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68-679: [REDACTED] Look up great bear in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The term Great Bear can refer to: Ursa Major , the constellation, whose name is the Latin for "Great Bear" Great Bear Lake , the largest lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada and the fourth largest in North America Great Bear River , a river fed by Great Bear Lake in

136-593: A 2011 Danish film The Great Bear (lithograph) , artwork by Simon Patterson based on the London Tube map The Great Bear (play) , a 1951 play, never produced, by John Osborne GWR 111 The Great Bear , a British steam locomotive See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "great bear" on Misplaced Pages. All pages with titles beginning with Great Bear All pages with titles containing Great Bear Great (disambiguation) Bear (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

204-475: A declination of –82°, meaning it will rise and set daily for latitudes between 8°S and 8°N, and will not rise to viewers north of this latter 8th parallel north . Precession and proper motion mean that Sirius will be a future southern pole star: at 88.4° S declination in the year 66,270 AD; and 87.7° S declination in the year 93,830 AD. Pole stars of other planets are defined analogously: they are stars (brighter than 6th magnitude, i.e. , visible to

272-460: A different asterism in mind for Ursa Major, that instead had the "bear" image of the constellation oriented with Alkaid as the tip of the bear's nose, and the "handle" of the Big Dipper part of the constellation forming the outline of the top of the bear's head and neck, rearwards to the shoulder, potentially giving it the longer head and neck of a polar bear . Ursa Major is also pictured as

340-547: A distance of 5° from celestial north. Precession will eventually point the north celestial pole nearer the stars in the constellation Hercules , pointing towards Tau Herculis around 18,400 AD. The celestial pole will then return to the stars in constellation Draco (Thuban, mentioned above) before returning to the current constellation, Ursa Minor. When Polaris becomes the North Star again around 27,800 AD, due to its proper motion it then will be farther away from

408-436: A distant 7° from the pole, never close enough to be taken as marking the pole, while third-magnitude Delta Cygni will be a more helpful pole star, at a distance of 3° from celestial north, around 11,250 AD. Precession will then point the north celestial pole nearer the constellation Lyra , where the second brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere , Vega , will be a pole star around 14,500 AD, though at

476-442: A halo of globular clusters , indicating its age and relative stability. NGC 2950 is a lenticular galaxy located 60 million light-years from Earth. NGC 3000 is a double star, and catalogued as a nebula-type object. NGC 3079 is a starburst spiral galaxy located 52 million light-years from Earth. It has a horseshoe-shaped structure at its center that indicates the presence of a supermassive black hole . The structure itself

544-520: A line from Merak through Dubhe (1 unit) and continuing for 5 units, one's eye will land on Polaris, accurately indicating true north. Another asterism representing three pairs of footprints of a leaping gazelle is recognized in Arab culture . It is a series of three pairs of stars found along the southern border of the constellation. From southeast to southwest, the "first leap", comprising ν and ξ Ursae Majoris (Alula Borealis and Australis, respectively);

612-476: A stream. The seven sons, sympathetic to their mother, placed stepping stones in the river. Their mother, not knowing who put the stones in place, blessed them and, when they died, they became the constellation. The Iroquois interpreted Alioth, Mizar, and Alkaid as three hunters pursuing the Great Bear. According to one version of their myth, the first hunter (Alioth) is carrying a bow and arrow to strike down

680-452: Is 2.53 times the mass of Jupiter . 47 Ursae Majoris c , discovered in 2001, orbits every 2391 days and is 0.54 times the mass of Jupiter. 47 Ursae Majoris d , discovered in 2010, has an uncertain period, lying between 8907 and 19097 days; it is 1.64 times the mass of Jupiter. The star is of magnitude 5.0 and is approximately 46 light-years from Earth. The star TYC 3429-697-1 ( 9 40 44 48° 14′ 2″), located to

748-525: Is a future hot Jupiter , modeled to have evolved in a perpendicular orbit around 5 AU from its sun. The 4-Jupiter mass planet is projected to eventually move into a circular, more aligned orbit via the Kozai mechanism . However, it is currently on an incredibly eccentric orbit that ranges from approximately one astronomical unit at its apoapsis and six stellar radii at periapsis . Ursa Major has been reconstructed as an Indo-European constellation. It

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816-404: Is barely visible on a clear night , making it less useful for casual navigational or astronomy alignment purposes. It is a yellow giant 294 light years from Earth. Its angular separation from the pole is about 1° (as of 2000 ). The Southern Cross constellation functions as an approximate southern pole constellation, by pointing to where a southern pole star would be. At the equator , it

