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44-857: In 1776, two Spanish priests, Dominguez and Escalante, camped with Paiute Native Americans at the base of the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona. The trail the Natives showed them, now known as the Jacob Hamblin / Mormon Honeymoon Trail , still exists, as does Beale's Wagon Road and the Moqui Stage Station. These sites and trails are part of the Great Western Trail and travelers can visit them on foot, All Terrain Vehicles (ATVs), bicycles, horseback, snowmobiles, or

88-634: A 4,500-mile long network of preexisting trails that would traverse central Arizona, Utah, and Wyoming, and end at the Idaho-Montana border with Canada. In Arizona the GWT begins in Phoenix in the southern desert Basin and Range Province where vegetation is sparse but cacti, mixed grasses, chaparral, and sagebrush thrive in the alkali soil, before arriving at the Arizona Mountains forests in

132-492: A 4-wheel drive vehicle towing an off-road trailer. Except for the fires, floods, and landslides that have occurred over the centuries, they are as they were when pioneers, cattle ranchers, and Mormon Honeymooners first ventured into Arizona: teeming with wildlife, exotic plants, and breathtaking rock formations that expose the history of the earth. Lyle Gomm, a former Intermountain Region Trail Coordinator,

176-512: A point. The arrowhead is attached by pine pitch glue. There are sinew wrappings behind the point, but they are to prevent the shaft from splitting when the target is hit. The feathers are hawk and buzzard. A Paiute arrow quiver was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution in 1872. The quiver is made of deerskin with thick hair still on the case, showing the deer was killed in the winter, and is sewn with two ply sinew, much like

220-502: A region with an adequate water supply would set up farms, complete with ditch irrigation. The biggest crops were maize, squash, and wheat. The men were the primary hunters, they would hunt waterfowl, rabbits, bighorn sheep, and other mammals in the regions they passed through. There is a bow collected by the Smithsonian Institution in 1872. Made from a hardwood branch, possibly Mesquite or mountain mahogany , and

264-562: A rocky trail that crosses shale ledges and rivers to Dugas and to the San Dominique Winery before crossing grasslands, riverbeds, and over Mingus Mountain to enter Martin Canyon, known as Smiley Rock because of a pumpkin sized rock on the trail that appears to have eyes, nose, and a mouth. From here it is a leisurely ride to Jerome , a mining town that rapidly declined after mining ended in 1953. Artisans have revived it and it

308-555: A volunteer promoter of the Arizona Trail (Grand Canyon National Park to Nogales, Mexico), suggested the Arizona and Bonneville Rim Trails be renamed the "Great Western Trail." In 1988, Simon Cordial, 26, from England, and James Mayberger, 29, from New York, teamed up to become the first to thru-hike the proposed GWT from Canada to Mexico. Their journey began June 1, near Priest Lake State Park, Idaho, and ended October 15, 1988 at

352-732: A weak and unstable state. The first attempt of reconciliation was made in 1980, with the Restoration Act , which recognized the Paiute as a tribe. It united the five main bands into one tribe: the Cedars, Indian Peaks, Kanosh, Koosharem, and Shivwits. The bill also restored the bands to a system of federal aid and support. One of the most important skills the women of the Paiute tribes had was their basket weaving skills. They would often use red-stemmed willows to weave their baskets. These skills were used in almost every aspect of their lives, and

396-416: Is 38 5/8 inches from tip to tip. The bow is round in cross section, and the string is two ply sinew. It has a sinew back, and the sinew has been stained with a reddish brown ocher. The bow is utilitarian and still has carving marks, as to be expected of a practical weapon in a hostile and harsh desert environment. A set of Paiute arrows was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution in 1874. Only one arrow has

440-655: Is now a critically endangered language of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family, and is mutually intelligible with Ute . The term Paiute comes from paa (meaning water in Ute / ˈ juː t / ) and refers to their preference for living near water sources. Before European colonization, they practiced springtime, floodplain farming with reservoirs and irrigation ditches for corn, squash, melons, gourds, sunflowers, beans, and wheat. The first European contact with

484-706: Is now a tourist destination. The trail then goes north to Perkinsville in the Verde Valley and onto the Mogollon Rim and the world's largest stand of Ponderosa pines. Sycamore Canyon with its red sandstone sculptures, is another "Point of Discovery." The trail continues to Parks and Williams on I-40 , and though the grasslands and forests of the Williams Ranger District of the Kaibab National Forest , before entering

