A road is a thoroughfare for the conveyance of traffic that mostly has an improved surface for use by vehicles (motorized and non-motorized) and pedestrians. Unlike streets , whose primary function is to serve as public spaces, the main function of roads is transportation.
96-515: Download coordinates as: Canyon Road (formerly known as Great Plank Road ) is a 6.5 mi (10.5 km) major road and partial state highway , which serves as a connector between Beaverton and Portland, Oregon , United States . It was the first major road constructed between the Tualatin Valley and Portland, and has contributed significantly to Portland becoming the area's major deep water port , and subsequent early growth of
192-576: A Native American settlement for one night. St. Johns is named in honor of settler James John . He made his journey to the Pacific Northwest from Westport, Missouri in 1841. His first residence was in Linnton, Oregon before moving across the river no earlier than 1844. Five years after John's settlement, nearly 12 families laid claim to land in the vicinity. In 1865, John had a portion of his land surveyed and plotted into eight blocks for
288-400: A road use tax , is payable on some vehicles used on the public road. The definition of a road depends on the definition of a highway; there is no formal definition for a highway in the relevant Act. A 1984 ruling said "the land over which a public right of way exists is known as a highway; and although most highways have been made up into roads, and most easements of way exist over footpaths,
384-411: A single carriageway road is converted into dual carriageway by building a second separate carriageway alongside the first, it is usually referred to as duplication , twinning or doubling . The original carriageway is changed from two-way to become one-way, while the new carriageway is one-way in the opposite direction. In the same way as converting railway lines from single track to double track ,
480-532: A townsite . Additional blocks were added in 1870 and 1876. John would often donate small parcels of his land to his friends without means. After his death, James John left his remaining personal property to the township of St. Johns to use to build a public school . It was John's wish that children of all religious denominations could study together and receive an education that stressed the importance of civic engagement. John requested that all of his assets be sold off to raise funds for first his burial and funeral and
576-457: A 25 to 50 millimeter hole through the pavement into the sub-base with a dry-bit roto-hammer . Next, a two-part epoxy is poured into the hole – dyed for visual clarity. Once the epoxy hardens, technicians drill through the hole. If a void is present, the epoxy will stick to the core and provide physical evidence. Common stabilization materials include pozzolan -cement grout and polyurethane. The requirements for slab stabilization are strength and
672-614: A May 2009 report by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and TRIP – a national transportation research organization – driving on rough roads costs the average American motorist approximately $ 400 a year in extra vehicle operating costs. Drivers living in urban areas with populations more than 250,000 are paying upwards of $ 750 more annually because of accelerated vehicle deterioration, increased maintenance, additional fuel consumption , and tire wear caused by poor road conditions. When
768-419: A double-wheeled, steel roller to insert the rod to the desired depth. After inserting the backer rod, the sealant is placed into the joint. There are various materials to choose for this method including hot pour bituminous liquid, silicone and preformed compression seals. Careful design and construction of roads can increase road traffic safety and reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, and property damage) on
864-924: A local suburban street named Canyon Court . By 1851, a dirt road, which was often muddy, ran between Portland and the Tualatin Valley—starting on Jefferson Street at the Willamette River then passing through Tanner Creek Canyon that cuts through the Tualatin Mountains . A plank road was suggested by Portland entrepreneur and proprietor Daniel H. Lownsdale as a means to transport abundant Tualatin Valley farm produce and grains to California Gold Rush -inflated markets in San Francisco, California . Col. William Williams Chapman , another proprietor, expended time and expense providing
960-413: A major two-level (and at one point, three-level) roadway in the downtown area, are being rebuilt with a designed service life of 100 years. Virtually all roads require some form of maintenance before they come to the end of their service life. Pro-active agencies use pavement management techniques to continually monitor road conditions and schedule preventive maintenance treatments as needed to prolong
1056-492: A new company to complete the road, and the city's merchant leaders (including William S. Ladd and Josiah Failing ) raised $ 75,000 for the new Portland and Tualatin Plains Plank Road Company, finishing the road by the end of 1856. The road, though never completely planked, was favored by farmers of Polk , Yamhill , and Washington counties since it saved between three and ten miles (16 km) travel to