884-553: Is called stella maris , the sterre of the see, for he ledeth in the see men that saylle and have shyppemannes crafte. Polaris was associated with Marian veneration from an early time, Our Lady, Star of the Sea being a title of the Blessed Virgin. This tradition goes back to a misreading of Saint Jerome 's translation of Eusebius ' Onomasticon , De nominibus hebraicis (written ca. 390). Jerome gave stilla maris "drop of

952-687: Is called "bintang jong". In Theosophy , it is believed that the Seven Stars of the Pleiades focus the spiritual energy of the seven rays from the Galactic Logos to the Seven Stars of the Great Bear , then to Sirius , then to the Sun , then to the god of Earth ( Sanat Kumara ), and finally through the seven Masters of the Seven Rays to the human race. In European star charts,

1020-609: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ursa Major Ursa Major is primarily known from the asterism of its main seven stars, which has been called the " Big Dipper ", "the Wagon", "Charles's Wain", or "the Plough", among other names. In particular, the Big Dipper's stellar configuration mimics the shape of the " Little Dipper ". Two of its stars, named Dubhe and Merak ( α Ursae Majoris and β Ursae Majoris ), can be used as

1088-418: Is formed by superwinds from the black hole. NGC 3310 is another starburst spiral galaxy located 50 million light-years from Earth. Its bright white color is caused by its higher than usual rate of star formation, which began 100 million years ago after a merger. Studies of this and other starburst galaxies have shown that their starburst phase can last for hundreds of millions of years, far longer than

1156-609: Is identified as the bow of the great hunter Fávdna (the star Arcturus ). In the main Sámi language, North Sámi , it is called Fávdnadávgi ("Fávdna's Bow") or simply dávggát ("the Bow"). The constellation features prominently in the Sámi anthem , which begins with the words Guhkkin davvin dávggaid vuolde sabmá suolggai Sámieanan , which translates to "Far to the north, under the Bow, the Land of

1224-536: Is invisible in light-polluted urban skies. During the 1st millennium BC, Beta Ursae Minoris (Kochab) was the bright star closest to the celestial pole, but it was never close enough to be taken as marking the pole, and the Greek navigator Pytheas in ca. 320 BC described the celestial pole as devoid of stars. In the Roman era , the celestial pole was about equally distant between Polaris and Kochab. The precession of

1292-515: Is possible to see both Polaris and the Southern Cross. The celestial south pole is moving toward the Southern Cross, which has pointed to the south pole for the last 2000 years or so. As a consequence, the constellation is no longer visible from subtropical northern latitudes, as it was in the time of the ancient Greeks . Around 200 BC, the star Beta Hydri was the nearest bright star to the celestial south pole. Around 2800 BC, Achernar

1360-601: Is the brightest infrared galaxy in the sky. SN 2014J , an apparent Type Ia supernova , was observed in M82 on 21 January 2014. M97 , also called the Owl Nebula, is a planetary nebula 1,630 light-years from Earth; it has a magnitude of approximately 10. It was discovered in 1781 by Pierre Méchain . M101 , also called the Pinwheel Galaxy, is a face-on spiral galaxy located 25 million light-years from Earth. It

1428-610: The North or the South Pole . Currently, Earth's pole stars are Polaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris), a bright magnitude 2 star aligned approximately with its northern axis that serves as a pre-eminent star in celestial navigation , and a much dimmer magnitude 5.5 star on its southern axis, Polaris Australis (Sigma Octantis). From around 1700 BC until just after 300 AD, Kochab (Beta Ursae Minoris) and Pherkad (Gamma Ursae Minoris) were twin northern pole stars, though neither

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1496-499: The Solar System . It is filled with star forming regions which are creating many hot, young, blue stars at a very high rate. The Hubble Deep Field is located to the northeast of δ Ursae Majoris . HD 80606 , a sun-like star in a binary system, orbits a common center of gravity with its partner, HD 80607 ; the two are separated by 1,200 AU on average. Research conducted in 2003 indicates that its sole planet, HD 80606 b

1564-658: The Starry Plough , the Irish flag of Labour, adopted by James Connolly 's Irish Citizen Army in 1916, which shows the constellation on a blue background; on the state flag of Alaska ; and on the House of Bernadotte 's variation of the coat of arms of Sweden . The seven stars on a red background of the flag of the Community of Madrid , Spain, may be the stars of the Plough asterism (or of Ursa Minor). The same can be said of

