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38-449: The origin of the name Perm is uncertain. Most common explanation derives the name "Perm" from "parma" ("forested highlands" in Komi language). While the city of Perm is a modern foundation named for Permia, the town of Cherdyn was reportedly itself known as the capital of "Great Perm" in the past. Cherdyn acted as a central market town, and it is sometimes suggested that perm was simply

76-642: A degree of autonomy under the Muscovite rule, but was eventually absorbed into it in 1505. The principality was located in the Upper Kama area and maintained close connections with nearby Perm of Vychegda (alternatively known as Perm the Minor). Both Perm states had paid tribute to the Novgorod Republic since the 9th or 10th centuries. Perm of Vychegda was Christianised by Stephen of Perm in

114-696: A mass shooting occurred at Perm State University , resulting in six fatalities and 47 injuries. The city is located on the bank of the Kama River upon hilly terrain. The Kama is the main tributary of the Volga River and is one of the deepest and most picturesque rivers of Russia. This river is the waterway which grants the Ural Mountains access to the White Sea , Baltic Sea , Sea of Azov , Black Sea , and Caspian Sea . The Kama divides

152-485: A term for "merchants" or "market" in a local language , but there have been other suggestions. The same name is likely reflected in the toponym Bjarmaland in Norse sagas . The general region of Great Perm was known as wisu (وِيسُو wīsū ) in medieval Arab ethnography , so referred to in the works of Ahmad ibn Fadlan , Al-Gharnati , Zakariya al-Qazwini and Yaqut al-Hamawi (in his Dictionary of Countries ). The term

190-832: A time, and it figures in his novel Doctor Zhivago under the fictional name "Yuriatin" where Yuri sees Lara again in the public library. Perm is an example of city marketing in Russia , where the city also has a logo . Perm is or has been twinned with: Oxford City Council bowed to public pressure to end twinning with Perm in 2022 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and "Russia's breaches of international law". The name "Perm" has been removed from welcome signs on roads into Oxford. Kama River The Kama ( UK : / ˈ k æ m ə / KA-mə , US : / ˈ k ɑː m ə / KAH-mə ; Russian : Кама [ˈkamə] ; Udmurt : Кам ), also known as

228-735: Is Vladimir Pavlenko , a monumentalist sculptor from Nizhny Tagil , member of the Artists' Union of Russia and UNESCO International Association of Arts. The Permyak Salty Ears is a sculpture and one of the most visited tourist attractions in Perm. Perm is a scientific centre. Some of the scientific institutes are combined in the Perm Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences . Perm

266-461: Is a distinct lack of seasonal lag resulting in rapid cooling down of the warm weather as days get shorter. This results in September, October, and November being colder than May, April, and March, respectively. Perm is the administrative centre of the krai and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Permsky District , even though it

304-471: Is a home to several major universities including Perm State University , Perm State Technical University, Perm branch of state university Higher school of economics, Perm State Teachers' Training University, Perm State Medical Academy, Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy, Perm State Agricultural Academy, The Institute of Art and Culture, Perm State Choreographic School, and others. There are also three military schools in Perm. Religion in Perm (2024) At

342-655: Is an important railway junction on the Trans-Siberian Railway with lines radiating to Central Russia , the north part of the Urals , and the far east of Russia . Perm has two major railway stations, the historical Perm I and the modern Perm II . The Kama River is an important direct link between the European part of Russia to the sea ports on the White , Baltic , Azov , Black , and Caspian seas. Perm

380-644: Is below the source of the Kama (331 m), which is the main factor in determining the superiority of any river. Compared to the Kama basin (507,000 km ), the Volga has a larger basin (604,000 km ). More rivers flow into the Kama than the Volga. Experts have proven that the valley of the Kama River is more ancient than the Volga River valley. In other words, at the time of the existence of the ancient Kama, also known as

418-453: Is dammed at several locations: The largest tributaries of the Kama are, from source to mouth: Even today, disputes over the primacy of the rivers continue: Volga or Kama? Scientific facts say that the Volga flows into the Kama, and not vice versa. The confluence of the Volga and the Kama has exactly the same water content (Volga: 3,500 m /s; Kama: 4,100 m /s). The source of the Volga (228 m)

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456-430: Is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with two rural localities , incorporated separately as the city of krai significance of Perm —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of krai significance of Perm is incorporated as Perm Urban Okrug . For administrative purposes, Perm is divided into seven city districts: Perm has

494-475: Is perhaps derived from the name of the Ves' people who settled around Lake Ladoga and the upper Sukhona River . The Principality of Great Perm ( Russian : Великопермское княжество , Velikopermskoye knyazhestvo ; Komi-Permyak : Ыджыт Перем öксуму, Чердін öксуму ) emerged as a separate Komi-Permyak feudal entity in the 14th-15th centuries owing to the easing of the Novgorod Republic . The principality retained

