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68-654: The first Parindra was established at a congress in Solo from 24-26 December 1935 as a result of a merger between the Budi Utomo political society and the Indonesian National Union ( Perserikatan Bangsa Indonesia ) with the aim of working with the Dutch to secure Indonesian independence, grouping it with the "cooperative" nationalist organizations. The party's aims were: The party was led by Soetomo , who

136-809: A football club , one of the earliest clubs in Indonesia (at that time still the Dutch Indies), called Persis Solo . Persis Solo was a giant club in the Dutch Indies and still exists, but is past its heyday. During the Perserikatan tournament, Persis became seven-time champion. Currently it plays in the Liga 1 Indonesia . Other than Persis, several clubs have existed in Solo: Arseto , Pelita Solo , Persijatim Solo FC , and lastly Solo FC played in

204-528: A communist, as Surakarta's military governor. In December 1948, the Dutch attacked and occupied the cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta as part of Operation Kraai . The Indonesian Army, led by General Soedirman, started a guerrilla war in surrounding areas. The Dutch declared that the Republic had been destroyed and no longer existed. To disprove this, the Indonesian army conducted large-scale raids into

272-476: A densely-populated core city in Central Java, and its second city, spills considerably into neighboring regencies. Surakarta City and its surrounding regencies, Karanganyar , Sragen , Wonogiri , Sukoharjo , Klaten , and Boyolali , are collectively called the ex-Surakarta Residency (Dutch: Residentie Soerakarta ). Though a traffic study quotes the population as 1,158,000 as of 2008, this reflects only

340-486: A hand-spun Khadi tricolor Ashoka Chakra Indian flag was unfurled at Princess Park near India Gate , New Delhi by Jawaharlal Nehru . The government's decision to partition Bengal was made in December 1903. The official reason was that Bengal, with a population of 78 million, was too large to be administered; the real reason, however, was that it was the centre of the revolt, and British officials could not control

408-541: A total capacity of 478.02 L/second (126.3 U.S. gal/sec). The total reservoir capacity is 9,140 m (,414,533 U.S. gala) nd can serve 55,22% of the population. Surakarta features a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen : Am ). with a lengthy wet season spanning from October through May, and a relatively short dry season covering the remaining four months (June through September). On average Surakarta receives just under 2,200 mm (87 in) of rainfall annually, with its wettest months being December, January, and February. As

476-512: Is 800–1,200 m (2,600–3,900 ft) above sea level. In 1890–1927 there were only 12 wells in Surakarta. Today, underground water wells in 23 locations produce about 45 L/second (11.9 U.S. gal/sec). In March 2006, Surakarta's state water company (PDAM) had a production capacity of 865.02 L/second (228.5 U.S. gal/sec): from Cokrotulung, Klaten , 27 km (17 mi) from Surakarta, 387 L/s (102.2 U.S. gal/sec); and from 26 deep wells, with

544-544: Is a major city in Central Java , Indonesia . The 46.72 km (18.04 sq mi) city adjoins Karanganyar Regency and Boyolali Regency to the north, Karanganyar Regency and Sukoharjo Regency to the east and west, and Sukoharjo Regency to the south. On the eastern side of Solo lies Solo River (Bengawan Solo). Its metropolitan area, consisting of Surakarta City and the surrounding six regencies ("Greater Solo Area", formerly Special Region of Surakarta ),

612-407: Is a popular local entertainment park featuring a children's playground, dangdut music performance and Wayang Wong traditional Javanese dance performance almost every night. Near the park is Radyapustaka Museum, one of the oldest museums in Indonesia, with a collection of Javanese cultural artefacts. The traditional batik village of Laweyan and Kampung Batik Kauman, located in the southwest part of

680-615: Is also home to the West Bandits Solo of the Indonesian Basketball League . They play their home games in the Sritex Arena . Surakarta is the first to host National Paralympic Week in 1957 and hosted several of the subsequent games. As a result, Surakarta has sport facilities sufficient for holding international disabled sports games. In 1986, Surakarta hosted the 4th FESPIC Games , making