1632-406: The equatorial coordinate system , the constellation stretches between the right ascension coordinates of 08 08.3 and 14 29.0 and the declination coordinates of +28.30° and +73.14°. Ursa Major borders eight other constellations: Draco to the north and northeast, Boötes to the east, Canes Venatici to the east and southeast, Coma Berenices to the southeast, Leo and Leo Minor to

1700-510: The "Star of the Sea" metaphor, saying that Mary is the "Star of the Sea" to be followed on the way to Christ, "lest we capsize amid the storm-tossed waves of the sea." In Mandaean cosmology , the Pole Star is considered to be auspicious and is associated with the World of Light ("heaven"). Mandaeans face north when praying, and temples are also oriented towards the north. On the contrary,

1768-466: The "Wain" or "Plaustrum", a Latin word referring to a ‍horse-drawn ‍cart. In Hinduism , Ursa Major/Big dipper/ Great Bear is known as Saptarshi , each of the stars representing one of the Saptarishis or Seven Sages (Rishis) viz. Bhrigu , Atri , Angiras , Vasishtha , Pulastya , Pulaha , and Kratu . The fact that the two front stars of the constellations point to the pole star is explained as

1836-456: The "second leap", comprising λ and μ Ursae Majoris (Tania Borealis and Australis); and the "third leap", comprising ι and κ Ursae Majoris , (Talitha Borealis and Australis respectively). W Ursae Majoris is the prototype of a class of contact binary variable stars , and ranges between 7.75 and 8.48 . 47 Ursae Majoris is a Sun-like star with a three-planet system . 47 Ursae Majoris b , discovered in 1996, orbits every 1078 days and

1904-525: The 5th century, when it was still removed from the celestial pole by about 8°. It was known as scip-steorra ("ship-star") in 10th-century Anglo-Saxon England , reflecting its use in navigation. In the Vishnu Purana , it is personified under the name Dhruva ("immovable, fixed"). The name stella polaris was coined in the Renaissance, even though at that time it was well recognized that it

1972-695: The Northwest Territories of Canada Great Bear Rainforest , British Columbia Great Bear Recreation Park , a ski hill in Sioux Falls, South Dakota Great Bear Wilderness area in Montana Great Bear (band) , a contra dance band Great Bear (Radium line) a tugboat built and operated by the Radium line Great Bear (roller coaster) , an inverted steel roller coaster at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania The Great Bear (film) ,

2040-610: The Parrhasian Bear, since Callisto came from Parrhasia in Arcadia , where the story is set. The Greek poet Aratus called the constellation Helike, ("turning" or "twisting"), because it turns around the celestial pole. The Odyssey notes that it is the sole constellation that never sinks below the horizon and "bathes in the Ocean's waves", so it is used as a celestial reference point for navigation . It has also been called

2108-557: The Romans as Diana ). Zeus's jealous wife Hera ( Juno to the Romans) discovers that Callisto has a son named Arcas as the result of her rape by Zeus and transforms Callisto into a bear as a punishment. Callisto, while in bear form, later encounters her son Arcas . Arcas almost spears the bear, but to avert the tragedy Zeus whisks them both into the sky, Callisto as Ursa Major and Arcas as the constellation Boötes . Ovid called Ursa Major

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2176-539: The Sámi slowly comes into view." The Bow is an important part of the Sámi traditional narrative about the night sky, in which various hunters try to chase down Sarva , the Great Reindeer, a large constellation that takes up almost half the sky. According to the legend, Fávdna stands ready to fire his Bow every night but hesitates because he might hit Stella Polaris , known as Boahji ("the Rivet"), which would cause

2244-560: The bear. The second hunter (Mizar) carries a large pot – the star Alcor – on his shoulder in which to cook the bear while the third hunter (Alkaid) hauls a pile of firewood to light a fire beneath the pot. The Lakota people call the constellation Wičhákhiyuhapi , or "Great Bear". The Wampanoag people (Algonquian) referred to Ursa Major as "maske", meaning "bear" according to Thomas Morton in The New England Canaan. The Wasco-Wishram Native Americans interpreted

2312-444: The best-known patterns in the sky. As many of its common names allude, its shape is said to resemble a ladle , an agricultural plough , or wagon . In the context of Ursa Major, they are commonly drawn to represent the hindquarters and tail of the Great Bear. Starting with the "ladle" portion of the dipper and extending clockwise (eastward in the sky) through the handle, these stars are the following: Except for Dubhe and Alkaid ,