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#17327973062111152-498: A reading room. T. J. Monahan was the president of the library committee during its construction. Upon its completion, the Portland Library donated 200 books to the new establishment. On March 18, 1903, the town held its first elections. The town elected Charles A. Cook, a telegraph operator, to be its first mayor . A real estate office was used for the polling place where 134 citizens voted. The town's population at
1248-428: A road as "a line of communication (travelled way) using a stabilized base other than rails or air strips open to public traffic, primarily for the use of road motor vehicles running on their own wheels", which includes "bridges, tunnels, supporting structures, junctions, crossings, interchanges, and toll roads, but not cycle paths". The Eurostat , ITF and UNECE Glossary for Transport Statistics Illustrated defines
1344-494: A road as a "Line of communication (traveled way) open to public traffic, primarily for the use of road motor vehicles, using a stabilized base other than rails or air strips. [...] Included are paved roads and other roads with a stabilized base, e.g. gravel roads. Roads also cover streets, bridges, tunnels, supporting structures, junctions, crossings and interchanges. Toll roads are also included. Excluded are dedicated cycle lanes." The 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic defines
1440-510: A road as the entire surface of any way or street open to public traffic. In urban areas roads may diverge through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route. Modern roads are normally smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel . Part 2, Division 1, clauses 11–13 of the National Transport Commission Regulations 2006 defines
1536-524: A road in Australia as 'an area that is open to or used by the public and is developed for, or has as one of its main uses, the driving or riding of motor vehicles.' Further, it defines a shoulder (typical an area of the road outside the edge line, or the curb) and a road-related area which includes green areas separating roads, areas designated for cyclists and areas generally accessible to the public for driving, riding or parking vehicles. In New Zealand,
1632-638: A twenty-minute schedule in February 1905. Just weeks later the streetcar manager wrote a letter to the association announcing a new through service line to Portland without transfer. In May it was learned that only half of the association's demands would be met as the Portland Consolidated Railway Company kept their old thirty-minute schedule. The change was much needed, as the start of the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition
1728-565: A vast industrial landscape of warehouses, parking lots, and cargo and shipping facilities, including the 11 km Rivergate Industrial District of the Port of Portland . St. Johns and North Portland are known for their proximity to natural habitats. There are many parks and natural areas in St. Johns, including Pier Park, the Columbia Slough, Kelley Point Park (1984), Pier Park (1959),
1824-432: Is 40 years for new bitumen and concrete pavement. Maintenance is considered in the whole life cost of the road with service at 10, 20 and 30-year milestones. Roads can be and are designed for a variety of lives (8-, 15-, 30-, and 60-year designs). When pavement lasts longer than its intended life, it may have been overbuilt, and the original costs may have been too high. When a pavement fails before its intended design life,
1920-433: Is a non-destructive method of solving this problem and is usually employed with other concrete pavement restoration methods including patching and diamond grinding. The technique restores support to concrete slabs by filing small voids that develop underneath the concrete slab at joints, cracks or the pavement edge. The process consists of pumping a cementitious grout or polyurethane mixture through holes drilled through
2016-487: Is also common. Some road fixtures such as road signs and fire hydrants are designed to collapse on impact. Light poles are designed to break at the base rather than violently stop a car that hits them. Highway authorities may also remove larger trees from the immediate vicinity of the road. During heavy rains, if the elevation of the road surface is not higher than the surrounding landscape, it may result in flooding. Speed limits can improve road traffic safety and reduce
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#17327973062112112-485: Is another common procedure used to locate voids. It is recommended to do this testing at night as during cooler temperatures, joints open, aggregate interlock diminishes and load deflections are at their highest. Ground penetrating radar pulses electromagnetic waves into the pavement and measures and graphically displays the reflected signal. This can reveal voids and other defects. The epoxy/core test, detects voids by visual and mechanical methods. It consists of drilling
2208-541: Is considered to be one of the city's more diverse neighborhoods. With 23.5% of the residents in the 97203 zip code (which includes St. Johns and other neighborhoods in North Portland) living at or below the poverty line, the neighborhood is one of the city's poorest. As of the 2010s, there has been a lot of new development in Portland, and St. Johns is one of the most rapidly developing parts of Portland. Many of
2304-418: Is discovered it is removed, moisture content is managed and replaced with standard fill compacted to meet the design requirements (generally 90–95% relative compaction). Blasting is not frequently used to excavate the roadbed as the intact rock structure forms an ideal road base. When a depression must be filled to come up to the road grade the native bed is compacted after the topsoil has been removed. The fill