748-412: Is commemorated as the birthday of the city of Surakarta. On 26 June Prime Minister Sutan Syahrir was kidnapped in Surakarta by a rebel movement led by Major General Soedarsono, the commander of the 3rd division. President Sukarno was angry at this kidnapping and on 1 July 1946, 14 communist leaders including Tan Malaka were arrested by Indonesian police on Sukarno's instructions. However, Soedarsono freed

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816-466: Is common in areas featuring a tropical monsoon climate, temperatures are relatively consistent throughout the year. Surakarta's average temperature is roughly 30 °C every month (86 °F). After Surakarta became a city, it was divided into five districts ( kecamatan ), each led by a camat , and subdivided into 51 kelurahan (now 54), each led by a lurah . The districts of Surakarta City are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at

884-685: Is the Keraton Surakarta , the palace of Susuhunan Pakubuwono, also the Princely Javanese court of Mangkunegaran . Pasar Gede market is often visited by tourists, mostly for its unique architecture and fame as the biggest traditional market in the Solo area. The Pasar Klewer is famous for its batiks in all prices and qualities, while the Pasar Triwindhu located near Mangkunegaran palace specialises in antiques. Taman Sriwedari

952-417: Is the largest bus terminal in Surakarta. Surakarta is situated on Indonesian National Route 15, which connects it to Yogyakarta and Waru ( Sidoarjo ). Semarang–Solo Toll Road connects the city with provincial capital Semarang . In 2009 the total extent of roadways in the city was 705.34 km: 13.15 km state road, 16.33 km province road, and 675.86 km local road. The number of bus companies

1020-557: Is the largest station in Surakarta, and is the junction between Yogyakarta (westward), Semarang (northward), and Surabaya (eastward), while Purwosari is the junction located west of Solo Balapan, and has a connection to Wonogiri (southward). There are several direct lines to other cities, such as Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Semarang, Ngawi and Malang. For regional traffic, a commuter train KRL Commuterline Yogyakarta–Solo connects Surakarta and Yogyakarta. On July 26, 2011,

1088-475: The Bathara Kresna Rail Bus has been launched to serve Purwosari – Wonogiri route, but for the moment only Purwosari-Sukoharjo trackage was ready due to there are 99 bridges should be strengthen between Sukoharjo-Wonogiri. Until April 2012, Surakarta-Wonogiri railbus is still in a big question mark due to the 12 tons railbuses are considered too heavy for existing railroad track that only has

1156-730: The Indonesian Premier League in 2011. Persis s made Manahan Stadium their home ground. Manahan Stadium is one of the best sports stadiums in Central Java, with 20,000 seats, and has several times hosted national and international matches. It was recently the venue for the AFC Champions Cup 2007 , the final venue of the Indonesian Cup 2010, and the opening venue for the Indonesian Premiere League on January 15, 2011. Surakarta

1224-513: The Peranakan ethnic group to join the party. It also passed motions calling for a reduction in unemployment, more spending on public works and a reduction in laborers' working hours. Parindra had a youth 'scout organization', Soerja Wirawan , which used a version of Roman salute , similar to the Nazi salute, with the arm in a straight line. As early as 1937, members began using this salute, which

1292-524: The Provisional People's Representative Council , although party faction leader Lobo subsequently defected to another party, Persatuan Rakyat Marhaen Indonesia . The three pillars of the party were patriotism, populism and social justice. Its aims were to strengthen the position of the Indonesian state and people, to bring about a democratic unitary state, to strive for a socialist society, and to promote national culture. Among its priorities were

1360-735: The Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque . Built at a cost of $ 20 million, it is a smaller replica of the grand mosque in Abu Dhabi , and is named in honour of the UAE 's founder, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan . Construction for the mosque began on Monday the 8th of March, 2021. Sheikh Mohamed had offered it to President Widodo when the former visited Indonesia in July 2019. Swadeshi movement The Swadeshi movement