2380-429: The biblical book of Job , dated between the 7th and 4th centuries BC, although this is often disputed. The constellation of Ursa Major has been seen as a bear , usually female, by many distinct civilizations. This may stem from a common oral tradition of Cosmic Hunt myths stretching back more than 13,000 years. Using statistical and phylogenetic tools, Julien d'Huy reconstructs the following Palaeolithic state of

2448-836: The boon given to the boy sage Dhruva by Lord Vishnu . One of the few star groups mentioned in the Bible ( Job 9:9 ; 38:32 ; – Orion and the Pleiades being others), Ursa Major was also pictured as a bear by the Jews . "The Bear" was translated as "Arcturus" in the Vulgate and it persisted in the King James Version of the Bible. In China and Japan, the Big Dipper is called the "North Dipper" 北斗 ( Chinese : běidǒu , Japanese : hokuto ), and in ancient times, each one of

2516-470: The bottom of the bowl of the Big Dipper. M81 is a nearly face-on spiral galaxy 11.8 million light-years from Earth. Like most spiral galaxies, it has a core made up of old stars, with arms filled with young stars and nebulae . Along with M82 , it is a part of the galaxy cluster closest to the Local Group . M82 is a nearly edgewise galaxy that is interacting gravitationally with M81. It

2584-410: The celestial north pole, on 24 March 2100. Precession will next point the north celestial pole at stars in the northern constellation Cepheus . The pole will drift to space equidistant between Polaris and Gamma Cephei ("Errai") by 3000 AD, with Errai reaching its closest alignment with the northern celestial pole around 4200 AD. Iota Cephei and Beta Cephei will stand on either side of

2652-477: The constellation as five wolves and two bears that were left in the sky by Coyote . To Norse pagans , the Big Dipper was known as Óðins vagn , " Woden 's wagon". Likewise Woden is poetically referred to by Kennings such as vagna verr 'guardian of the wagon' or vagna rúni 'confidant of the wagon' In the Finnish language , the asterism is sometimes called by its old Finnish name, Otava . The meaning of

2720-617: The constellation was visualized with the 'square' of the Big Dipper forming the bear's body and the chain of stars forming the Dipper's "handle" as a long tail. However, bears do not have long tails, and Jewish astronomers considered Alioth, Mizar, and Alkaid instead to be three cubs following their mother, while the Native Americans saw them as three hunters. Noted children's book author H. A. Rey , in his 1952 book The Stars: A New Way to See Them , ( ISBN   0-395-24830-2 ) had

2788-430: The current star, with stars that will be "near-north" indicators when no North Star exists during the cycle, including each star's average brightness and closest alignment to the north celestial pole during the cycle: Currently, there is no South Pole Star like Polaris , the so-called North Star . Sigma Octantis is the closest near naked-eye star to the south celestial pole, but at apparent magnitude 5.47 it

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2856-690: The east of θ Ursae Majoris and to the southwest of the "Big Dipper") has been recognized as the state star of Delaware , and is informally known as the Delaware Diamond. Several bright galaxies are found in Ursa Major, including the pair Messier 81 (one of the brightest galaxies in the sky) and Messier 82 above the bear's head, and Pinwheel Galaxy (M101), a spiral northeast of Alkaid . The spiral galaxies Messier 108 and Messier 109 are also found in this constellation. The bright planetary nebula Owl Nebula (M97) can be found along

2924-466: The equinoxes takes about 25,770 years to complete a cycle. Polaris' mean position (taking account of precession and proper motion ) will reach a maximum declination of +89°32'23", which translates to 1657" (or 0.4603°) from the celestial north pole, in February 2102. Its maximum apparent declination (taking account of nutation and aberration ) will be +89°32'50.62", which is 1629" (or 0.4526°) from

2992-430: The mid-northern latitudes. From southern temperate latitudes, the main asterism is invisible, but the southern parts of the constellation can still be viewed. Ursa Major covers 1279.66 square degrees or 3.10% of the total sky, making it the third largest constellation. In 1930, Eugène Delporte set its official International Astronomical Union (IAU) constellation boundaries, defining it as a 28-sided irregular polygon. In

