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33-665: Edward Rolf Tufte ( / ˈ t ʌ f t i / ; born March 14, 1942), sometimes known as " ET ", is an American statistician and professor emeritus of political science , statistics , and computer science at Yale University . He is noted for his writings on information design and as a pioneer in the field of data visualization . Edward Rolf Tufte was born in 1942 in Kansas City, Missouri , to Virginia Tufte (1918–2020) and Edward E. Tufte (1912–1999). He grew up in Beverly Hills, California , where his father

66-527: A NASA PowerPoint slide is included in the Columbia Accident Investigation Board ’s report -- including an engineering detail buried in small type on a crowded slide with six bullet points, that if presented in a regular engineering white paper , might have been noticed and the disaster prevented. Instead, Tufte argues that the most effective way of presenting information in a technical setting, such as an academic seminar or

99-582: A Senior Critic at the Yale School of Art . After negotiations with major publishers failed, Tufte decided to self-publish the book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information in 1982, working closely with graphic designer Howard Gralla. Tufte financed the work by taking out a second mortgage on his home. The book quickly became a commercial success and secured Tufte's transition from political scientist to information expert. In 1999, after 22 years of service at Yale University, his professorship at Yale

132-416: A decorative scheme." Tufte encourages the use of data-rich illustrations that present all available data. When such illustrations are examined closely, every data point has a value, but when they are looked at more generally, only trends and patterns can be observed. Tufte suggests these macro/micro readings be presented in the space of an eye-span, in the high resolution format of the printed page, and at

165-403: A lecturer in politics and public affairs, where he steadily moved up to the rank of full Professor. He taught courses there in political economy and data analysis while publishing three quantitatively inclined political science books. In 1975, while at Princeton, Tufte was asked to teach a statistics course to a group of journalists who were visiting the school to study economics. He developed

198-462: A measurement such as average temperature or stock market activity, often embedded directly in the text; for example: The Dow Jones index for February 7, 2006 [REDACTED] . These are often used as elements of a small multiple with several lines used together. Tufte explains the sparkline as a kind of "word" that conveys rich information without breaking the flow of a sentence or paragraph made of other "words" both visual and conventional. To date,

231-422: A meeting of industry experts, is by distributing a brief written report that can be read by all participants in the first 5 to 10 minutes of the meeting. Tufte believes that this is the most efficient method of transferring knowledge from the presenter to the audience and then the rest of the meeting is devoted to discussion and debate. One method Tufte encourages to allow quick visual comparison of multiple series

264-523: A set of readings and lectures on statistical graphics , which he further developed in joint seminars he taught with renowned statistician John Tukey , a pioneer in the field of information design. These course materials became the foundation for Tufte's first book on information design, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information . In 1977, Tufte left Princeton University for Yale University, where he accepted an appointment as Professor of Political Science , Statistics , and Computer Science , as well as

297-480: A technical or scientific nature. This may include exploded views , cutaways , fly-throughs, reconstructions, instructional images, component designs, diagrams . The aim is "to generate expressive images that effectively convey certain information via the visual channel to the human observer". Technical and scientific illustration is generally designed to describe or explain subjects to a nontechnical audience, so it must provide "an overall impression of what an object

330-436: Is $ 70,650, while for science illustrators it is $ 72,277. Types of jobs range from research institutes to museums to animation. In the art world, illustration has at times been considered of less importance than graphic design and fine art . Today, however, due in part to the growth of the graphic novel and video game industries, as well as increased use of illustration in magazines and other publications, illustration

363-457: Is a famous image of the time. During the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe, the main reproduction processes for illustration were engraving and etching . In 18th Century England, a notable illustrator was William Blake (1757–1827), who used relief etching . By the early 19th century, the introduction of lithography substantially improved reproduction quality. In Europe, notable figures of