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528-740: Is the "father" of the GWT. His idea to create a long distance trail open to a variety of users began in Utah during the 1970s, and in 1985 he organized an inter-agency team including the Forest Service, Utah Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Land Management, and the National Park Service to create the Bonneville Rim Trail to connect the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone National Parks. In 1986, Dale Sheewalter,

572-760: The Navajo and the Ute . The arrival of Spanish and later European American explorers into their territory increased slave raiding by other tribes. In 1851, Mormon settlers strategically occupied Paiute water sources, which created a dependency relationship. However, the presence of Mormon settlers soon ended the slave raids, and relations between the Paiute and the Mormons were basically peaceful. The Mormon missionary Jacob Hamblin worked at diplomatic efforts. The introduction of European settlers and agricultural practices (most especially large herds of cattle ) made it difficult for

616-562: The 1850s, their biggest antagonists were raiders from competing peoples such as the Navajo, Ute, and Hopi. The Navajos were particularly known for intruding on Paiute grazing land and engaging in raids to capture Paiute women and children for the slave trade. Prior to the 1860s, there had been no long-term development of the land. Most of the non-native contact they had was with transient militants or traders. Paiute fought hard to defend their ancestral lands, and at first were successful in driving

660-656: The 72,344-acre (113 sq mi; 293 km ) monument is managed by the Bureau of Land Management , an agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior . The Bureau of Land Management already managed the lands; however, under monument status the level of protection and preservation of resources within the new monument have been enhanced. The monument is a unit of the BLM's National Landscape Conservation System . Over 450 distinct Native American structures have been recorded in

704-773: The 72-mile Cave Creek segment was completed and the Sears-Kay Ruin, an ancient Hohokam village atop a hill overlooking Cave Creek, became the first "Point of Discovery." This passes the Seven Springs Campground, an oasis developed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s, as it winds its way to Bloody Basin Road. It then crosses the Agua Fria National Monument or, for the more adventurous, turns north on

748-473: The Agua Fria River. More than 140 bird species have been recorded at the monument. Notable species of reptiles and amphibians , including the leopard frog , the garter snake , and the desert tortoise , can be seen at the monument. Mammals such as the pronghorn , mule deer , white-tail deer and javelina are relatively common. The elk , black bears and mountain lions are also found in

792-696: The Arizona State Association of 4-Wheel Drive Clubs have designated 350 miles of trail from Phoenix to the Utah border. The completed northern two-thirds is on Federal land, but in southern Arizona the proposed route is on state and private land. The projected route near the Mexican border may access the Madrean Sky Islands . Weldon Heald coined the term sky island in 1967 to denote mountain ranges isolated from each other by intervening valleys of grassland or desert which inhibit

836-605: The GWT starts anew at House Rock Valley Buffalo Ranch with a difficult ascent into the mountains along a trail at the base of the Kaibab Plateau . A marker states that Spanish priests Dominquez and Escalante traded for food with the Paiute Indians in 1776. North of South Fork Canyon the GWT ascends the north plateau of the Kaibab National Forest where California Condor soar in the thermals above

880-555: The GWT. There are no services along the GWT. Southern Paiute The Southern Paiute people / ˈ p aɪ juː t / are a tribe of Native Americans who have lived in the Colorado River basin of southern Nevada , northern Arizona , and southern Utah . Bands of Southern Paiute live in scattered locations throughout this territory and have been granted federal recognition on several reservations . Southern Paiute's traditionally spoke Colorado River Numic , which

924-572: The Mexican border a few miles east of Douglas, Arizona. In 1990, the Great Western Trail Association was incorporated under the provisions of the Utah Nonprofit Corporation and Cooperative Association Act. The Great Western Trail joins backcountry trails, dirt or gravel roads, and high speed highways, to create a system of routes that terminate independently or rejoin a main route. It was conceived as

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968-489: The Southern Paiute occurred in 1776, when fathers Silvestre Vélez de Escalante and Francisco Atanasio Domínguez encountered them during an attempt to find an overland route to the missions of California . They noted that some of the Southern Paiute men "had thick beards and were thought to look more in appearance like Spanish men than native Americans". Before this date, the Southern Paiute suffered slave raids by