1428-735: The politiestaat (police state) left by de Jonge, into a beambtenstaat (administrator state) that gave comparatively better concessions to organisations that cooperated with the Dutch East Indies government. In 1937, Parindra had 4,600 members. By the end of 1938, it had 11,250 members. These members were mostly concentrated in East Java. By May 1941 (the eve of the Pacific war ), Parindra had an estimated 19,500 members. When Dr. Soetomo died in May 1938, his position as chairman of Parindra

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1496-594: The proclamation of Indonesian Independence , Pakubuwono XII declared Surakarta a part of the Republic of Indonesia. Because of this support, President Sukarno declared Surakarta a Special Region with the Susuhunan, Pakubuwono XII, continuing as governor. This terminology was also used for the Special Region of Yogyakarta , which continues to be legally governed by its sultan to this day. However, unlike Yogyakarta, Surakarta had intense, organized resistance to

1564-535: The 18th century, the village had acquired the name of Sala. This name is said to be derived from the sala tree . As the Javanese pronunciation "Sala" ([sɔlɔ]) was considered difficult to pronounce by the Dutch, the name later morphed into "Solo" ([solo]). In 1745, based on astrological calculations and Dutch commercial interest, Surakarta was chosen to be the new capital of the Mataram Sultanate which

1632-408: The 2009 estimate, there were 245,043 males and 283,159 females (a sex ratio of 86.54) in Surakarta. 119,951 of the population were 14 years or younger, 376,180 were between 15 and 64, and 32,071 were above 65. The number of households was 142,627 and the average number of household members was 3.7. The population growth in the last 10 years was about 0.565% per year. The labor force of Solo in 2009

1700-421: The 2010 Census and 2020 Census together with the latest official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (all classed as urban kelurahan ), and the district postal codes: Notes: (a) also spelled "Lawiyan". (b) except the kelurahan of Jagalan, which has the postcode of 57162. Surakarta as

1768-495: The Directorate of Higher Education, Ministry of Education RI. There is also arts concentrated university Art Institute of Surakarta (ISI), religious studies State Islamic Institute (IAIN Surakarta). There are around 52 private universities and colleges such as STIKES Muhammadiyah, Universitas Tunas Pembangunan, Universitas Slamet Riyadi, Universitas Surakarta, Universitas Setia Budi, etc. The per capita GDP of Surakarta in 2009

1836-541: The Dutch government. Under suspicion of supplying the Japanese with sensitive informations, on 9 February 1941, Moehammad Hoesni Thamrin's house was searched by the PID (Dutch East Indies secret service) while he was suffering from malaria , days later Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin breathed his last. Parindra is thus portrayed as a party that cooperated with the Dutch East Indies government at the beginning of its establishment, but

1904-583: The Japanese. As Jan Anne Jonkman , president of the Volksraad from 1939 until 1942, put it in his memoirs: “Thamrin was buried like a prince. The interest and sympathy of the Indonesians were overwhelming.” During his burial ceremony, with a militaristic style, Soekardjo Wirjopranoto – an influential Parindrist, march through Soerja Wirawan youths performing the salute, which is allegedly a name with Pro-Japanese tendencies. Although Parindra maintained that

1972-650: The Swadeshi movement. The British reunited Bengal in 1911 and shifted their capital to New Delhi. The Swadeshi movement took on a new meaning after the reunification of Bengal. Swadeshi is a conjunction ( sandhi ) of two Sanskrit words: swa ("self" or "own") and desh ("country"). Swadeshi is an adjective that means "of one's own country". Swadeshi Movement has been characterized as cloth production in India. Indians started ditching British goods for Indian products, even though they were costlier. The impact

2040-479: The Yogyakarta Sultanate (southern court). Surakarta was ruled by hereditary monarchs, who were given the unique Javanese cultural title Susuhunan . Since both Surakarta and Yogyakarta had become vassal states of the Dutch, traditional court arts, notably gamelan , were developed to demonstrate cultural power instead of developing military power. Perhaps the most significant ruler of the 20th century