3060-459: The naked eye limit needed to serve as a useful indicator of north to an Earth-based observer, resulting in periods of time during the cycle when there is no clearly defined North Star. There will also be periods during the cycle when bright stars give only an approximate guide to "north", as they may be greater than 5° of angular diameter removed from direct alignment with the north celestial pole. The 26,000 year cycle of North Stars, starting with

3128-447: The naked eye under ideal conditions) that most closely coincide with the projection of the planet's axis of rotation onto the celestial sphere. Different planets have different pole stars because their axes are oriented differently. (See Poles of astronomical bodies .) In the medieval period, Polaris was also known as stella maris ("star of the sea", from its use for navigation at sea), as in e.g. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (d. 1272), in

3196-550: The name has been almost forgotten in Modern Finnish; it means a salmon weir . Ancient Finns believed the bear ( Ursus arctos ) was lowered to earth in a golden basket off the Ursa Major, and when a bear was killed, its head was positioned on a tree to allow the bear's spirit to return to Ursa Major. In the Sámi languages of Northern Europe, part of the constellation (i.e. the Big Dipper minus Dubhe and Merak ,

3264-562: The navigational pointer towards the place of the current northern pole star , Polaris in Ursa Minor . Ursa Major, along with asterisms it contains or overlaps, is significant to numerous world cultures, often as a symbol of the north. Its depiction on the flag of Alaska is a modern example of such symbolism. Ursa Major is visible throughout the year from most of the Northern Hemisphere , and appears circumpolar above

3332-430: The northern celestial pole some time around 5200 AD, before moving to closer alignment with the brighter star Alpha Cephei ("Alderamin") around 7500 AD. Precession will then point the north celestial pole at stars in the northern constellation Cygnus . Like Beta Ursae Minoris during the 1st millennium BC, the bright star closest to the celestial pole in the 10th millennium AD, first-magnitude Deneb , will be

3400-433: The pole than it is now, while in 23,600 BC it was closer to the pole. Over the course of Earth's 26,000-year axial precession cycle, a series of bright naked eye stars (an apparent magnitude up to +6; a full moon is −12.9) in the northern hemisphere will hold the transitory title of North Star. While other stars might line up with the north celestial pole during the 26,000 year cycle, they do not necessarily meet

3468-417: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Great Bear . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Bear&oldid=1059610006 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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3536-500: The sea" as a (false) Hebrew etymology of the name Maria . This stilla maris was later misread as stella maris ; the misreading is also found in the manuscript tradition of Isidore 's Etymologiae (7th century); it probably arises in the Carolingian era ; a late 9th-century manuscript of Jerome's text still has stilla , not stella , but Paschasius Radbertus , also writing in the 9th century, makes an explicit reference to

3604-414: The seven stars had a specific name, often coming themselves from ancient China: In Shinto , the seven largest stars of Ursa Major belong to Ame-no-Minakanushi , the oldest and most powerful of all kami . In South Korea , the constellation is referred to as "the seven stars of the north". In the related myth, a widow with seven sons found comfort with a widower, but to get to his house required crossing

3672-399: The seven stars pictured in the bordure azure of the coat of arms of Madrid , capital of that country. Pole star A pole star is a visible star that is approximately aligned with the axis of rotation of an astronomical body ; that is, a star whose apparent position is close to one of the celestial poles . On Earth , a pole star would lie directly overhead when viewed from

3740-470: The sky to collapse and end the world. In Burmese , Pucwan Tārā (ပုဇွန် တာရာ, [bəzʊ̀ɴ tàjà] ) is the name of a constellation comprising stars from the head and forelegs of Ursa Major; pucwan (ပုဇွန်) is a general term for a crustacean , such as prawn , shrimp , crab , lobster , etc. In Javanese , it is known as "lintang jong", which means "the jong constellation". Likewise, in Malay it

3808-699: The south, Lynx to the southwest and Camelopardalis to the northwest. The three-letter constellation abbreviation "UMa" was adopted by the IAU in 1922. The outline of the seven bright stars of Ursa Major form the asterism known as the " Big Dipper " in the United States and Canada, while in the United Kingdom it is called the Plough   or (historically) Charles' Wain . Six of the seven stars are of second magnitude or higher, and it forms one of

3876-608: The stars of the Big Dipper all have proper motions heading toward a common point in Sagittarius . A few other such stars have been identified, and together they are called the Ursa Major Moving Group . The stars Merak (β Ursae Majoris) and Dubhe (α Ursae Majoris) are known as the "pointer stars" because they are helpful for finding Polaris , also known as the North Star or Pole Star. By visually tracing