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396-443: Is now becoming a valued art form, capable of engaging a global market. Original illustration art has been known to attract high prices at auction. The US artist Norman Rockwell 's painting "Breaking Home Ties" sold in a 2006 Sotheby's auction for US$ 15.4 million. Many other illustration genres are equally valued, with pinup artists such as Gil Elvgren and Alberto Vargas , for example, also attracting high prices. Historically,

429-403: Is or does, to enhance the viewer's interest and understanding." In contemporary illustration practice, 2D and 3D software is often used to create accurate representations that can be updated easily, and reused in a variety of contexts. There is a Guild of Natural Science Illustrators and Association of Medical Illustrators. The Association of Medical Illustrators states that the median salary

462-418: Is shown to be more powerful as a chronological list rather than as an alphabetical one. The sacrifice each fallen individual has made is thus highlighted within the overall time scope of the war. In Sidereus Nuncius , Galileo presents the nightly observations of the moons of Jupiter in relation to the body itself, interwoven with the two-month narrative record. Tufte has criticized the way Microsoft PowerPoint

495-457: Is the small multiple , a chart with many series shown on a single pair of axes that can often be easier to read when displayed as several separate pairs of axes placed next to each other. He suggests this is particularly helpful when the series are measured on quite different vertical ( y -axis) scales, but over the same range on the horizontal x -axis (usually time). Sparklines are a condensed way to present trends and variation, associated with

528-476: Is typically used. In his essay "The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint", Tufte criticizes many aspects of the software: Tufte cites the way PowerPoint was used by NASA engineers in the events leading to the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster as an example of PowerPoint's many problems. The software style is designed to persuade rather than to inform people of technical details. Tufte's analysis of

561-754: The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum in Ridgefield, Connecticut , in the one-man show Edward Tufte: Seeing Around . Hogpen Hill Farms, the 234- acre (95- hectare ) Tufte sculpture garden in Woodbury, Connecticut, is open to the public on summer weekends. In 2010, Edward Tufte opened a gallery, ET Modern, in New York City 's Chelsea Art District " at 11th Avenue and 20th Street. The gallery closed in 2013. Statistician Too Many Requests If you report this error to

594-495: The Dalziel Brothers , and Georges du Maurier . Although all fine art trained, their reputations were gained primarily as illustrators. Historically, Punch was most influential in the 1840s and 1850s. The magazine was the first to use the term " cartoon " to describe a humorous illustration and its widespread use led to John Leech being known as the world's first " cartoonist ". In common with similar magazines such as

627-630: The Guggenheim Foundation and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences . Tufte's writing is important in such fields as information design and visual literacy , which deal with the visual communication of information. He coined the word chartjunk to refer to useless, non-informative, or information-obscuring elements of quantitative information displays. Tufte's other key concepts include what he calls

660-449: The lie factor , the data-ink ratio , and the data density of a graphic. Tufte uses the term "data-ink ratio" to argue against using excessive decoration in visual displays of quantitative information. In Visual Display , Tufte explains, "Sometimes decoration can help editorialize about the substance of the graphic. But it is wrong to distort the data measures—the ink locating values of numbers—in order to make an editorial comment or fit

693-427: The 19th century, developments in printing technology freed illustrators to experiment with color and rendering techniques. These developments in printing affected all areas of literature from cookbooks, photography and travel guides, as well as children's books. Also, due to advances in printing, it became more affordable to produce color photographs within books and other materials. By 1900, almost 100 percent of paper

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726-541: The Parisian Le Voleur , Punch realised good illustration sold as well as good text. With publication continuing into the 21st Century, Punch chronicles a gradual shift in popular illustration, from reliance on caricature to sophisticated topical observation. From the early 1800s newspapers , mass-market magazines , and illustrated books had become the dominant consumer media in Europe and the New World. By

759-537: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.236 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 971857689 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 10:47:59 GMT Illustration The origin of the word "illustration" is late Middle English (in the sense ‘illumination; spiritual or intellectual enlightenment’): via Old French from Latin illustratio (n-), from