2108-471: The bitter controversy that followed, did much to revitalize Congress. Curzon, typically, had dismissed the Congress in 1900 as ‘tottering to its fall’. But he left India with Congress more active and effective than at any time in its history." Bengal was divided by religion: the western half would be primarily Hindu , and the eastern half would be primarily Muslim . This divide-and-conquer strategy sparked

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2176-435: The capacity of accommodating 10-ton vehicles, furthermore PT KAI have proposed a fare between Rp30,000 ($ 3.27) and Rp40,000 ($ 4.36) per passenger, while Surakarta administration wants tickets to be priced much lower between Rp5,000 ($ 0.54) and Rp7,000 ($ 0,76). In 2019, Adisumarmo Airport Rail Link began operation, linking Solo Balapan Station to a station inside Adisumarmo International Airport complex. Tirtonadi Terminal

2244-410: The cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, called Serangan Oemoem . On 7 August 1949, Indonesian troops led by Slamet Riyadi managed to defeat the Dutch troops and occupied the city for several hours. To commemorate this event, the main street of the city of Surakarta was renamed Brigadier General Slamet Riyadi Street . Surakarta remained under communist control until October 1965. Local government

2312-647: The city and the city centre respectively, are famous for producing fine quality Javanese batik. Within Surakarta tourists can also use the Jaladara old steam train which was launched on in September 2009 for 5.6 km (3.5 miles) connecting Purwosari Station and Solo Kota Station. In 2011 there were 60 trips and in 2012 will be 80 trips. On November 14, 2022, President Widodo and his Emirati counterpart , Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan , inaugurated

2380-516: The city and the entire 6 surrounding regencies, which reflects a broader planning region, though not a core metropolitan area as some of its regencies are not particularly suburbanized. Both the metropolitan area and extended areas border Yogyakarta's metropolitan area, while only the extended metropolitan area borders Kedungsapur or Greater Semarang . One of the earliest censuses held in Surakarta Residency ( Residentie Soerakarta )

2448-642: The city had finished high school, while 86,890 had only finished junior high school, and 94,840 were still in school or had only finished elementary school. The percentage of high-school graduates was the highest of the cities and regencies in Central Java. According to the statistics of Data Pokok Pendidikan (Dapodik), in the 2010/2011 school year, there were 68,153 students and 853 schools in Surakarta. There are two big universities possessing more than 20.000 students: Sebelas Maret University (UNS) and Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta (UMS), both are recognised as among Indonesia's 50 best universities according to

2516-588: The continuation of the monarchy. In October 1945, a republican movement was established in Surakarta led by Tan Malaka , a member of the Indonesian Communist Party . On 17 October, the vizier of Surakarta, KRMH Sosrodiningrat V (a member of the BPUPK ), was kidnapped. The new vizier, KRMT Yudonagoro, and 9 other court officials were also kidnapped by the same movement in March 1946, including

2584-535: The continuously built-up area, as the city affects entire neighboring regencies by significantly driving up overall population densities in Sukoharjo Regency and Klaten Regency over the already dense countryside. Furthermore, the government of Indonesia officially defines a broader region as Surakarta's extended metropolitan zone, with the acronym "Subosukawonosraten" (for SU rakarta, BO yolaki, SU koharjo, KA ranganyar, WONO giri, SRA gen, Kla TEN ) as

2652-486: The course of 1936, Parindra held a series of public meetings to convey its aspirations to the people. By the end of the year, it had 3,425 members and 57 branches. At its first congress, held in Batavia from 15-18 May 1937, the party claimed to be neither cooperative nor non-cooperative, although its willingness to participate in the Volksraad meant it was in fact cooperative. It pledged to obtain as many seats as possible in