2400-451: Is made by the "compacted layer method" where a layer of fill is spread then compacted to specifications, under saturated conditions. The process is repeated until the desired grade is reached. General fill material should be free of organics , meet minimum California bearing ratio (CBR) results and have a low plasticity index . The lower fill generally comprises sand or a sand-rich mixture with fine gravel, which acts as an inhibitor to
2496-571: Is primarily due to environmental effects such as frost heaves , thermal cracking and oxidation often contribute, however accumulated damage from vehicles also contributes. According to a series of experiments carried out in the late 1950s, called the AASHO Road Test , it was empirically determined that the effective damage done to the road is roughly proportional to the fourth power of axle weight . A typical tractor-trailer weighing 80,000 pounds (36.287 t ) with 8,000 pounds (3.629 t) on
2592-522: Is some ambiguity between the terms highway and road . For the purposes of the English law , Highways Act 1980 , which covers England and Wales but not Scotland or Northern Ireland , road is "any length of highway or of any other road to which the public has access, and includes bridges over which a road passes". This includes footpaths, bridleways and cycle tracks, and also road and driveways on private land and many car parks. Vehicle Excise Duty ,
2688-410: Is taken to preserve reference Benchmarks Roads are designed and built for primary use by vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Storm drainage and environmental considerations are a major concern. Erosion and sediment controls are constructed to prevent detrimental effects. Drainage lines are laid with sealed joints in the road easement with runoff coefficients and characteristics adequate for
2784-586: Is the commencement of an era of commercial prosperity which will continue to increase until the iron horse takes the place of the plank road. —Mr. Tilford, orator at Canyon Road's laying of first plank. In August 2015, remnants of the Great Plank Road were unearthed during a road widening project in Beaverton. The pieces weren't salvageable. The historic route is almost completely paved over by modern roads. Beginning at Goose Hollow near where
2880-546: Is the native material underneath a constructed road. Road construction requires the creation of an engineered continuous right-of-way or roadbed , overcoming geographic obstacles and having grades low enough to permit vehicle or foot travel , and may be required to meet standards set by law or official guidelines. The process is often begun with the removal of earth and rock by digging or blasting, construction of embankments , bridges and tunnels , and removal of vegetation (this may involve deforestation ) and followed by
2976-559: Is usually stripped and stockpiled nearby for rehabilitation of newly constructed embankments along the road. Stumps and roots are removed and holes filled as required before the earthwork begins. Final rehabilitation after road construction is completed will include seeding, planting, watering and other activities to reinstate the area to be consistent with the untouched surrounding areas. Processes during earthwork include excavation, removal of material to spoil, filling, compacting, construction and trimming. If rock or other unsuitable material
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3072-519: The City Beautiful movement . McKenna made his fortune in real estate , but branched out into anything he felt bettered his community. A direct line to Portland still was not available as passengers had to transfer at Piedmont Junction in Albina. The St. Johns Commercial Association petitioned the Portland Consolidated Railway Company to install a transfer-free line to St. Johns and to increase to
3168-643: The Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company built a new line along the harbor. After the railway was completed, several businesses flocked to St. Johns, the first being the Portland Manufacturing Plant. St. Johns was officially recognized as a municipality by the Oregon State Legislature on January 5, 1902. Early citizens tasked with incorporation of their small town formed a new school district and petitioned
3264-641: The Portland Woolen Mills , which was located near the waterfront, increased their gross payroll from $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 a month while employing a total of 300 workers on day and night shifts. The second most profitable payroll in the town was the St. Johns Lumber company with $ 14,000 a month going to workers who in some cases had to take on overtime to keep up with demand. Public schools in St. Johns are part of Portland Public Schools and include Roosevelt High School , George Middle School, Sitton Elementary School, and James John Elementary School , and
3360-776: The Vista Bridge is now ( 45°31′09″N 122°41′53″W / 45.51925°N 122.697973°W / 45.51925; -122.697973 ( Canyon Road (east end) ) ), Jefferson Street transitions into Canyon Road, both in street signs and modern maps. It went up the canyon behind the Vista Ridge Tunnels where the Sunset Highway —also known as U.S. Route 26 —goes over Sylvan hill. Slightly west of Sylvan, an interchange with modern Canyon Road, also known as Oregon Route 8 , continues southwest into Beaverton. Two blocks west of Cedar Hills Boulevard, at