532-480: Is served by the international airport Bolshoye Savino , which is located 16 km (9.9 mi) southwest of the city. Perm's public transit network includes tram , bus , and city-railway routes. The formerly important trolleybus service was discontinued in July 2019. The Perm Metro is a planned construction of a metro system which has been considered. The first plans date back to the 1970s. A feasibility study

570-558: Is the administrative centre of Perm Krai in the European part of Russia . It sits on the banks of the Kama River near the Ural Mountains , covering an area of 799.68 square kilometres (308.76 square miles). With over one million residents Perm is the 15th-largest city in Russia and the 5th-largest in the Volga Federal District . In 1723, a copper-smelting works was founded at the village of Yagoshikha . In 1781

608-482: The Chulman ( / tʃ uː l ˈ m ɑː n / chool-MAHN ; Tatar : Чулман / Çulman [tɕuɫˈmɑn] ), is a 1,805-kilometre (1,122 mi) long river in Russia . It has a drainage basin of 507,000 square kilometres (196,000 sq mi). It is the longest left tributary of the Volga and the largest one in discharge. At their confluence, in fact, the Kama is even larger in terms of discharge than

646-787: The Drama Theater , the Puppet Theatre, the Theatre for Young Spectators, the Theatre "Stage Molot", and the mystical At the Bridge Theatre . Among the cities museums and galleries, the Perm State Art Gallery is recognised for its outstanding collections of art, including paintings from 15th- to 18th-century art movements, and wooden sculptures from the region. It is housed in a notable early 19th-century structure, once an orthodox cathedral. The spire of

684-634: The Permian takes its name from the toponym . Perm is located in the old Permiak area. Perm was first mentioned as the village of Yagoshikha ( Ягошиха ) in 1647; however, the history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the Ural region by Tsar Peter the Great . Vasily Tatishchev , appointed by the Tsar as a chief manager of Ural factories, founded Perm together with another major centre of

722-481: The Russian aircraft industry ; rocket engine company Proton-PM , which will mass-produce the RD-191 engine for the upcoming Angara rocket family ; electric engineering firms Morion JSC, Perm Scientific and Industrial Group, and Perm Electrical Engineering Plant; Russia's largest exporter of cables and wires, JSC KAMKABEL; and oil and natural gas companies such as LUKoil -Perm Ltd. and LUKoilPernefteprodukt Ltd. Perm

760-734: The Kama with the basins of the Northern Dvina and the Pechora . In the early 19th-century the Northern Ekaterininsky Canal connected the upper Kama with the Vychegda River (a tributary of the Northern Dvina), but was mostly abandoned after just a few years due to low use. The Kama featured in the 2013 Russian film The Geographer Drank His Globe Away , in the climactic rapids scene. The Kama

798-665: The Siberian White Army under Anatoly Pepelyayev (who acknowledged the authority of the Omsk Government of Aleksandr Kolchak ), took Perm. On July 1, 1919, the city was retaken by the Red Army . In the 1930s, Perm grew as a major industrial city with aviation , shipbuilding , and chemical factories built during that period. During the Great Patriotic War ( World War II ), Perm

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836-550: The Ural region, Yekaterinburg . In the 19th century, Perm became a major trade and industrial centre with a population of more than 20,000 people in the 1860s, with several metallurgy , paper , and steamboat producing factories, including one owned by a British entrepreneur. In 1870, an opera theatre was opened in the city, and in 1871 the first phosphoric factory in Russia was built. In 1916, Perm State University —a major educational institution in modern Russia—was opened. After

874-605: The Volga. It starts in the Udmurt Republic , near Kuliga , flowing northwest for 200 kilometres (120 mi), turning northeast near Loyno for another 200 kilometres (120 mi), then turning south and west in Perm Krai , flowing again through the Udmurt Republic and then through the Republic of Tatarstan , where it meets the Volga south of Kazan . Before the advent of railroads, important portages connected

912-438: The city into two parts: the central part and the right bank part. The city stretches for 70 kilometers (43 mi) along the Kama and 40 kilometers (25 mi) across it. The city street grid parallels the Kama River, travelling generally east–west, while other main streets run perpendicularly to those following the river. The grid pattern accommodates the hills of the city where it crosses them. Another distinguishing feature of

950-532: The city returned to its historical name. Modern Perm is still a major railway hub and one of the chief industrial centers of the Urals region. The city's diversified metallurgical and engineering industries produce equipment and machine tools for the petroleum and coal industries, as well as agricultural machinery. A major petroleum refinery uses oil transported by pipeline from the West Siberian oilfields, and

988-672: The city's large chemical industry makes fertilizers and dyes. The city's institutions of higher education include the Perm A.M. Gorky State University, founded in 1916. The name Perm is of Uralic etymology ( Komi-Permyak : Перем, Perem ; Komi : Перым , Perym ). Komi is a member of the Permic branch of the Uralic languages, which is also named for Perm. In Finnish and Vepsian perämaa means "far-away land"; similarly, in Hungarian perem means "edge" or "verge". The geologic period of