2720-516: The games the first in Indonesian para-sport history in which international disabled sports games were held. The city is also the host city of the 2011 ASEAN Para Games , instead of Jakarta and Palembang , where the main games were held, as well as the 2022 ASEAN Para Games where the original host, Vietnam , only held the 2021 Southeast Asian Games due to COVID-19 crisis. Adisumarmo International Airport ( IATA code: SOC ) has direct flights to Kuala Lumpur by Malaysia Airlines and during

2788-425: The hajj season, Saudi Arabia , as well as regular flights to Jakarta by Garuda Indonesia , Sriwijaya Air , Lion Air and Citilink . The airport is located 14 km (8.7 mi) north of the city. In 2009 Adisumarmo had 2,060 outbound domestic flights and 616 outbound international flights. Surakarta has four train stations: Solo Balapan , Purwosari , Solo Jebres , and Solo Kota (Sangkrah). Solo Balapan

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2856-435: The heir to the viziership KRMTH Wuryaningrat. In response, Prime Minister of Indonesia Sutan Syahrir met with Wuryaningrat and other Surakarta leaders in May and agreed to abolish the established government entirely. On 16 June 1946, the Surakarta "special region" was abolished and replaced with a regency ( kabupaten ), administered by a republican government outside the control of the Susuhunan and his court. This event

2924-523: The inclusion of West Papua within Indonesia, the implementation of a unitary, not federal, state and the holding of general elections as soon as possible. The party contested the 1955 legislative election , but despite party members having held important roles in Indonesian cabinets, its share of the vote was so small that it failed to win any seats in the legislature. Surakarta Surakarta ( Javanese : ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠ , Pegon : سوراكارتا ), known colloquially as Solo ( Javanese : ꦱꦭ ; Sálá ),

2992-508: The industry, most people in Solo worked in trade (106,426), services (59,780), manufacturing (42,065), communication (16,815), construction (9,217), financing (9,157), or agriculture (2,608), and the rest in mining, electricity, gas, and water companies (700). The mean working week in Solo was 47.04 hours (47.74 for men and 46.13 for women), and 212,262 people worked more than 35 hours per week compared to 34,506 who worked less than that. According to 2009 statistics, 242,070 people above 15 in

3060-506: The palace. Prime Minister Syahrir was released unharmed. Several months later, Maj. Gen. Soedarsono and his group were pardoned and released from prison. However, this did not halt the ascendancy of the Communist Party in Surakarta. In November 1946, the communists kidnapped the regent and vice-regent and seized power for themselves, a coup quickly legitimated after the fact by Sukarno. In 1947, Amir Sjarifuddin appointed Wikana ,

3128-607: The party “did not adopt [the salute] out of a particular sympathy for Hitler and his Nazis.” In the 1939 Volksraad election , four Parindra members were elected to the Volksraad, but none were appointed. In May 1939, Thamrin was the main driving force behind the merger of Parindra and seven other nationalist organizations into the Federation of Indonesian Political Parties ( Gaboengan Politek Indonesia , GAPI). The party planned to hold its third congress in Banjarmasin , but it

3196-641: The protests, which they thought would spread throughout India. Reappointed George Curzon , 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston Viceroy of India (1899–1905), in August 1904, he presided over the 1905 partition of Bengal . In 'Lion and the Tiger ;: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947', Denis Judd wrote: "Curzon had hoped... to bind India permanently to the Raj. Ironically, his partition of Bengal, and

3264-506: The rebel leaders immediately. Sukarno asked the local military commander in Surakarta, Lieutenant Colonel Suharto to arrest Major General Soedarsono and the rebel group. Suharto refused to follow this command unless it was given directly by the Military Chief of Staff, General Soedirman . Sukarno was angry at this rejection of his commanding authority and called Suharto a stubborn ( koppig ) officer. Suharto pretended to support

3332-406: The rebellion and persuaded Soedarsono and his group to stay at his headquarters at Wiyoro, Surakarta for their safety. Later that night he persuaded Soedarsono to meet President Sukarno at his palace the next morning. Suharto secretly informed the presidential guard troops about Soedarsono's plan on the next morning. On July 3, 1946, Soedarsono and his group were arrested by the presidential guard near