792-416: The art of illustration is closely linked to the industrial processes of printing and publishing . The illustrations of medieval codices were known as illuminations , and were individually hand-drawn and painted. With the invention of the printing press during the 15th century, books became more widely distributed, and often illustrated with woodcuts . Some of the earliest illustrations come from

825-415: The earliest known implementation of sparklines was conceived by interaction designer Peter Zelchenko and implemented by programmer Mike Medved in early 1998. Beyond his academic endeavors over the years, Tufte has created sculptures, often large outdoor ones made of metal or stone, that were first primarily exhibited on his own rural Connecticut property. In 2009–10, some of these artworks were exhibited at

858-566: The early 19th Century were John Leech , George Cruikshank , Dickens illustrator Hablot Knight Browne , and, in France, Honoré Daumier . All contributed to both satirical and "serious" publications. At this time, there was a great demand for caricature drawings encapsulating social mores, types and classes. The British humorous magazine Punch (1841–2002) built on the success of Cruikshank's Comic Almanac (1827–1840) and employed many well-regarded illustrators, including Sir John Tenniel ,

891-664: The imagery they created considered a portrait of American aspirations of the time. Among the best-known illustrators of that period were N.C. Wyeth and Howard Pyle of the Brandywine School , James Montgomery Flagg , Elizabeth Shippen Green , J. C. Leyendecker , Violet Oakley , Maxfield Parrish , Jessie Willcox Smith , and John Rea Neill . In France , on 1905, the Contemporary Book Society commissioned Paul Jouve to illustrate Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book . Paul Jouve would devote ten years to

924-557: The time of ancient Egypt (Khemet) often as hieroglyph . A classic example of illustrations exists from the time of The Tomb of Pharaoh Seti I , c.  1294 BC to 1279 BC, who was father of Ramses II , born 1303 BC. 1600s Japan saw the origination of Ukiyo-e , an influential illustration style characterised by expressive line, vivid colour and subtle tones, resulting from the ink-brushed wood block printing technique. Subjects included traditional folk tales, popular figures and everyday life. Hokusai 's The Great Wave off Kanagawa

957-428: The unhurried pace of the viewer's leisure. Tufte uses several historical examples to make his case. These include John Snow's cholera outbreak map , Charles Joseph Minard 's Carte Figurative , early space debris plots, Galileo Galilei 's Sidereus Nuncius , and Maya Lin 's Vietnam Veterans Memorial . For instance, the listing of the names of deceased soldiers on the black granite of Lin's sculptural memorial

990-412: The verb illustrare . Contemporary illustration uses a wide range of styles and techniques, including drawing , painting , printmaking , collage , montage , digital design , multimedia , 3D modelling . Depending on the purpose, illustration may be expressive, stylised, realistic, or highly technical. Specialist areas include: Technical and scientific illustration communicates information of

1023-488: Was a longtime city official. He graduated from the public Beverly Hills High School . Tufte received a BS and a MS in statistics from Stanford University , and a Doctor of Philosophy in political science from Yale University . His dissertation was completed in 1968 and titled The Civil Rights Movement and Its Opposition . Tufte was hired in 1967 by the Woodrow Wilson School of Princeton University as

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1056-445: Was machine-made, and while a person working by hand could produce 60-100lbs of paper per day, mechanization yielded around 1,000lbs per day. Additionally, in the 50-year period between 1846 and 1916, book production increased 400% and the price of books was cut in half. In America , this led to a "golden age of illustration" from before the 1880s until the early 20th century. A small group of illustrators became highly successful, with

1089-565: Was made Emeritus . On March 5, 2010, President Barack Obama appointed Tufte to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act's Recovery Independent Advisory Panel "to provide transparency in the use of Recovery-related funds". Tufte is an expert in the presentation of infographics such as charts and diagrams , and is a fellow of the American Statistical Association . He has held fellowships from

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