3456-492: The Vista Ridge Tunnels . However, Tanner Creek Canyon was originally a much deeper and narrower ravine. In the early twentieth century, when Tanner Creek was buried as it passes through Tanner Creek Canyon, the canyon was enlarged and infilled to raise Canyon Road. Then, in the 1960s when I-405 was being constructed, the excavated dirt was trucked into the canyon to further expand and fill Tanner Creek Canyon. This
3552-406: The land zoning and storm water system. Drainage systems must be capable of carrying the ultimate design flow from the upstream catchment with approval for the outfall from the appropriate authority to a watercourse , creek , river or the sea for drainage discharge. A borrow pit (source for obtaining fill, gravel, and rock) and a water source should be located near or in reasonable distance to
3648-685: The City & Suburban Rail Company's line in North Albina to St. Johns was announced. The company built double tracks of steam trains that would stop at Ockley Green Station where electric cars would take over to Albina and eventually Portland. Set to begin in July 1903, the St. Johns Railroad Company announced that they would construct an electric streetcar line from St. Johns to North Albina. A year before, Portland's City & Suburban Rail Company electrified their passenger lines to St. Johns. Before that,
3744-860: The Lang Syne Society in 1991. 45°30′16″N 122°44′51″W / 45.504516°N 122.747551°W / 45.504516; -122.747551 ( Canyon Road (midpoint) ) Road There are many types of roads , including parkways , avenues , controlled-access highways (freeways, motorways, and expressways), tollways , interstates , highways , thoroughfares , and local roads. The primary features of roads include lanes , sidewalks (pavement), roadways (carriageways), medians , shoulders , verges , bike paths (cycle paths), and shared-use paths . Historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or some maintenance. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defines
3840-468: The St. Johns City Council in 1904 to regulate the roaming of cattle within the town's limits in order to protect small gardens from being destroyed. When Mayor Fred W. Valentine appointed himself postmaster during a controversial decision in 1906 he subsequently ousted A. S. Clark who had served that post in an unofficial capacity for years. She was offered an assistant postmaster position, but declined. Weeks after Valentine's self-appointment, he resigned
3936-422: The ability to flow into or expand to fill small voids. Colloidal mixing equipment is necessary to use the pozzolan-cement grouts. The contractor must place the grout using a positive-displacement injection pump or a non-pulsing progressive cavity pump. A drill is also necessary but it must produce a clean hole with no surface spalling or breakouts. The injection devices must include a grout packer capable of sealing
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4032-503: The architect was dead. His son took over the project and took on Norton and other council members who were growing weary of the project. At his first city council meetings, Goodrich stated that councilmen who claimed “the material in the city hall is of poor quality”. Norton and Hewitt called Goodrich's claims false and objected to them being put on the record. It was scheduled to be completed and ready for use by July 1, 1907. The two-story brick building on concrete foundation had offices for
4128-521: The average US motorist pays about $ 335/year. In contrast, the average motorist pays about $ 171/year in road maintenance taxes (based on 600 gallons/year and $ 0.285/gallon tax). Distress and serviceability loss on concrete roads can be caused by loss of support due to voids beneath the concrete pavement slabs. The voids usually occur near cracks or joints due to surface water infiltration . The most common causes of voids are pumping, consolidation, subgrade failure and bridge approach failure. Slab stabilization
4224-514: The basics for fledgling Portland in an effort to counter competition by other upstart towns and Hudson's Bay Company . He founded The Oregonian , enlarged Portland's platt, improving the city's streets, and ushered construction of Canyon Road. Others already invested in the city contributed to help make Portland the prime seaport of the region, including persuading others to join them, removing river obstructions, and importing goods from Asia and beyond. The Portland & Valley Plank Road Company
4320-493: The city council who was adamant in his disapproval of the proposed city hall was S. C. Norton, who claimed the council was purposely misleading the public and acting against their will. Norton claimed that the proposed $ 10,000 to build a new city hall was a made-up figure. Ultimately a $ 7,953 contract was granted to Youngferdorf & Son, who would be responsible for the building of the foundation, outside and inside walls, roof, gas piping, and rough flooring. The city hall contract
4416-468: The city. The total modern length is 6.5 miles (10.5 km), and 2.7 miles (4.3 km) of the route is coterminous with U.S. Route 26 . In addition, the segment of the road signed as Oregon Route 8 under the name Canyon Road spans for 3.8 miles (6.1 km). There is an additional, small portion of a driveway in the Oregon Zoo parking lot that is also named Canyon Road; this is a continuation of