3400-581: The region of Surakarta is evidenced from roughly one million years ago, the age of the " Java Man " skeleton found 80 kilometres upstream. Another famous early hominid from this area is called " Solo Man ". The Surakarta area was part of the Mataram Kingdom and at this time a village called Wulayu seems to have already existed in or around the present-day city of Surakarta, as evidenced by a ferry charter issued by Balitung in A.D. 904 . The Majapahit Empire renewed this ferry charter in 1358 . By

3468-609: The shipping workers' union by establishing Rukun Pelayaran Indonesia (Rupelin), organise the economy by advocating Swadeshi (self-help), establishing the Indonesian National Bank in Surabaya , and establishing printing presses that published newspapers and magazines. Parindra's activities were increasingly supported by the then Governor General of the Dutch East Indies, van Starkenborg , who replaced de Jonge in 1936. Governor-General van Starkenborg modified

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3536-434: The soul of swaraj (self-rule). The movement took its vast size and shape after rich Indians donated money and land dedicated to Khadi and Gramodyog societies which started cloth production in every household. It also included other village industries so as to make village self-sufficient and self-reliant. The Indian National Congress used this movement as arsenal for its freedom struggle and ultimately on 15 August 1947,

3604-467: The various councils. Two motions were passed, firstly the urge the government to improve the national shipping service and train Indonesians to be sailors, and secondly to set up as many party branches as possible. A second party congress, held in Bandung from 24-27 December 1938 elected Woerjaningrat as leader to replace Soetomo, who had recently died in May 30th. The party also decided to allow members of

3672-501: Was Pakubuwono X . His relationship with the Dutch, his large family, and his popularity contributed to perhaps the largest funeral procession that ever occurred in Surakarta. He had spent a large amount of money on the Royal Graveyard at Imogiri , both the main sections of the graveyard and the new section where he was buried. In the era just before independence, Surakarta had European, Chinese, and Arab quarters. After hearing

3740-470: Was 16,813,058.62 IDR, the fourth highest in Central Java after Kudus, Cilacap, and Semarang. The living standard in 2009 was 723,000 IDR. The Consumer price index in January 2011 was 119.44. Religion in Surakarta (2021) Most people in the city are Muslims , followed by Christians , Hindus , Buddhists and Confucians . Surakarta has a long sport history and tradition. In 1923 Solo already had

3808-468: Was 23, and the total number of buses operating was 1,115 intra-provincial buses and 1,107 inter-provincial. In 2010, the government of Surakarta launched a new bus service named Batik Solo Trans (BST), which resembles TransJakarta bus rapid transit service. As of 2017, it has only three routes. A single trip costs Rp.3000, Rp.1500 for students. A special ticket for the trip from or to the airport costs Rp.7000. One main tourist attraction of Surakarta

3876-526: Was 275,546, of whom 246,768 were working, while 28,778 were seeking work. Another 148,254 people aged 15 and above were not in the labor force. Based on employment numbers, the most common work in Solo was worker/paid employee (112,336), followed by self-employee (56,112), self-employee assisted by temporary employee (32,769), unpaid employee (20,193), self-employee assisted by permanent employee (14,880), freelance employee in non-agricultural work (10,241), and freelance employee in agricultural work (237). Based on

3944-675: Was a self-sufficiency movement that was part of the Indian independence movement and contributed to the development of Indian nationalism . Before the BML Government's decision for the partition of Bengal was made public in December 1903, there was a lot of growing discontentment among the Indians. In response the Swadeshi movement was formally started from Town Hall at Calcutta on 7 August 1905 to curb foreign goods by relying on domestic production. Mahatma Gandhi described it as