1012-515: The Southern Paiute people are categorized as one group, there were subgroups within the whole that were differentiated based on location and dialect. {{{annotations}}} The Southern Paiute traditionally had 16 to 31 subgroups, bands, or tribes, including the following: Agua Fria National Monument Agua Fria National Monument is in the U.S. state of Arizona , approximately 40 miles (64 km) north of downtown Phoenix, Arizona . Created by Presidential proclamation on January 11, 2000,

1056-501: The Southern Paiute to continue their traditional lifestyle, as it drove away the game and reduced their ability to hunt, as well as to gather natural foods. Today, Southern Paiute communities are located at Las Vegas , Pahrump , and Moapa , in Nevada; Cedar City , Kanosh , Koosharem , Shivwits, and Indian Peaks, in Utah; at Kaibab and Willow Springs, in Arizona. Prior to the 1850s, the Paiute people lived relatively peacefully with

1100-542: The Southern Paiute. The leader of the group was called a Headman, and he would be old enough to know a lot about the land, but young enough to still participate in the tribes activities, and he usually had several different family ties within the group. His job was to wake early in the morning, and using his knowledge he would make specific suggestions of what he thought the tribe should do that day, and if people thought his observations were astute they would follow him, if not then they would not. His suggestions would be based on

1144-519: The Tonto, Kaibab, and Prescott National Forests , as well as in the guidebook Driving the Great Western Trail in Arizona . The trail sections in the southern part of the state are open year-round. Sections in the north may be closed from December to May due to snow or flooding. A permit is required to drive on state lands, in the Tonto Forest, on Indian Lands, and to drive Bulldog Canyon section of

1188-886: The Tusayan Ranger District. This section of the trail, after a bewildering patchwork of unmarked paths on the Navajo Nation , (not officially part of the Great Western Trail), then slips off the Coconino Plateau south of the Little Colorado River Gorge in the austere world of red and white sandstone. After crossing the Navajo Bridge over Marble Canyon , and skirting the Vermilion Cliffs ,

1232-766: The Vermillion Cliffs, and Rocky Mountain elk, white-tailed and mule deer, horses, antelope, black bear roam. A few miles southeast of Jacob Lake , the last leg of the trail travels north to Orderville Canyon , descends the North Kaibab Plateau toward the Buckskin Mountains and into Utah with views of the Chocolate, Vermilion, and White Cliffs. The Great Western Trail meanders through sandy deserts and forested mountains and presents many challenges. Maps are available at Ranger Stations in

1276-522: The bowstring. "The quiver is plain, with no decoration, as would be expected of a desert dwelling culture." The Southern Paiute people believe in Puaxant Tuvip, or power land. It is their holy land that links to many significant landmarks in Southern Paiute memory and stories. For instance Nuvagantu, or Mount Charleston in Nevada is a holy landmark that the Southern Paiute people believe was where they were created. These holy lands were places that

1320-439: The cane stalk. Knowing this the Southern Paiute women would take the cane rods and beat them until the small dried droplets came loose. These droplets were then tossed in a winnowing dish to be separated from the remnants of the cane. Often these small particles were the main income of sweetness for the people. Another seed they would gather are waada seeds, minuscule black seeds that would be ground up into meal. Those who lived in

1364-508: The families as they moved around. Based on the region the families were located determined different uses for the weaving. For instance, those who lived by marshes learned to create duck decoys , nets, and rafts to better hunt the water fowl. Another use for this skill was to create their houses. They would use long thin grasses to tightly weave stalks of Cattails together, and in doing so they created these long board-like sections of grasses that they would set up around long willow limbs stuck in

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1408-419: The ground. A staple food for the Southern Paiute was the bitterroot . They also depended on wild carrot , wild onion, and chokecherries . Chokecherries were useful in more ways than one - their stems were brewed to make a sweet drink, and their berries would be crushed, then dried to be saved for later. When aphids came and swarmed the cane plants, they would leave small drops of nectar where they punctured

1452-402: The middle of the state. Here, at elevations between 5,000 and 10,000 feet with high temperatures throughout the year, piñon trees, Apache fir, aspen, and bristlecone pine abound. It ends in the northern Colorado Plateau Region amid Douglas fir and Ponderosa pine. Tablelands here range from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, winters are cold, summers warm, and rain and snow are common. The GWT Association and