4512-590: The confluence of the Willamette River and the Columbia River . The iconic St. Johns Bridge crosses the Willamette from the south, leading into downtown St. Johns. It was a separate, incorporated city from 1902 until 1915, when citizens of both St. Johns and Portland voted to approve its annexation to Portland, which took effect on July 8, 1915. St. Johns is bordered by the Columbia River to
4608-561: The contract to a sawmill owned by himself and Simeon Reed , and the first plank was laid on September 27, 1851, leading to a large celebration. By November 1851, less than $ 3,000 in pledges had been collected, while $ 11,000 had been spent. The road had progressed fewer than three miles. The route, however, was excavated, following the canyon of Tanner Creek on the east side of the Tualatin Mountains. By spring of 1852, just over $ 6,000 had been collected and $ 14,000 spent, leading to
4704-401: The county court for a vote of approval. In 1904, the St. Johns Civic Improvement League was established to help the infant city catch up with the more established sites along the Willamette River . For almost two years after the town was established the streets remained unnamed and houses went unnumbered, making postal service impossible. The electric streetcar line in St. Johns connecting
4800-551: The definition of a road is broad in common law where the statutory definition includes areas the public has access to, by right or not. Beaches, publicly accessible car parks and yards (even if privately owned), river beds, road shoulders (verges), wharves and bridges are included. However, the definition of a road for insurance purposes may be restricted to reduce risk. In the United Kingdom The Highway Code details rules for "road users", but there
4896-465: The design structural capacity, stop erosion or eliminate faulting. It does, however, restore the slab support, therefore, decreasing deflections under the load. Stabilization should only be performed at joints and cracks where the loss of support exists. Visual inspection is the simplest manner to find voids. Signs that repair is needed are transverse joint faulting, corner breaks and shoulder drop off and lines at or near joints and cracks. Deflection testing
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#17327973062114992-441: The first pathways were the trails made by animals has not been universally accepted; in many cases animals do not follow constant paths. Some believe that some roads originated from following animal trails. The Icknield Way may exemplify this type of road origination, where human and animal both selected the same natural line. By about 10,000 BC human travelers used rough roads/pathways. In transport engineering , subgrade
5088-416: The functional condition of the road while reducing the need for routing maintenance, leading to extended service life without increasing structural capacity. Older concrete pavements that develop faults can be repaired with a dowel bar retrofit , in which slots are cut in the pavement at each joint, and dowel bars are placed in the slots, which are then filled with concrete patching material. This can extend
5184-464: The growth of plants or other vegetable matter. The compacted fill also serves as lower-stratum drainage. Select second fill ( sieved ) should be composed of gravel , decomposed rock or broken rock below a specified particle size and be free of large lumps of clay . Sand clay fill may also be used. The roadbed must be "proof rolled" after each layer of fill is compacted. If a roller passes over an area without creating visible deformation or spring
5280-446: The haste placed on the construction of the building. He and City Attorney Green, as well as Councilman W. H. King, felt that Norton was grasping at straws. The building's architect, W. W. Goodrich, explained in a letter to the council that the contract was not completed due to poor weather and failed shipments. Eventually, Norton won the favor of Mayor Hinman, who called for the contract be restored to Youngferdorf & Son. A week later
5376-468: The heavily outnumbered Indian immigrants. White laborers felt their jobs were being compromised by low-cost labor. But the factory owners claimed white workers would not agree to do the jobs that the Indian workers took for lower wages. On March 21, 1910, a riot occurred after a white laborer threw a glass of beer at an Indian worker. The Oregonian reported that a mob formed almost immediately outside of
5472-404: The highway system from traffic collisions. On neighborhood roads traffic calming , safety barriers , pedestrian crossings and cycle lanes can help protect pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers. Lane markers in some countries and states are marked with Cat's eyes or Botts dots. Botts dots are not used where it is icy in the winter, because frost and snowplows can break the glue that holds them to
5568-580: The hole. The injection device must also have a return hose or a fast-control reverse switch, in case workers detect slab movement on the uplift gauge. The uplift beam helps to monitor the slab deflection and has to have sensitive dial gauges. Also called joint and crack repair, this method's purpose is to minimize infiltration of surface water and incompressible material into the joint system. Joint sealants are also used to reduce dowel bar corrosion in concrete pavement restoration techniques. Successful resealing consists of old sealant removal, shaping and cleaning
5664-532: The junction with Hocken Road ( 45°29′17″N 122°48′46″W / 45.488163°N 122.812858°W / 45.488163; -122.812858 ( Canyon Road (west end) ) ), the contemporary road name changes to Tualatin Valley Highway ("TV Highway", though the original plank road continued farther west. A plaque to commemorate the road was placed in the South Park Blocks by