4012-455: Was called groot saluut , saluut terhormat or great salute. Newspaper articles from the period 1935-42 remarked on Parindra’s bizarre practice, but it was only officially banned in 1941, as colonial authorities became increasingly uneasy about the prospects of a Japanese invasion. In 1941, Mohammad Husni Thamrin died, five days after he was put under house arrest by the Dutch colonial authorities after being suspected for supplying information to

4080-581: Was cancelled following the enactment of martial law after the German invasion of the Netherlands . On 10 January 1942, Japan invaded and subsequently occupied the Dutch East Indies . On 20 March, the Japanese authorities ordered all political parties to be dissolved and banned political activity. Parindra tried to organise the Tani (peasantry) by establishing Rukun Tani (Farmers' Association), organise

4148-456: Was elected at the 1935 congress. Other senior figures included Mohammad Husni Thamrin , Susanto Tirtoprodjo , Sukarjo Wiryopranoto and Woerjaningrat. The party became the most influential Indonesian grouping in the Volksraad , the notionally legislative body established by the Dutch. In the 1935 election , it won two seats in the body, with a further party member appointed directly. Over

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4216-567: Was exiled in Ende since 1933. He was widely despised, but also feared, by Dutch conservatives. Thus motions led by Parindra was majority accepted in the Volksraad , such like the motions to implement Indonesian Autonomy and the change of use of degrading Dutch terms of Nederlands Indie , Nederlands Indisch , and Inlander (Dutch Indies, Dutch Indian, and Dutch Indians) be replaced with the nationalist terms of Indonesia, Indonesisch, and Indonesier (Indonesia, Indonesian, and Indonesians); Both vetoed by

4284-484: Was home to 6,837,753 inhabitants according to the official estimates for mid 2023, 526,870 of whom reside in the city proper. Surakarta is the birthplace of the President of Indonesia from 2014 to 2024, Joko Widodo , as well as his son and current Vice President of Indonesia, Gibran Rakabuming Raka . The former served as Mayor of Surakarta from 2005 to 2012, as did the latter from 2021 to 2024. Hominid habitation in

4352-505: Was in 1885. At that time, with an area of about 5,677 km (2,192 sq mi), there were 1,053,985 people in Surakarta Residency, including 2,694 Europeans and 7,543 Indonesian-Chinese. The area, 130 times the current area of Surakarta, had a population density of 186 people/km (480 people/sq mi). The capital of the residency itself (roughly the size of the City of Solo proper) in 1880 had 124,041 people living in it. According to

4420-579: Was on the verge of becoming a vassal state of the Dutch East India Company . The formal name is derived from the previous capital Kartasura . The official court history claims that Surakarta originally stood on a lake, which was drained by the favor of the mythical queen of the southern sea, Kanjeng Ratu Kidul . In the ensuing colonial era, the kingdom of Mataram was divided into the Surakarta Sunanate (northern court) and

4488-513: Was replaced by Moehammad Hoesni Thamrin (MHT), a merchant and Volksraad member. Before becoming chairman of Parindra, Moehammad Hoesni Thamrin had established trade contacts with the Japanese so that he can played the Pro-Japanese card when he was on the Volksraad political stage. Because of his strong political activities and his closeness to the Japanese, the Dutch East Indies government considered Thamrin more dangerous than Soekarno, who

4556-542: Was suspected at the end of the Dutch East Indies rule in Indonesia in 1942 as a party that flirted with Japan to gain independence. The second Parindra was established as a "splinter party" in November 1949 by one of the leaders of the pre-war party, R.P. Soeroso, who subsequently served in several cabinets. Its membership comprised members of the old Parindra that had decided not to join the PNI. Initially it had seven members in

4624-445: Was unclear about how to proceed after the 30 September Movement and went about business as usual. As a result, Suharto's forces entered Surakarta without resistance, mobilized local youth paramilitaries, and indiscriminately slaughtered the entire local government. The water sources for Surakarta are in the valley of Merapi, a total of 19 locations, with a capacity of 3,404 L/second (899.2 U.S. gal/sec). The average source water height

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