1496-545: The mines. The conditions in the mines caused a dramatic decline in the Paiute population. Paiute children were mandated to attend American schools, which attempted to assimilate them as much as possible. By the early 1900s, there were approximately 800 Paiute people. In the 1950s, the Indian termination policies of the federal government stripped the Paiute of their health and educational benefits, federal tax protection, and agricultural assistance. This left them on their own in

1540-720: The monument, but are much less common. Native fish including the longfin dace, the Gila mountain sucker, speckled dace, and three endangered native fish including the Gila intermedia , charalito , and desert pupfish exist in the 129-mile (208 km)-long Agua Fria River and its tributaries. In late 2004, the BLM and the Sierra Club helped spark the formation of the Friends of the Agua Fria National Monument,

1584-560: The monument, some of large pueblos containing more than 100 rooms each. The enhanced protection status also provides greater habitat protection for the numerous plant and animal communities. Petroglyphs are scattered across the numerous puebloan ruins, which were built between 1250 and 1450 C.E. when several thousand Native Americans, known as the Perry Mesa Tradition, inhabited the region. The petroglyphs depict animals, geometric figures and abstract symbols and are found by

1628-697: The movement of various species, as seas isolate plants and animals on islands. Near Tucson, 30 miles north of the U.S.-Mexico border , the proposed trail would transect the Butterfield Road , an old stagecoach and wagon route between Yuma, Arizona, and Santa Fe, New Mexico, earlier used by the Mormon Battalion . Bulldog Canyon in the Tonto National Forest , the first leg of the trail, was dedicated in April 1996. Two years later

1672-416: The other Native American groups. These groups included the Navajo, Ute, and Hopi peoples. Though there was the occasional tension and violent outbreaks between groups, the Paiute were mainly able to live in peace with other tribes and settlers due to their loose social structure. Most Paiute lived in small familial groups, and only gathered together in large settings for matters of trade and commerce. Prior to

1716-582: The separate families or tribes would come to barter, trade, socialize and perform religious ceremonies. Another large landmark that is culturally significant to the Southern Paiute is the Colorado river and the Grand Canyon . The modern-day importance of these holy lands is that the Southern Paiute claim the supernaturally given right to know what happens and the impacts of any projects that occur in their holy lands. One important aspect of gathering food

1760-506: The settlers out. During the second half of the 1800s, the most prominent groups to migrate to Paiute lands were members and missionaries from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and silver miners in Pioche, Nevada . In 1869, a rich investor named François Louis Alfred Pioche invested in a silver mine in the town of Pioche, which initially depended upon cheap Paiute labor to work in

1804-566: The skill is believed to have been passed down from mother to daughter for at least 9,000 years. When they would go to gather and forage they would carry large conical baskets on their back to collect things. Specific tools were created including ones to strip fruit off of bushes and trees, ones used for winnowing , and ones used to get to roots better. They would also tightly weave these big baskets with clay and resin to create cooking pots and water jugs. Oftentimes, smaller tools were left behind, whereas bigger products such as cooking pots went with

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1848-476: The thousands. Numerous ruins of agricultural terraces and irrigation devices indicate that farming was widespread during this period. Other historical entities that are found include 19th century mining features and Basque sheep camps. Situated between 2,150 feet (660 m) and 4,600 feet (1,400 m) in elevation, the monument is primarily composed of semi-desert grassland but also contains extensive riparian stands of cottonwoods and willows which are tied to

1892-534: The weather, season, and abundance of food. If over time they stopped following his ideas and instead turned to another, then the Headman leader title would move onto that person. The Headman also was supposed to settle any disputes that came up. Oftentimes, different sub-units of the Southern Paiute would be classified by the settlers coming in from Europe based on what they ate. So you had those who ate waada seeds, those who ate trout, those who ate cattails, etc. While

1936-482: Was the social aspect, often families would come together for foraging and games and then depart and go their different ways. The Southern Paiute were not organized tribally. Groups were instead made up of small family units that would occasionally come together with others to socialize. Each group was about 10-50 related people. Family ties were very important to these groups and determined group movements and interdependence among groups. Marriages were thus very important to

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