5760-404: The laying of pavement material. A variety of road building equipment is employed in road building. After design, approval , planning , legal, and environmental considerations have been addressed alignment of the road is set out by a surveyor . The radii and gradient are designed and staked out to best suit the natural ground levels and minimize the amount of cut and fill. Great care
5856-530: The life of the concrete pavement for 15 years. Failure to maintain roads properly can create significant costs to society. A 2009 report released by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials estimated that about 50% of the roads in the US are in bad condition, with urban areas worse. The report estimates that urban drivers pay an average of $ 746/year on vehicle repairs while
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#17327973062115952-609: The lifespan of their roads. Technically advanced agencies monitor the road network surface condition with sophisticated equipment such as laser/inertial profilometers . These measurements include road curvature , cross slope , asperity , roughness , rutting and texture . Software algorithms use this data to recommend maintenance or new construction. Maintenance treatments for asphalt concrete generally include thin asphalt overlays, crack sealing, surface rejuvenating, fog sealing, micro milling or diamond grinding and surface treatments . Thin surfacing preserves, protects and improves
6048-462: The long-time residents of North Portland struggle with displacement due to the increased cost of living. The Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company (O. R. & N.) sent out surveys to assess a new project for St. Johns, Oregon in May 1901. At this time, the town was an unincorporated settlement with several farms and few roads. The rail construction was the first of its kind in the area and was planned for
6144-461: The mayor's office in the face of impeachment. B. W. Hinman was selected in a special election to replace Valentine. In 1915, voters in St Johns decided to give up their charter and merge with the City of Portland, its neighbor since the 1891 annexation of Albina . By 1905, the St. Johns City Council was planning to build a new city hall building. In January 1906, amidst financial woes, the city
6240-456: The mayor, city recorder, city attorney, chief of police and the fire department as well as a gymnasium and a records room on the first floor. The second floor had the council's chambers and smaller rooms to be used as committee and jury rooms. In February 1910, a Hindu laborer was arrested for allegedly starting a fire at the Portland Manufacturing Plant, costing the company US$ 100,000 in damages. This heightened tensions between Caucasians and
6336-498: The neighborhood is also served by Faubion School and Jefferson High School . The northernmost tip of the neighborhood is part of the Scappoose School District, though there are no residences in that region. The downtown business core of St. Johns consists primarily of boutique shops and individually owned and operated restaurants, including two theater pubs. The northern portion of the neighborhood gives way to
6432-515: The new carriageway is not always constructed directly alongside the existing carriageway. Roads that are intended for use by a particular mode of transport can be reallocated for another mode of transport, i.e. by using traffic signs . For instance, in the ongoing road space reallocation effort, some roads (particularly in city centers) which are intended for use by cars are increasingly being repurposed for cycling and/or walking . Like all structures, roads deteriorate over time. Deterioration
6528-409: The next nearest ports at St. Johns and St. Helens , but on a rough muddy road through deep woods. Harvey W. Scott said this new toll road was still difficult for travel and the entrance was "almost inaccessible", but the road was finished. Part of Highway 26 now passes through Tanner Creek Canyon—the canyon near the Oregon Zoo as the highway approaches Portland's Goose Hollow neighborhood via
6624-534: The northeast, the Willamette River to the northwest, the North Portland railroad cut to the southeast, and a number of streets separating it from Cathedral Park to the southwest, primarily North Ivanhoe Street. Historian Eva Emery Dye , while looking at the original Lewis and Clark Expedition journals, made the discovery that William Clark made camp at the modern site of Cathedral Park near
6720-477: The number of road traffic casualties from traffic collisions . In their World report on road traffic injury prevention report, the World Health Organization (WHO) identify speed control as one of various interventions likely to contribute to a reduction in road casualties. Road conditions are the collection of factors describing the ease of driving on a particular stretch of road, or on
6816-506: The owner may have excessive repair and rehabilitation costs. Some asphalt pavements are designed as perpetual pavements with an expected structural life in excess of 50 years. Many asphalt pavements built over 35 years ago, despite not being specifically designed as a perpetual pavement, have remained in good condition long past their design life. Many concrete pavements built since the 1950s have significantly outlived their intended design lives. Some roads like Chicago 's Wacker Drive ,
