhura when their characters appeared on screen; Roddenberry acquiesced. He had been promised five full seasons of the new show but ultimately, only one and a half were produced. Vociferous fan support (6,000 attended the second New York Star Trek convention in 1973 and 15,000 attended in 1974, eclipsing

25758-470: Was there from day one". Through the character of Quark and his family, Deep Space Nine developed the culture and politics of the Ferengi in some detail. Episodes of the series portray the Ferengi's hyper-capitalistic emphasis on profit and sexist social norms (at the beginning of the series, Ferengi females are not permitted to earn profit or even wear clothing), and the society's gradual evolution away from those norms as, for example, Quark's mother becomes

25920-413: Was to be the anchor show of a proposed Paramount-owned " fourth network ", but plans for the network were scrapped and the project was reworked into a feature film. The result, Star Trek: The Motion Picture , troubled the studio because of budgetary concerns, but it was a box-office hit. Adjusted for inflation, it was the third-highest-grossing Star Trek movie, with the 2009 film coming in first and

26082-643: Was unimpressed: "Whatever substance was in the original [novel by Francis Pollini] or screen concept has been plowed under, leaving only superficial, one-joke results." Herbert Solow had given Roddenberry the work as a favor, paying him $ 100,000 for the script. Faced with a mortgage and a $ 2,000-per-month alimony obligation as a result of his 1969 divorce, he retained a booking agent (with the assistance of his friend Arthur C. Clarke ) and began to support himself largely by scheduling appearances at colleges and science fiction conventions. These presentations typically included screenings of "The Cage" and blooper reels from

26244-420: Was warmly received, but no offer was made. He then went to Desilu Productions , but rather than being offered a one-script deal, he was hired as a producer and allowed to work on his own projects. His first was a half-hour pilot called Police Story (not to be confused with the anthology series created by Joseph Wambaugh ), which was not picked up by the networks. Having not sold a pilot in five years, Desilu

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