3944-441: The stars' proper motions), the role of North Star has passed from one star to another in the remote past, and will pass in the remote future. In 3000 BC, the faint star Thuban in the constellation Draco was the North Star, aligning within 0.1° distance from the celestial pole, the closest of any of the visible pole stars. However, at magnitude 3.67 (fourth magnitude) it is only one-fifth as bright as Polaris, and today it

4012-410: The story: "There is an animal that is a horned herbivore, especially an elk. One human pursues this ungulate. The hunt locates or get to the sky. The animal is alive when it is transformed into a constellation. It forms the Big Dipper." In Greek mythology , Zeus (the king of the gods, known as Jupiter in Roman mythology ) lusts after a young woman named Callisto , a nymph of Artemis (known to

4080-473: The translation of John Trevisa (1397): by the place of this sterre place and stedes and boundes of the other sterres and of cercles of heven ben knowen: therefore astronomers beholde mooste this sterre. Then this ster is dyscryved of the moste shorte cercle; for he is ferre from the place that we ben in; he hydeth the hugenesse of his quantite for unmevablenes of his place, and he doth cerfifie men moste certenly, that beholde and take hede therof; and therfore he

4148-412: Was 89.35 degrees North; (at epoch J2000 it was 89.26 degrees N). So it appears due north in the sky to a precision better than one degree, and the angle it makes with respect to the true horizon (after correcting for refraction and other factors) is within a degree of the latitude of the observer. The celestial pole will be nearest Polaris in 2100. Due to the precession of the equinoxes (as well as

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4216-433: Was as close to the pole as Polaris is now. In classical antiquity , Beta Ursae Minoris (Kochab) was closer to the celestial north pole than Alpha Ursae Minoris. While there was no naked-eye star close to the pole, the midpoint between Alpha and Beta Ursae Minoris was reasonably close to the pole, and it appears that the entire constellation of Ursa Minor , in antiquity known as Cynosura (Greek Κυνόσουρα "dog's tail"),

4284-425: Was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1781. Its spiral arms have regions with extensive star formation and have strong ultraviolet emissions . It has an integrated magnitude of 7.5, making it visible in both binoculars and telescopes, but not to the naked eye. NGC 2787 is a lenticular galaxy at a distance of 24 million light-years. Unlike most lenticular galaxies, NGC 2787 has a bar at its center. It also has

4352-548: Was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century AD astronomer Ptolemy in his Almagest , who called it Arktos Megale. It is mentioned by such poets as Homer , Spenser , Shakespeare , Tennyson and also by Federico Garcia Lorca , in "Song for the Moon". Ancient Finnish poetry also refers to the constellation, and it features in the painting Starry Night Over the Rhône by Vincent van Gogh . It may be mentioned in

4420-502: Was only 8 degrees from the south pole. In the next 7500 years, the south celestial pole will pass close to the stars Gamma Chamaeleontis (4200 AD), I Carinae , Omega Carinae (5800 AD), Upsilon Carinae , Iota Carinae (Aspidiske, 8100 AD) and Delta Velorum (Alsephina, 9200 AD). From the eightieth to the ninetieth centuries, the south celestial pole will travel through the False Cross . Around 14,000 AD Canopus will have

4488-402: Was previously assumed. NGC 4013 is an edge-on spiral galaxy located 55 million light-years from Earth. It has a prominent dust lane and has several visible star forming regions. I Zwicky 18 is a young dwarf galaxy at a distance of 45 million light-years. The youngest-known galaxy in the visible universe, I Zwicky 18 is about 4 million years old, about one-thousandth the age of

4556-517: Was several degrees away from the celestial pole; Gemma Frisius in the year 1547 determined this distance as 3°8'. An explicit identification of Mary as stella maris with the North Star ( Polaris ) becomes evident in the title Cynosura seu Mariana Stella Polaris (i.e. "Cynosure, or the Marian Polar Star"), a collection of Marian poetry published by Nicolaus Lucensis (Niccolo Barsotti de Lucca) in 1655. In 2022 Polaris' mean declination

4624-477: Was used as indicating the northern direction for the purposes of navigation by the Phoenicians . The ancient name of Ursa Minor, anglicized as cynosure , has since itself become a term for "guiding principle" after the constellation's use in navigation. Alpha Ursae Minoris (Polaris) was described as ἀειφανής (transliterated as aeiphanes ) meaning "always above the horizon", "ever-shining" by Stobaeus in

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