6912-418: The pavement performance, reduce construction costs and decrease maintenance. The completed roadway is finished by paving or left with a gravel or other natural surface. The type of road surface is dependent on economic factors and expected usage. Safety improvements such as traffic signs , crash barriers , raised pavement markers and other forms of road surface marking are installed. According to
7008-576: The presence or absence of a made road has nothing to do with the distinction. Another legal view is that while a highway historically included footpaths , bridleways , driftways, etc., it can now be used to mean those ways that allow the movement of motor vehicles , and the term rights of way can be used to cover the wider usage. In the United States, laws distinguish between public roads , which are open to public use, and private roads , which are privately controlled. The assertion that
7104-405: The public so that drivers going through a particular area can be aware of hazards that may exist in that area. News agencies, in turn, rely on tips from area residents with respect to certain aspects of road conditions in their coverage area. St. Johns, Oregon St. Johns is a neighborhood of Portland, Oregon , United States, located in North Portland on the tip of the peninsula formed by
7200-491: The purposes of transporting goods to several industries that had sprouted around St. Johns. The location was selected for the 5.5 miles of track, which would be placed on John Mock's property by Swan Island and curve around Portland University. O. R. & N. subcontracted to the Kilpatrick Bros. & Collins firm of Nebraska to help them lay their new line. Its construction was completed in 1902. An extension to
7296-413: The remainder to building the new school house. B. O. Severance of Maine erected a saw mill in St. Johns during the late 1860s, making it the first established industry in the townsite. After bankruptcy, the building was sold and converted into a barrel manufacturing plant for the sugar trade . After bags became common for sugar transport, the barrel company was forced out of business. The building
7392-409: The replacement of management and directors. The project remained incomplete for three years until Supreme Court Justice Cyrus Olney required subscribers to pay at least 80% of the pledged amount. Back wages were still owed by December 1855, leading Olney to demand full payment from subscribers and for county sheriffs to find delinquent subscribers. On January 25, 1856, the territorial government hired
7488-418: The reservoir, installing the backer rod and installing the sealant. Sawing, manual removal, plowing and cutting are methods used to remove the old sealant. Saws are used to shape the reservoir. When cleaning the reservoir, no dust, dirt or traces of old sealant should remain. Thus, it is recommended to water wash, sand-blast and then air blow to remove any sand, dirt or dust. The backer rod installation requires
7584-494: The road conditions". Specific aspects of road conditions can be of particular importance for particular purposes. For example, for autonomous vehicles such as self-driving cars , significant road conditions can include "shadowing and lighting changes, road surface texture changes, and road markings consisting of circular reflectors, dashed lines, and solid lines". Various government agencies and private entities, including local news services, track and report on road conditions to
7680-399: The road construction area may be marked for retention. These protected trees should not have the topsoil within the area of the tree's drip line removed and the area should be kept clear of construction material and equipment. Compensation or replacement may be required if a protected tree is damaged. Much of the vegetation may be mulched and put aside for use during reinstatement. The topsoil
7776-512: The road construction site. Approval from local authorities may be required to draw water or for working (crushing and screening) of materials for construction needs. The topsoil and vegetation is removed from the borrow pit and stockpiled for subsequent rehabilitation of the extraction area. Side slopes in the excavation area not steeper than one vertical to two horizontal for safety reasons. Old road surfaces, fences, and buildings may need to be removed before construction can begin. Trees in
7872-473: The road, although they can be embedded in short, shallow trenches carved in the roadway, as is done in the mountainous regions of California. For major roads risk can be reduced by providing limited access from properties and local roads, grade separated junctions and median dividers between opposite-direction traffic to reduce the likelihood of head-on collisions. The placement of energy attenuation devices (e.g. guardrails, wide grassy areas, sand barrels)
7968-404: The roads of a particular locality, including the quality of the pavement surface , potholes , road markings, and weather . It has been reported that "[p]roblems of transportation participants and road conditions are the main factors that lead to road traffic accidents". It has further been specifically noted that "weather conditions and road conditions are interlinked as weather conditions affect
8064-410: The saloon. From there, the mob marched to the homes of the Indian immigrants, broke into their homes and threw them out to the mob. In one instance, an Indian man was thrown from a two-story window. The fall broke his ankle. Others were violently beaten in the streets, placed on streetcars and sent off to Portland. Their homes were looted and vandalized . Members of the mob included prominent members of