1026-677: The city's relief is the large number of small rivers and brooks. The largest of them are the Mulyanka , the Yegoshikha , the Motovilikha (all are on the left bank of Kama River), and the Gayva (on the right bank). Perm has a warm summer continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ). Winters are long, snowy and quite cold. Summers are moderately warm with cool nights, although summers are shorter than winters. Due to its far inland location, there

1064-526: The drum. The sound consequently has long sustain and reverberation . The Legend of Perm Bear or The Walking Bear is a sculpture depicting a walking bear , which is also shown on the city's coat of arms. It is situated in the central part of the city on Lenin Street, in front of the Organ Concert Hall and close to the building of Legislative Assembly of Perm Krai . The author of the sculpture

1102-512: The fourteenth century and subsequently subdued by Muscovy . In 1451 a House of Princes of Perm gained control of both territories as vassals of Moscow, with the titles of princes Vymsky , and princes Velikopermsky . In fact even though having been Christianised soon after Perm of Vychegda , Great Perm enjoyed greater independence, positioned between three powers: Moscow, the Novgorod , and Kazan . Finally in 1472 an army of vassals of Moscow with

1140-605: The largest industrial output among cities in the Urals, ahead of Yekaterinburg , Chelyabinsk and Ufa , although Perm has a smaller population than these. Thirty-five per cent of Perm Oblast 's industry is located in Perm. The largest industries in the city are electric power engineering, oil and gas refining, machine building, chemicals and petrochemicals, forestry processing, printing and food industry. Several major industrial companies are located in Perm: Perm Motors and Aviadvigatel , major suppliers of engines to

1178-614: The museum towers over the rest of Perm, as it is situated on the Komsomolsky Prospect. Perm is receiving attention from the development of the new Museum of Contemporary Art, Perm Museum of Contemporary Art (PERMM) which officially opened in March 2009. The RAV Vast steel tongue drum was invented in Perm by Andrey Remyannikov. This instrument is unique in the tongue drum and handpan world because each note has multiple harmonic overtones that resonate with other notes in

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1216-697: The outbreak of the Russian Civil War , Perm became a prime target for both sides because of its military munitions factories. It was heavily rumored from July–September 1918 that the Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna and her four daughters were imprisoned at the perception and Berezine buildings. According to the File on the Tsar, the Grand Duchess Anastasia would have attempted to flee. On December 25, 1918,

1254-481: The princes Vymsky among them conquered Great Perm and captured their brother Prince Mikhail Velikopermsky. Nevertheless, the latter soon came back again from Moscow as governor and ruled his domain for life. His son Matthew Velikopermsky was finally deposed by the Grand Prince of Moscow in 1505. Up to the early 18th century, the name Great Perm was officially used of the Upper Kama area, a southern part of which

1292-638: The settlement of Yagoshikha became the town of Perm . Perm's position on the navigable Kama River, leading to the Volga , and on the Siberian Route across the Ural Mountains, helped it become an important trade and manufacturing centre. It also lay along the Trans-Siberian Railway . Perm grew considerably as industrialization proceeded in the Urals during the Soviet period, and in 1940 was named Molotov in honour of Vyacheslav Molotov . In 1957

1330-611: The time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (907,955) was: The city hosted 2002 European Amateur Boxing Championships . In 1995–2008, Perm was the location of the Ural Great basketball team — the only Russian basketball champion besides CSKA . There is also an amateur bandy team called Kama . The following people were either born in Perm or made names for themselves while residing there. The Nobel-prize-winning writer Boris Pasternak (1890–1960) lived in Perm for

1368-545: Was a vital center of artillery production in the Soviet Union. During the Cold War , Perm became a closed city . The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural centre. The leading industries include machinery, defence , oil production (about 3% of Russian output), oil refining , chemical and petrochemical, timber and wood processing and the food industry. On September 20, 2021,

1406-400: Was compiled in 1990, but economic difficulties during the decade prevented its final planning and construction. The plans were revitalised in the early 2000s, but a lack of funding hampered the project and plans were once again put on hold. Light rail has also been considered. The Perm Opera and Ballet House is one of the best in Russia. There are many other theatres in Perm, including

1444-542: Was governed by the Stroganov family. The name was borrowed (as the ' Permian ' period) by the nineteenth century geologist Sir Roderick Murchison to refer to rocks of a certain age, following extensive studies which he conducted in the region. Perm, Russia Perm ( Russian : Пермь , IPA: [pʲermʲ] ; Komi-Permyak : Перем ; Komi : Перым ), previously known as Yagoshikha ( Ягошиха ; 1723–1781) and Molotov ( Молотов ; 1940–1957),

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