8160-406: The section is deemed to comply. Geosynthetics such as geotextiles , geogrids , and geocells are frequently used in the various pavement layers to improve road quality. These materials and methods are used in low-traffic private roadways as well as public roads and highways. Geosynthetics perform four main functions in roads: separation, reinforcement, filtration, and drainage; which increase
8256-437: The slab. The grout can fill small voids beneath the slab and/or sub-base. The grout also displaces free water and helps keep water from saturating and weakening support under the joints and slab edge after stabilization is complete. The three steps for this method after finding the voids are locating and drilling holes, grout injection and post-testing the stabilized slabs. Slab stabilization does not correct depressions, increase
8352-483: The steer axle and 36,000 pounds (16.329 t) on both of the tandem axle groups is expected to do 7,800 times more damage than a passenger vehicle with 2,000 pounds (0.907 t) on each axle. Potholes on roads are caused by rain damage and vehicle braking or related construction work. Pavements are designed for an expected service life or design life . In some parts of the United Kingdom the standard design life
8448-550: The time of its incorporation was roughly 250 to 600 people. In two years the population swelled to 2,000. In 1903, the St. Johns City Council approved an ordinance taxing dancehalls $ 10 a day, making it virtually impossible for someone to run such a business within town limits. It was seen by the councilors and Mayor Charles A. Cook as a way to keep the town moral. Along the same lines, the city council refused to approve saloon licences, even after potential proprietors vowed to keep gamblers and hard liquor away. Citizens petitioned
8544-559: The town to Albina and Portland was petitioned in 1902 by the University Park Board of Trade. Passengers were forced to board a steam streetcar at Killingsworth and Williams if they wanted to travel to the peninsula. Work began to electrify the line in June 1902. The St. Johns Shipbuilding Plant was established in 1904 with US$ 10,000 in capital. The St. Johns Library opened in 1907 after years of community interest in
8640-437: The town was somewhat isolated from Portland. The steam passenger cars were available, but the route was roundabout and proved inefficient. After the installation of the streetcar, travel time to the rural town was slashed and the population and number of industries steadily increased over the next years. Francis I. McKenna , the head of the company building the electric line, was a prominent citizen of University Park involved in
8736-500: The town, including police officer G. W. Dunbar. St. Johns has historically been a blue collar neighborhood. It is known for its diverse citizens and its slowly changing appearance. According to 2019 estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau, St. Johns's ZIP code 97203, which is shared with other neighborhoods, is about 63% non-Hispanic white, compared with about 71% for Portland as a whole. It is a community containing Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, Native Americans, and Pacific Islanders and
8832-568: Was again sold, this time to the Central Lumber Company. According to The Oregonian , the first electric sawmill in the United States was constructed in St. Johns by M. B. Rankin of the Electric Sawmill company in 1903. After the building's erection the owners changed hands and production went dormant. The saw itself was a success, but the financiers of the mill failed to keep up a steady output of lumber. In 1902,
8928-538: Was chartered in January 1851 by the territorial government . Editor of the Weekly Oregonian newspaper, Thomas J. Dryer , immediately invested $ 500 and promoted the project. Stephen Coffin and William W. Chapman pledged $ 3000, with Daniel H. Lownsdale pledging $ 2,000. Ultimately over $ 35,000 was pledged but not all was paid, with Coffin, Chapman and Lownsdale likely to have not paid in full. Coffin gave
9024-445: Was expected to bring fair-goers to the town. Under the oversight of Mayor Kindel C. Couch, the town of St. Johns spent an unprecedented amount on infrastructure in 1911. Over $ 50 for every resident was spent on paving streets and sidewalks, and constructing sewers. To do this, the city government leaned on businesses to increase their workforce so more people would be paying taxes, buying homes and spending at local shops. This worked as
9120-439: Was facing the prospect of selling off the land on which they had intended to erect a new municipal building. The land was purchased from Charles Olhouse for $ 3,500. By January, with one month remaining on the payment deadline, the council had only put up $ 200. This forced M. L. Holbrook to pay $ 2,000 and W. M. Killingsworth to put another $ 1,000 behind the project, with the promise that it would be returned in due time. One member of
9216-454: Was to be completed in just two months, November and December 1906. But Youngferdorf & Son failed to meet the deadline, causing the city to step in and take over the operation. The contractors were paid just $ 2,000, with $ 800 worth of work to still be done on the building. This alarmed Councilman Norton, who claimed there was a “conspiracy” afoot, and hoped to get to the bottom of it. S. C. Norton sharply questioned City Recorder Thorndyke about
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